Rules Relating to Public Water Systems

Hawaii Administrative Rules

Section: 11-20

Jurisdiction: HI

Bluebook Citation: Haw. Code R. tit. 11, ch. 20

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National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR) A. Microbiological Contaminants

1a. Total Coliform † Zero See footnote3 Coliforms are bacteria that are naturally present in the environment and are used as an indicator that other, potentially-harmful, bacteria may be present. Coliforms were found in more samples than allowed and this was a warning of potential problems. 1b. Fecal Coliform/E. Zero Zero Fecal coliforms and E. coli are bacteria coli † whose presence indicates that the water may be contaminated with human or animal wastes. Microbes in these wastes can cause short-term effects, such as diarrhea, cramps, nausea, headaches, or other symptoms. They may pose a special health risk for infants, young children, some of the elderly, and people with severely compromised immune systems 1c. Fecal indicator Zero TT Fecal indicators are microbes whose (GWR) presence indicates that the water may be i. E. coli None TT contaminated with human or animal wastes. Microbes in these wastes can cause short-term health effects, such as diarrhea, cramps, nausea, headaches, or other symptoms. They may pose a special health risk for infants, young children, some of the elderly, and people with severely compromised immune systems.

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1d. Ground Water Rule None TT Inadequately treated or inadequately (GWR) TT violations protected water may contain disease-causing organisms. These organisms can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, cramps, and associated headaches. 1e. Subpart Y Coliform N/A TT Coliforms are bacteria that are naturally Assessment and/or present in the environment and are used Corrective Action as an indicator that other, potentially Violations ‡ harmful, waterborne pathogens may be present or that a potential pathway exists through which contamination may enter the drinking water distribution system. We found coliforms indicating the need to look for potential problems in water treatment or distribution. When this occurs, we are required to conduct assessments to identify problems and to correct any problems that are found. [THE SYSTEM MUST USE THE FOLLOWING APPICABLE SENTENCES.] We failed to conduct the required assessment. We failed to correct all identified sanitary defects that were found during the assessment(s). 1f. Subpart Y E. coli N/A TT E. coli are bacteria whose presence Assessment and/or indicates that the water may be Corrective Actions contaminated with human or animal wastes. Violations ‡ Human pathogens in these wastes can cause short-term effects, such as diarrhea, A-2

APPENDIX A STANDARD HEALTH EFFECTS LANGUAGE FOR PUBLIC NOTIFICATION (FEBRUARY 13, 2013) Contaminant MCLG1 mg/L MCL2 mg/L Standard Health Effects Language for Public Notification

cramps, nausea, headaches, or other symptoms. They may pose a greater health risk for infants, young children, the elderly, and people with severely compromised immune systems. We violated the standard for E. coli, indicating the need to look for potential problems in water treatment or distribution. When this occurs, we are required to conduct a detailed assessment to identify problems and to correct any problems that are found. [THE SYSTEM MUST USE THE FOLLOWING APPLICABLE SENTENCES.] We failed to conduct the required assessment. We failed to correct all identified sanitary defects that were found during the assessment that we conducted. 1g. E. coli ‡ Zero In compliance E. coli are bacteria whose presence unless one of indicates that the water may be the following contaminated with human or animal conditions wastes. Human pathogens in these wastes occurs: can cause short-term effects, such as (1) The diarrhea, cramps, nausea, headaches, or system has other symptoms. They may pose a greater an health risk for infants, young children, E.coli-posi the elderly, and people with severely tive repeat compromised immune systems. sample following a total coliform-po A-3

APPENDIX A STANDARD HEALTH EFFECTS LANGUAGE FOR PUBLIC NOTIFICATION (FEBRUARY 13, 2013) Contaminant MCLG1 mg/L MCL2 mg/L Standard Health Effects Language for Public Notification

sitive routine sample. (2) The system has a total coliform-po sitive repeat sample following an E. coli-positi ve routine sample. (3) The system fails to take all require repeat samples following an E. coli-positi ve routine sample. (4) The system fails to test for E. coli when any repeat sample tests positive for A-4

