Definitions

United States Code

Section: 451

Jurisdiction: US

Bluebook Citation: 28 U.S.C. § 451


Citation analytics

How this statute sits in the citation network, derived from CiteLaw's graph of published opinions.

Landmark AuthorityTop 1% most-cited · cited by 462 decisions
462
Citing decisions
6+
Courts citing

Citations by decade

6
24
12
14
42
92
98
55
64
55
1930s1940s1950s1960s1970s1980s1990s2000s2010s2020s

Courts citing this statute

Fed. Cl.30
9th Cir.23
3d Cir.19
5th Cir.16
D.C. Cir.14
Fed. Cir.12
Most recently cited by10
  • 2025Childs v. San Diego Family Housing, LLC 9th Cir.
  • 2025Frank Giordano v. Andrews Hohns 3rd Cir.
  • 2025In Re Subpoena Issued to Pretrial Services Agency for the District of Columbia D.D.C.
  • 2025McIntyre v. United States Indian Health Service 10th Cir.
  • 2025Payne v. Sparkman Revocable Trust u/a/d December 20, 2019 Bankr. W.D. Okla.
  • 2025Elizabeth Cole Bankr. W.D.N.C.
  • 2024Colebrook v. Thompson Bankr. M.D. Tenn.
  • 2024Gibbons v. Brookside Properties, Inc. S.D. Miss.
  • 2024Mark Vitalis v. Sun Constructors, Inc. D.V.I.
  • 2024McIntyre v. United States Indian Health Service N.D. Okla.

Counts reflect decisions in the CiteLaw corpus and may lag very recent opinions.


Text

As used in this title: The term “court of the United States” includes the Supreme Court of the United States, courts of appeals, district courts constituted by chapter 5 of this title, including the Court of International Trade and any court created by Act of Congress the judges of which are entitled to hold office during good behavior. The terms “district court” and “district court of the United States” mean the courts constituted by chapter 5 of this title. The term “judge of the United States” includes judges of the courts of appeals, district courts, Court of International Trade and any court created by Act of Congress, the judges of which are entitled to hold office during good behavior. The term “justice of the United States” includes the Chief Justice of the United States and the associate justices of the Supreme Court. The terms “district” and “judicial district” means the districts enumerated in Chapter 5 of this title. The term “department” means one of the executive departments enumerated in section 1 of Title 5, unless the context shows that such term was intended to describe the executive, legislative, or judicial branches of the government. The term “agency” includes any department, independent establishment, commission, administration, authority, board or bureau of the United States or any corporation in which the United States has a proprietary interest, unless the context shows that such term was intended to be used in a more limited sense. (Source: (June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 907; Pub. L. 86–3, § 10, Mar. 18, 1959, 73 Stat. 9; Pub. L. 89–571, § 3, Sept. 12, 1966, 80 Stat. 764; Pub. L. 95–598, title II, § 213, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2661; Pub. L. 96–417, title V, § 501(10), Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1742; Pub. L. 97–164, title I, § 114, Apr. 2, 1982, 96 Stat. 29.))

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