Force, violence, and threats involving animal enterprises

United States Code

Section: 43

Jurisdiction: US

Bluebook Citation: 18 U.S.C. § 43


Citation analytics

How this statute sits in the citation network, derived from CiteLaw's graph of published opinions.

Highly CitedTop 3% most-cited · cited by 54 decisions
54
Citing decisions
6+
Courts citing

Citations by decade

2
1
13
9
4
7
16
2
1950s1960s1970s1980s1990s2000s2010s2020s

Courts citing this statute

9th Cir.8
11th Cir.3
2d Cir.3
5th Cir.3
6th Cir.3
7th Cir.3
Most recently cited by10
  • 2026United States v. Anita Green 6th Cir.
  • 2020Cleveland v. United States Department of Agriculture E.D. Cal.
  • 2018United States v. Bagley 8th Cir.
  • 2017United States Ass'n of Reptile Keepers, Inc. v. Zinke D.C. Cir.
  • 2017United States v. Johnson 7th Cir.
  • 2017United States v. Kissane 9th Cir.
  • 2016United States v. Martinez-Cruz 10th Cir.
  • 2016United States v. Villongco D.D.C.
  • 2015United States Ass'n of Reptile Keepers, Inc. v. Jewell D.D.C.
  • 2015United States v. Lang N.D. Ill.

Counts reflect decisions in the CiteLaw corpus and may lag very recent opinions.


Text

for the purpose of damaging or interfering with the operations of an animal enterprise; and intentionally damages or causes the loss of any real or personal property (including animals or records) used by an animal enterprise, or any real or personal property of a person or entity having a connection to, relationship with, or transactions with an animal enterprise; intentionally places a person in reasonable fear of the death of, or serious bodily injury to that person, a member of the immediate family (as defined in section 115) of that person, or a spouse or intimate partner of that person by a course of conduct involving threats, acts of vandalism, property damage, criminal trespass, harassment, or intimidation; or conspires or attempts to do so; the offense results in no economic damage or bodily injury; or the offense results in economic damage that does not exceed $10,000; the offense results in economic damage exceeding $10,000 but not exceeding $100,000; or the offense instills in another the reasonable fear of serious bodily injury or death; the offense results in economic damage exceeding $100,000; or the offense results in substantial bodily injury to another individual; the offense results in serious bodily injury to another individual; or the offense results in economic damage exceeding $1,000,000; and imprisonment for life or for any terms of years, a fine under this title, or both, if the offense results in death of another individual. for the reasonable cost of repeating any experimentation that was interrupted or invalidated as a result of the offense; for the loss of food production or farm income reasonably attributable to the offense; and for any other economic damage, including any losses or costs caused by economic disruption, resulting from the offense. a commercial or academic enterprise that uses or sells animals or animal products for profit, food or fiber production, agriculture, education, research, or testing; a zoo, aquarium, animal shelter, pet store, breeder, furrier, circus, or rodeo, or other lawful competitive animal event; or any fair or similar event intended to advance agricultural arts and sciences; the term “course of conduct” means a pattern of conduct composed of 2 or more acts, evidencing a continuity of purpose; means the replacement costs of lost or damaged property or records, the costs of repeating an interrupted or invalidated experiment, the loss of profits, or increased costs, including losses and increased costs resulting from threats, acts or vandalism, property damage, trespass, harassment, or intimidation taken against a person or entity on account of that person’s or entity’s connection to, relationship with, or transactions with the animal enterprise; but does not include any lawful economic disruption (including a lawful boycott) that results from lawful public, governmental, or business reaction to the disclosure of information about an animal enterprise; injury posing a substantial risk of death; extreme physical pain; protracted and obvious disfigurement; or protracted loss or impairment of the function of a bodily member, organ, or mental faculty; and deep cuts and serious burns or abrasions; short-term or nonobvious disfigurement; fractured or dislocated bones, or torn members of the body; significant physical pain; illness; short-term loss or impairment of the function of a bodily member, organ, or mental faculty; or any other significant injury to the body. to prohibit any expressive conduct (including peaceful picketing or other peaceful demonstration) protected from legal prohibition by the First Amendment to the Constitution; to create new remedies for interference with activities protected by the free speech or free exercise clauses of the First Amendment to the Constitution, regardless of the point of view expressed, or to limit any existing legal remedies for such interference; or to provide exclusive criminal penalties or civil remedies with respect to the conduct prohibited by this action, or to preempt State or local laws that may provide such penalties or remedies. Whoever travels in interstate or foreign commerce, or uses or causes to be used the mail or any facility of interstate or foreign commerce— in connection with such purpose— The punishment for a violation of section 11 So in original. Probably should be “subsection”. (a) or an attempt or conspiracy to violate subsection (a) shall be— a fine under this title or imprisonment not 22 So in original. Probably should be preceded by “for”. more than 1 year, or both, if the offense does not instill in another the reasonable fear of serious bodily injury or death and— a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than 5 years, or both, if no bodily injury occurs and— a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than 10 years, or both, if— a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than 20 years, or both, if— An order of restitution under section 3663 or 3663A of this title with respect to a violation of this section may also include restitution— As used in this section— the term “animal enterprise” means— the term “economic damage”— the term “serious bodily injury” means— the term “substantial bodily injury” means— Nothing in this section shall be construed— (Source: (Added Pub. L. 102–346, § 2(a), Aug. 26, 1992, 106 Stat. 928; amended Pub. L. 104–294, title VI, § 601(r)(3), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3502; Pub. L. 107–188, title III, § 336, June 12, 2002, 116 Stat. 681; Pub. L. 109–374, § 2(a), Nov. 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 2652.))

Chat with this statute using AI

Ask CiteLaw's AI Navigator anything about this statute, verify citations, and research related authorities. Sign up for CiteLaw free today to get started.