APPENDIX A STANDARD HEALTH EFFECTS LANGUAGE FOR PUBLIC NOTIFICATION (FEBRUARY 13, 2013) Contaminant MCLG1 mg/L MCL2 mg/L Standard Health Effects Language for Public Notification

total coliform. 2a. Turbidity (MCL)4 None 1 NTU5/5 NTU Turbidity has no health effects. However, turbidity can interfere with disinfection and provide a medium for microbial growth. Turbidity may indicate the presence of disease-causing organisms. These organisms include bacteria, viruses, and parasites that can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea and associated headaches. 2b. Turbidity (SWTR None TT7 Turbidity has no health effects. However, TT)6 turbidity can interfere with disinfection and provide a medium for microbial growth. Turbidity may indicate the presence of disease-causing organisms. These organisms include bacteria, viruses, and parasites that can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea and associated headaches. 2c. Turbidity None TT Turbidity has no health effects. However, (IESWTR TT and LT1ESWTR)8 turbidity can interfere with disinfection and provide a medium for microbial growth. Turbidity may indicate the presence of disease-causing organisms. These organisms include bacteria, viruses, and parasites that can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea and associated headaches. A-5

APPENDIX A STANDARD HEALTH EFFECTS LANGUAGE FOR PUBLIC NOTIFICATION (FEBRUARY 13, 2013) Contaminant MCLG1 mg/L MCL2 mg/L Standard Health Effects Language for Public Notification

B. Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR), Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR) and Filter Backwash Recycling Rule (FBRR) violations

3. Giardia Lamblia Zero TT10 Inadequately treated water may contain (SWTR/IESWTR/LT1ESWTR) disease-causing organisms. These 4. Viruses organisms include bacteria, viruses, and (SWTR/IESWTR/LT1ESWTR) parasites which can cause symptoms such 5. Heterotrophic plate as nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and count (HPC) bacteria9 associated headaches. (SWTR/IESWTR/LT1ESWTR) 6. Legionella (SWTR/IESWTR/LT1ESWTR) 7. Cryptosporidium (IESWTR/FBRR/LT1ESWTR)

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C. Inorganic Chemicals (IOCs)

8. Antimony 0.006 0.006 Some people who drink water containing antimony well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience increases in blood cholesterol and decreases in blood sugar. 9. Arsenic11 None 0.010 Some people who drink water containing arsenic in excess of the MCL over many years could experience skin damage or problems with their circulatory system, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 10. Asbestos (10Φm) 7 MFL12 7 MFL Some people who drink water containing asbestos in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of developing benign intestinal polyps. 11. Barium 2 2 Some people who drink water containing barium in excess of the MCL over many years could experience an increase in their blood pressure. 12. Beryllium 0.004 0.004 Some people who drink water containing beryllium well in excess of the MCL over many years could develop intestinal lesions. 13. Cadmium 0.005 0.005 Some people who drink water containing cadmium in excess of the MCL over many years could experience kidney damage. 14. Chromium (total) 0.1 0.1 Some people who use water containing chromium well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience allergic dermatitis.

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APPENDIX A STANDARD HEALTH EFFECTS LANGUAGE FOR PUBLIC NOTIFICATION (FEBRUARY 13, 2013) Contaminant MCLG1 mg/L MCL2 mg/L Standard Health Effects Language for Public Notification

15. Cyanide 0.2 0.2 Some people who drink water containing cyanide well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience nerve damage or problems with their thyroid. 16. Fluoride 4.0 4.0 Some people who drink water containing fluoride in excess of the MCL over many years could get bone disease, including pain and tenderness of the bones. Fluoride in drinking water at half the MCL or more may cause mottling of children’s teeth, usually in children less than nine years old. Mottling, also known as dental fluorosis, may include brown staining and/or pitting of the teeth, and occurs only in developing teeth before they erupt from the gums. 17. Mercury (inorganic) 0.002 0.002 Some people who drink water containing inorganic mercury well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience kidney damage. 18. Nitrate 10 10 Infants below the age of six months who drink water containing nitrate in excess of the MCL could become seriously ill and, if untreated, may die. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blue baby syndrome. 19. Nitrite 1 1 Infants below the age of six months who drink water containing nitrite in excess of the MCL could become seriously ill and, if untreated, may die. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blue baby syndrome. 20. Total Nitrate and 10 10 Infants below the age of six months who

