Restraint systems. (a)  Occupant protection.-- (1)  (i)  Except as provided under subparagraph (ii), any person who is operating a passenger

SUBCHAPTER E OCCUPANT PROTECTION Sec. 4581.  Restraint systems. 4582.  Child Passenger Restraint Fund. 4583.  Hospital information program. 4584.  Oral hazard warning (Deleted by amendment). 4585.  Use of information or evidence of violation of subchapter. 4586.  Civil immunity for child passenger safety technicians and lenders of child passenger restraint systems and booster seats. Enactment. Subchapter E was added November 1, 1983, P.L.195, No.53, effective immediately, unless otherwise noted. Subchapter Heading. Subchapter E was amended June 13, 2016, P.L.336, No.43, effective in 60 days. Special Provisions in Appendix. See the preamble of Act 53 of 1983 in the appendix to this title for information relating to legislative intent. § 4581.  Restraint systems. (a)  Occupant protection.-- (1)  (i)  Except as provided under subparagraph (ii), any person who is operating a passenger car, Class I truck, Class II truck, classic motor vehicle, antique motor vehicle or motor home and who transports a child under four years of age anywhere in the motor vehicle, including the cargo area, shall fasten such child securely in a child passenger restraint system, as provided in subsection (d). (ii)  Any person who is operating a passenger car, Class I truck, Class II truck, classic motor vehicle, antique motor vehicle or motor home and who transports a child under two years of age anywhere in the motor vehicle shall fasten such child securely in a rear-facing child passenger restraint system, to be used until the child outgrows the maximum weight and height limits designated by the manufacturer, as provided in subsection (d). (iii)  This paragraph shall apply to all persons while they are operators of motor vehicles where a seating position is available which is equipped with a seat safety belt or other means to secure the systems or where the seating position was originally equipped with seat safety belts. (1.1)  Any person who is operating a passenger car, Class I truck, Class II truck, classic motor vehicle, antique motor vehicle or motor home and who transports a child four years of age or older but under eight years of age anywhere in the motor vehicle, including the cargo area, shall fasten such child securely in a fastened safety seat belt system and in an appropriately fitting child booster seat, as provided in subsection (d). This paragraph shall apply to all persons while they are operators of motor vehicles where a seating position is available which is equipped with a seat safety belt or other means to secure the systems or where the seating position was originally equipped with seat safety belts. (2)  (i)  The driver of a passenger car, Class I truck, Class II truck or motor home operated in this Commonwealth shall: (A)  if under 18 years of age, be secured in a properly adjusted and fastened safety seat belt system; and (B)  secure or cause to be secured in a properly adjusted and fastened safety seat belt every vehicle occupant eight years of age or older but under 18 years of age. (ii)  Except for children under 18 years of age and except as provided in paragraphs (1) and (1.1) and subparagraph (i): (A)  Each driver and front seat occupant of a passenger car, Class I truck, Class II truck, classic motor vehicle, antique motor vehicle or motor home operated in this Commonwealth shall wear a properly adjusted and fastened safety seat belt system. (B)  Each driver, front seat occupant and back seat occupant of a vehicle operated as provided under section 4107(b.2) (relating to unlawful activities) in this Commonwealth shall wear a properly adjusted and fastened safety seat belt system. (iii)  This paragraph shall not apply to: (A)  A driver or front seat occupant of any vehicle manufactured before July 1, 1966. (B)  A driver or front seat occupant who possesses a written verification from a physician that he is unable to wear a safety seat belt system for physical or medical reasons, or from a psychiatrist or other specialist qualified to make an informed judgment that he is unable to wear a safety seat belt system for psychological reasons. (C)  A rural letter carrier while operating any motor vehicle during the performance of his duties as a United States postal service rural letter carrier only between the first and last delivery points. (D)  A driver who makes frequent stops and is traveling less than 15 miles per hour for the purpose of delivering goods or services while in the performance of his duties and only between the first and last delivery points. (iv)  A violation of this paragraph shall not be subject to the assessment of any points under section 1535 (relating to schedule of convictions and points). (3)  Notwithstanding the provisions of section 1503(c)(2.1) (relating to persons ineligible for licensing; license issuance to minors; junior driver's license), a driver who is under 18 years of age may not operate a motor vehicle in which the number of passengers exceeds the number of available safety seat belts in the vehicle. (b)  Offense.