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Nitrite drink water containing nitrate and nitrite in excess of the MCL could become seriously ill and, if untreated, may die. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blue baby syndrome. 21. Selenium 0.05 0.05 Selenium is an essential nutrient. However, some people who drink water containing selenium in excess of the MCL over many years could experience hair or fingernail losses, numbness in fingers or toes, or problems with their circulation. 22. Thallium 0.0005 0.002 Some people who drink water containing thallium in excess of the MCL over many years could experience hair loss, changes in their blood, or problems with their kidneys, intestines, or liver.

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D. Lead and Copper Rule

23. Lead Zero TT13 Infants and children who drink water containing lead in excess of the action level could experience delays in their physical or mental development. Children could show slight deficits in attention span and learning abilities. Adults who drink this water over many years could develop kidney problems or high blood pressure.

24. Copper 1.3 TT14 Copper is an essential nutrient, but some people who drink water containing copper in excess of the action level over a relatively short amount of time could experience gastrointestinal distress. Some people who drink water containing copper in excess of the action level over many years could suffer liver or kidney damage. People with Wilson’s Disease should consult their personal doctor.

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APPENDIX A STANDARD HEALTH EFFECTS LANGUAGE FOR PUBLIC NOTIFICATION (FEBRUARY 13, 2013) Contaminant MCLG1 mg/L MCL2 mg/L Standard Health Effects Language for Public Notification

E. Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs)

25. 2,4-D 0.07 0.07 Some people who drink water containing the weed killer 2,4-D well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys, liver, or adrenal glands. 26. 2,4,5-TP (Silvex) 0.05 0.05 Some people who drink water containing silvex in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver problems. 27. Alachlor Zero 0.002 Some people who drink water containing alachlor in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their eyes, liver, kidneys, or spleen, or experience anemia, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 28. Atrazine 0.003 0.003 Some people who drink water containing atrazine well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their cardiovascular system or reproductive difficulties. 29. Benzo(a)pyrene Zero 0.0002 Some people who drink water containing (PAHs) benzo(a)pyrene in excess of the MCL over many years may experience reproductive difficulties and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 30. Carbofuran 0.04 0.04 Some people who drink water containing carbofuran in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their blood, or nervous or reproductive systems.

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APPENDIX A STANDARD HEALTH EFFECTS LANGUAGE FOR PUBLIC NOTIFICATION (FEBRUARY 13, 2013) Contaminant MCLG1 mg/L MCL2 mg/L Standard Health Effects Language for Public Notification

31. Chlordane Zero 0.002 Some people who drink water containing chlordane in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or nervous system, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 32. Dalapon 0.2 0.2 Some people who drink water containing dalapon well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience minor kidney changes. 33. Di (2-ethylhexyl) 0.4 0.4 Some people who drink water containing adipate di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience general toxic effects or reproductive difficulties. 34. Di (2-ethylhexyl) Zero 0.006 Some people who drink water containing phthalate di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in excess of the MCL over many years may have problems with their liver, or experience reproductive difficulties, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 35. Dibromochloropropane Zero 0.00004 Some people who drink water containing DBCP (DBCP) in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 36. Dinoseb 0.007 0.007 Some people who drink water containing dinoseb well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties. 37. Dioxin Zero 3 x 10-8 Some people who drink water containing (2,3,7,8-TCDD) dioxin in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive

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APPENDIX A STANDARD HEALTH EFFECTS LANGUAGE FOR PUBLIC NOTIFICATION (FEBRUARY 13, 2013) Contaminant MCLG1 mg/L MCL2 mg/L Standard Health Effects Language for Public Notification

difficulties and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 38. Diquat 0.02 0.02 Some people who drink water containing diquat in excess of the MCL over many years could get cataracts. 39. Endothall 0.1 0.1 Some people who drink water containing endothall in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their stomach or intestines. 40. Endrin 0.002 0.002 Some people who drink water containing endrin in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver problems. 41. Ethylene dibromide Zero 0.00004 Some people who drink water containing ethylene dibromide in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, stomach, reproductive system, or kidneys, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 42. Glyphosate 0.7 0.7 Some people who drink water containing glyphosate in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys or reproductive difficulties. 43. Heptachlor Zero 0.0004 Some people who drink water containing heptachlor in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver damage and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 44. Heptachlor epoxide Zero 0.0002 Some people who drink water containing heptachlor epoxide in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver damage, and may have an increased risk of A-13

APPENDIX A STANDARD HEALTH EFFECTS LANGUAGE FOR PUBLIC NOTIFICATION (FEBRUARY 13, 2013) Contaminant MCLG1 mg/L MCL2 mg/L Standard Health Effects Language for Public Notification

getting cancer. 45. Hexachlorobenzene Zero 0.001 Some people who drink water containing hexachlorobenzene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys, or adverse reproductive effects, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 46. Hexachlorocyclo 0.05 0.05 Some people who drink water containing -pentadiene hexachlorocyclo-pentadiene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys or stomach. 47. Lindane 0.0002 0.0002 Some people who drink water containing lindane in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys or liver. 48. Methoxychlor 0.04 0.04 Some people who drink water containing methoxychlor in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties. 49. Oxamyl (Vydate) 0.2 0.2 Some people who drink water containing oxamyl in excess of the MCL over many years could experience slight nervous system effects. 50. Pentachlorophenol Zero 0.001 Some people who drink water containing pentachlorophenol in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

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APPENDIX A STANDARD HEALTH EFFECTS LANGUAGE FOR PUBLIC NOTIFICATION (FEBRUARY 13, 2013) Contaminant MCLG1 mg/L MCL2 mg/L Standard Health Effects Language for Public Notification

51. Picloram 0.5 0.5 Some people who drink water containing picloram in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver. 52. Polychlorinated Zero 0.0005 Some people who drink water containing PCBs biphenyls (PCBs) in excess of the MCL over many years could experience changes in their skin, problems with their thymus gland, immune deficiencies, or reproductive or nervous system difficulties, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 53. Simazine 0.004 0.004 Some people who drink water containing simazine in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their blood. 54. Toxaphene Zero 0.003 Some people who drink water containing toxaphene in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their kidneys, liver, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 55. 1,2,3-Trichloro 0.0006 Some people who drink water containing TCP in propane excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their nervous system, respiratory system, reproductive system, liver and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

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APPENDIX A STANDARD HEALTH EFFECTS LANGUAGE FOR PUBLIC NOTIFICATION (FEBRUARY 13, 2013) Contaminant MCLG1 mg/L MCL2 mg/L Standard Health Effects Language for Public Notification

F. Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs)

56. Benzene Zero 0.005 Some people who drink water containing benzene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience anemia or a decrease in blood platelets, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 57. Carbon Zero 0.005 Some people who drink water containing tetrachloride carbon tetrachloride in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 58. Chlorobenzene 0.1 0.1 Some people who drink water containing (monochloro-benzene) Chlorobenzene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys. 59. o-Dichlorobenzene 0.6 0.6 Some people who drink water containing o-dichlorobenzene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, kidneys, or circulatory systems. 60. p-Dichlorobenzene 0.075 0.075 Some people who drink water containing p-dichlorobenzene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience anemia, damage to their liver, kidneys, or spleen, or changes in their blood. 61. 1,2-Dichloroethane Zero 0.005 Some people who drink water containing 1,2-dichloroethane in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

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62. 1,1-Dichloro 0.007 0.007 Some people who drink water containing 1-1 ethylene 1,1-dichloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver. 63. cis-1,2-Dichloro 0.07 0.07 Some people who drink water containing ethylene cis-1,2-dichloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver. 64. trans-1,2-Dichloro 0.1 0.1 Some people who drink water containing ethylene trans-1,2-dichloroethylene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver. 65. Dichloromethane Zero 0.005 Some people who drink water containing dichloromethane in excess of the MCL over many years could have liver problems and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 66. 1,2-Dichloro Zero 0.005 Some people who drink water containing propane 1,2-dichloropropane in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 67. Ethylbenzene 0.7 0.7 Some people who drink water containing ethylbenzene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys. 68. Styrene 0.1 0.1 Some people who drink water containing styrene well in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their liver, kidneys, or circulatory system.