-- Anyone who fails to comply with the provisions of subsection (a)(1) or (1.1) commits a summary offense and shall, upon conviction, be sentenced to pay a fine of $75. The court imposing and collecting any such fines shall transfer the fines thus collected to the State Treasurer for deposit in the Child Passenger Restraint Fund, pursuant to section 4582 (relating to Child Passenger Restraint Fund). Anyone who violates subsection (a)(2) or (3) commits a summary offense and shall, upon conviction, be sentenced to pay a fine of $10. No person shall be convicted of a violation of subsection (a)(2)(ii) unless the person is also convicted of another violation of this title which occurred at the same time. No costs as described in 42 Pa.C.S. § 1725.1 (relating to costs) shall be imposed for summary conviction of subsection (a)(2) or (3). Conviction under this subsection shall not constitute a moving violation. (c)  Waiver of fine.-- If a person receives a citation issued by the proper authority for violation of subsection (a)(1) or (1.1), a magisterial district judge, magistrate or judge shall dismiss the charges if the person prior to or at the person's hearing displays evidence of acquisition of a child passenger restraint system or child booster seat to such magisterial district judge, magistrate or judge. Sufficient evidence shall include a receipt mailed to the appropriate court officer which evidences purchase, rental, transferal from another child seat owner (evidenced by notarized letter) or bailment from a bona fide loaner program of a child passenger restraint system or child booster seat. (d)  Standards.-- (1)  A child passenger restraint system shall be used as designated by the manufacturer of the system in motor vehicles equipped with seat safety belts and shall meet the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (49 C.F.R. § 571.213). (2)  A child booster seat shall be used as designated by the manufacturer of the system in motor vehicles equipped with seat safety belts and shall meet the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (49 CFR § 571.213) that is designed to elevate a child to properly sit in a federally approved safety seat belt system. (e)  Civil actions.-- In no event shall a violation or alleged violation of this subchapter be used as evidence in a trial of any civil action; nor shall any jury in a civil action be instructed that any conduct did constitute or could be interpreted by them to constitute a violation of this subchapter; nor shall failure to use a child passenger restraint system, child booster seat or safety seat belt system be considered as contributory negligence nor shall failure to use such a system be admissible as evidence in the trial of any civil action; nor shall this subchapter impose any legal obligation upon or impute any civil liability whatsoever to an owner, employer, manufacturer, dealer or person engaged in the business of renting or leasing vehicles to the public to equip a vehicle with a child passenger restraint system or child booster seat or to have such child passenger restraint system or child booster seat available whenever their vehicle may be used to transport a child. (f)  Criminal proceedings.-- The requirements of this subchapter or evidence of a violation of this subchapter are not admissible as evidence in a criminal proceeding except in a proceeding for a violation of this subchapter. No criminal proceeding for the crime of homicide by vehicle shall be brought on the basis of noncompliance with this subchapter. (g)  Exemptions.-- Exemptions will be allowed if it is determined, according to the rules and regulations of the department, that the use of a child passenger restraint system or child booster seat would be impractical for physical reasons including, but not limited to, medical reasons or size of the child. (h)  Insurance.-- An insurer may not charge an insured who has been convicted of a violation of this section a higher premium for a policy of insurance in whole or in part by reason of that conviction. (Nov. 23, 1987, P.L.399, No.82, eff. imd.; June 22, 1993, P.L.101, No.22, eff. 60 days; June 25, 1999, P.L.164, No.23; Dec. 23, 2002, P.L.1982, No.229, eff. 60 days; Nov. 30, 2004, P.L.1618, No.207, eff. 60 days; Oct. 25, 2011, P.L.334, No.81, eff. 60 days; June 13, 2016, P.L.336, No.43, eff. 60 days; July 15, 2024, P.L.742, No.61, eff. 60 days) 2024 Amendment. Act 61 amended subsec. (a)(2)(ii). Section 3 of Act 61 provided that any regulations or parts of regulations that are inconsistent with Act 61 are abrogated to the extent of the inconsistency. 2016 Amendment. Act 43 amended subsec. (a)(1), (1.1) and (2)(i). See section 3 of Act 43 in the appendix to this title for special provisions relating to duties of law enforcement officials. 2011 Amendment. Act 81 amended subsecs. (a) and (b). 2004 Amendment. Act 207 amended subsec. (c). See section 29 of Act 207 in the appendix to this title for special provisions relating to construction of law. 1987 Amendment. See sections 8, 9 and 10 of Act 82 in the appendix to this title for special provisions relating to compatibility with Federal safety standards, seat belt educational program and seat belt oral hazard warnings. Cross References. Section 4581 is referred to in sections 3527, 3594, 4107, 4582, 4586 of this title.