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69. Tetrachloro Zero 0.005 Some people who drink water containing ethylene tetrachloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their liver, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 70. Toluene 1 1 Some people who drink water containing toluene in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their nervous system, kidneys or liver. 71. 1,2,4-Trichloro 0.07 0.07 Some people who drink water containing benzene 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience changes in their adrenal glands. 72. 1,1,1-Trichloro 0.2 0.2 Some people who drink water containing ethane 1,1,1-trichloroethane in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, nervous system, or circulatory system. 73. 1,1,2-Trichloro 0.003 0.005 Some people who drink water containing ethane 1,1,2-trichloroethane well in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their liver, kidneys, or immune systems. 74. Trichloroethylene Zero 0.005 Some people who drink water containing trichloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 75. Vinyl chloride Zero 0.002 Some people who drink water containing vinyl chloride in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of

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getting cancer. 76. Xylenes (total) 10 10 Some people who drink water containing xylenes in excess of the MCL over many years could experience damage to their nervous system.

G. Radioactive Contaminants

77. Beta/photon Zero 4 mrem/yr15 Certain minerals are radioactive and may emitters emit forms of radiation known as photons and beta radiation. Some people who drink water containing beta and photon emitters in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 78. Alpha emitters Zero 15 pCi/L16 Certain minerals are radioactive and may emit a form of radiation known as alpha radiation. Some people who drink water containing alpha emitters in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 79. Combined radium Zero 5 pCi/L Some people who drink water containing (226 & 228) radium 226 or 228 in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased A-19

APPENDIX A STANDARD HEALTH EFFECTS LANGUAGE FOR PUBLIC NOTIFICATION (FEBRUARY 13, 2013) Contaminant MCLG1 mg/L MCL2 mg/L Standard Health Effects Language for Public Notification

risk of getting cancer. 80. Uranium17 Zero 30 μg/L Some people who drink water containing uranium in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer and kidney toxicity.

H. Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs), Byproduct Precursors, and Disifectant Residuals: Where disinfection is used in the treatment of drinking water, disinfectants combine with organic and inorganic matter present in water to form chemicals called disinfection byproducts (DBPs). EPA sets standards for controlling the levels of disinfectants and DBPs in drinking water, including trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs)18

81. Total N/A 0.08019, 20 Some people who drink water containing trihalomethanes trihalomethanes in excess of the MCL over (TTHMs) many years may experience problems with their liver, kidneys, or central nervous system, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 82. Haloacetic Acids N/A 0.06021 Some people who drink water containing (HAA) haloacetic acids in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 83. Bromate Zero 0.010 Some people who drink water containing bromate in excess of the MCL over many

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years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 84. Chlorite 0.08 1.0 Some infants and young children who drink water containing chlorite in excess of the MCL could experience nervous system effects. Similar effects may occur in fetuses of pregnant women who drink water containing chlorite in excess of the MCL. Some people may experience anemia. 85. Chlorine 4 (MRDLG)22 4.0 (MRDL)23 Some people who use water containing chlorine well in excess of the MRDL could experience irritating effects to their eyes and nose. Some people who drink water containing chlorine well in excess of the MRDL could experience stomach discomfort. 86. Chloramines 4 (MRDLG) 4.0 (MRDL) Some people who use water containing chloramines well in excess of the MRDL could experience irritating effects to their eyes and nose. Some people who drink water containing chloramines well in excess of the MRDL could experience stomach discomfort or anemia. 87a. Chlorine dioxide, 0.8 (MRDLG) 0.8 (MRDL) Some infants and young children who drink where any 2 water containing chlorine dioxide in consecutive daily excess of the MRDL could experience samples taken at the nervous system effects. Similar entrance to the effects may occur in fetuses of pregnant distribution system women who drink water containing are above the MRDL. chlorine dioxide in excess of the MRDL. Some people may experience anemia. Add for public notification only: the A-21

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chlorine dioxide violations reported today are the result of exceedances at the treatment facility only, not within the distribution system which delivers water to consumers. Continued compliance with chlorine dioxide levels within the distribution system minimizes the potential risk of these violations to consumers.

87b. Chlorine dioxide, 0.8 (MRDLG) 0.8 (MRDL) Some infants and young children who drink where one or more water containing chlorine dioxide in distribution system excess of the MRDL could experience samples are above nervous system effects. Similar the MRDL. effects may occur in fetuses of pregnant women who drink water containing chlorine dioxide in excess of the MRDL. Some people may experience anemia. Add for public notification only: The chlorine dioxide violations reported today include exceedances of the EPA standard within the distribution system which delivers water to consumers. Violations of the chlorine dioxide standard within the distribution system may harm human health based on short-term exposures. Certain groups, including fetuses, infants, and young children, may be especially susceptible to nervous system effects from excessive chlorine dioxide exposure 88. Control of DBP None TT Total organic carbon (TOC) has no health

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precursors (TOC) effects. However, total organic carbon provides a medium for the formation of disinfection byproducts. These byproducts include trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). Drinking water containing these byproducts in excess of the MCL may lead to adverse health effects, liver or kidney problems, or nervous system effects, and may lead to an increased risk of getting cancer.

I. Other Treatment Techniques

89. Acrylamide Zero TT Some people who drink water containing high levels of acrylamide over a long period of time could have problems with their nervous system or blood, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. 90. Epichlorohydrin Zero TT Some people who drink water containing high levels of epichlorohydrin over a long period of time could experience stomach problems, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.

Footnotes to Appendix A † Until March 31, 2016. ‡ Beginning April 1, 2016. 1. MCLG - Maximum contaminant level goal. 2. MCL - Maximum contaminant level. 3. For water systems analyzing at least 40 samples per month, no more than 5.0 percent of the monthly samples may be positive for total coliforms. For systems analyzing fewer than 40 samples per month, A-23

no more than one sample per month may be positive for total coliforms. 4. There are various regulations that set turbidity standards for different types of systems, including 40 C.F.R. 141.13, and the 1989 Surface Treatment Rule, the 1998 Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule and the 2002 Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. The MCL for the monthly turbidity average is 1 NTU; the MCL for the 2-day average is 5 NTU for systems that are required to filter but have not yet installed filtration ( .13). 5. NTU - Nephelometric turbidity unit. 6. There are various regulations that set turbidity standards for different types of systems, including .13, the 1989 Surface Water Treatment Rule, the 1998 Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule, and the 2002 Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. Systems subject to the Surface Water Treatment Rule (both filtered and unfiltered) may not exceed 5 NTU. In addition, in filtered systems, 95 percent of samples each month must not exceed 0.5 NTU in systems using conventional or direct filtration and must not exceed 1 NTU in systems using slow sand or diatomaceous earth filtration or other filtration technologies approved by the state. 7. TT - Treatment technique. 8. There are various regulations that set turbidity standards for different types of systems, including .13, the 1989 Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR), the 1998 Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR), and the 2002 Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT1ESWTR). For systems subject to the IESWTR (systems serving at least 10,000 people, using surface water or ground water under the direct influence of surface water), that use conventional filtration or direct filtration, after January 1, 2002, the turbidity level of a system’s combined filter effluent may not exceed 0.3 NTU in at least 95 percent of monthly measurements, and the turbidity level of a systems’s combined filter effluent must not exceed 1 NTU at any time. Systems subject to the IESWTR using technologies other than conventional, direct, slow sand, or diatomaceous earth filtration must meet turbidity limits set by the state. For systems subject to the LT1ESWTR (systems serving fewer than 10,000 people, using surface water or ground water under the direct influence of surface water) that use conventional filtration or direct filtration, after January 14, 2005 the turbidity level of a system’s combined filter effluent may not exceed 0.3 NTU in at least 95 percent of the monthly measurements, and the turbidity level of a system’s combined filter effluent must not exceed 1 NTU at any time. Systems subject to the LT1ESWTR using technologies other than conventional, direct, slow sand, or diatomaceous earth filtration must meet turbidity limits set by the State. 9. The bacteria detected by heterotrophic plate count (HPC) are not necessarily harmful. HPC is simply an alternative method of determining disinfectant residual levels. The number of such bacteria is an indicator of whether there is enough disinfectant in the distribution system. 10. SWTR, IESWTR, and LT1ESWTR treatment technique violations that involve turbidity exceedances may use the health effects language for turbidity instead. A-24

11. These arsenic values are effective January 23, 2006. Until then, the MCL is 0.05 mg/L and there is no MCLG 12. Millions fibers per liter. 13. Action Level = 0.015 mg/L. 14. Action Level = 1.3 mg/L. 15. Millirems per years. 16. Picocuries per liter. 17. The uranium MCL is effective December 8, 2003 for all community water systems. 18. Surface water systems and ground water systems under the direct influence of surface water are regulated under Subpart H of . Subpart H community and non-transient non-community systems serving > 10,000 must comply with section 11-20-45.1 DBP MCLs and disinfectant maximum residual disinfectant levels (MRDLs) beginning January 1, 2002. All other community and non-transient non-community systems must comply with section 11-20-45.1 DBP MCLs and disinfectant MRDLs beginning January 1, 2004. Subpart H transient non-community systems serving 10,000 or more persons that use chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant must comply with the chlorine dioxide MRDL beginning January 1, 2002. Subpart H transient non-community systems serving fewer than 10,000 persons and systems using only ground water not under the direct influence of surface water that use chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant must comply with the chlorine dioxide MRDL beginning January 1, 2004. 19. Community and non-transient non-community systems must comply with Stage 2 Disinfection Byproduct TTHM and HAA5 MCLs of 0.080 mg/L and 0.060 mg/L, respectively (with compliance calculated as a locational running annual average) on the schedule in section 11-20-45.3(a)(3). 20. The MCL for total trihalomethanes is the sum of the concentrations of the individual trihalomethanes. 21. The MCL for haloacetic acids is the sum of the concentrations of the individual haloacetic acids. 22. MRDLG - Maximum residual disinfectant level goal. 23. MRDL - Maximum residual disinfectant level.

A-25

APPENDIX B ROUTINE MONITORING FREQUENCY FOR TTHM AND HAA5 (HAR '11-20-45.1(c)(2)(A Type of System Minimum Monitoring Sample Location in the Frequency distribution system Subpart H system serving Four water samples per At least 25 per-cent of at least 10,000 persons. quarter per treatment all samples collected plant. each quarter at locations representing maximum residence time. Remaining samples taken at locations representative of at least average residence time in the distribution system and representing the entire distribution system, taking into account number of persons served, different sources of water, and different treatment methods1. Subpart H system serving One water sample per Locations representing from 500 to 9,999 quarter per treatment maximum residence time1. persons. plant.

January 1, 2002 B-1

APPENDIX B ROUTINE MONITORING FREQUENCY FOR TTHM AND HAA5 (HAR '11-20-45.1(c)(2)(A Type of System Minimum Monitoring Sample Location in the Frequency distribution system Subpart H system serving One sample per year per Locations representing fewer than 500 persons. treatment plant during maximum residence time1. month of warmest water If the sample (or average temperature. of annual samples, if more than one sample is taken) exceeds MCL, system must increase monitoring to one sample per treatment plant per quarter, taken at a point reflecting the maximum residence time in the distribution system, until system meets reduced monitoring criteria in HAR '11-20- 45.1(c)(2)(A)(iv). System using only ground One water sample per Locations representing water not under direct quarter per treatment maximum residence time1. influence of surface plant2. water using chemical disinfectant and serving at least 10,000 persons.

January 1, 2002 B-2

APPENDIX B ROUTINE MONITORING FREQUENCY FOR TTHM AND HAA5 (HAR '11-20-45.1(c)(2)(A Type of System Minimum Monitoring Sample Location in the Frequency distribution system System using only ground One sample per year per Locations representing water not under direct treatment plant2 during maximum residence time1. influence of surface month of warmest water If the sample (or average water using chemical temperature of annual samples, if disinfectant and serving more than one sample is fewer than 10,000 taken) exceeds MCL, persons. system must increase monitoring to one sample per treatment plant per quarter, taken at a point reflecting the maximum residence time in the distribution system, until system meets criteria in HAR '11-20- 45.1(c)(2)(A)(iv). 1 If a system elects to sample more frequently than the minimum required, at least 25 per- cent of all samples collected each quarter (including those taken in excess of the required frequency) must be taken at locations that represent the maximum residence time of the water in the distribution system. The remaining samples must be taken at locations representative of at least average residence time in the distribution system. 2 Multiple wells drawing water from a single aquifer may be considered one treatment plant for determining the minimum number of samples required, with State approval in accordance with criteria developed under HAR '11-20-45.1(c)(1)(B).

January 1, 2002 B-3

APPENDIX C REDUCED MONITORING FREQUENCY FOR TTHM AND HAA5 (HAR '11-20-45.1(c)(2)(A If you are a... You may reduce monitoring To this level if you have monitored at least one year and your... Subpart H system serving TTHM annual average One sample per treatment at least 10,000 persons <0.040 mg/L and HAA5 plant per quarter at which has a source water annual average <0.030 distribution system annual average TOC level, mg/L. location reflecting before any treatment, of maximum residence time. <4.0 mg/L. Subpart H system serving TTHM annual average One sample per treatment from 500 to 9,999 persons <0.040 mg/L and HAA5 plant per year at which has a source water annual average <0.030 distribution system annual average TOC level, mg/L. location reflecting before any treatment, of maximum residence time <4.0 mg/L. during month of warmest water temperature. NOTE: Any Subpart H system serving fewer than 500 persons may not reduce its monitoring to less than one sample per treatment plant per year.

January 1, 2002 C-1

APPENDIX C REDUCED MONITORING FREQUENCY FOR TTHM AND HAA5 (HAR '11-20-45.1(c)(2)(A If you are a... You may reduce monitoring To this level if you have monitored at least one year and your... System using only TTHM annual average One sample per treatment groundwater not under <0.040 mg/L and HAA5 plant per year at direct influence of annual average <0.030 distribution system surface water using mg/L. location reflecting chemical disinfectant and maximum residence time serving at least 10,000 during month of warmest persons. water temperature. System using only ground TTHM annual average One sample per treatment water not under direct <0.040 mg/L and HAA5 plant per three year influence of surface annual average <0.030 monitoring cycle at water using chemical mg/L for two consecutive distribution system disinfectant and serving years OR TTHM annual location reflecting fewer than 10,000 average <0.020 mg/L and maximum residence time persons. HAA5 annual average during month of warmest <0.015 mg/L for one year. water temperature, with the three-year cycle beginning on January 1 following quarter in which system qualifies for reduced monitoring.

January 1, 2002 C-2

APPENDIX D REPORTING REQUIREMENTS FOR DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS (HAR '11-20-45.1(e)(2 If you are a ... You must report...1 1. System monitoring for TTHM and I. The number of samples taken during HAA5 under the requirements of the last quarter. '11-20-45.1(c)(2) on a quarterly II. The location, date and result of or more frequent basis. each sample taken during the last quarter. III. The arithmetic average of all samples taken in the last quarter. IV. The annual arithmetic average of the quarterly arithmetic averages of this section for the last four quarters. V. Whether, based on HAR '11-20- 45.1(d)(2)(A), the MCL was violated. 2. System monitoring for TTHM and I. The number of samples taken during HAA5 under the requirements of the last year. '11-20-45.1(c)(2) less frequently II. The location, date and result of than quarterly (but at least each sample taken during the last annually). monitoring period. III. The arithmetic average of all samples taken over the last year. IV. Whether, based on HAR '11-20- 45.1(d)(2)(A), the MCL was exceeded.

January 1, 2002 D-1

APPENDIX D REPORTING REQUIREMENTS FOR DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS (HAR '11-20-45.1(e)(2 3. System monitoring for TTHM and I. The location, date and result of HAA5 under the requirements of the last sample taken. '11-20-45.1(c)(2) less frequently II. Whether, based on HAR '11-20- than annually. 45.1(d)(2)(A), the MCL was violated. 4. System monitoring for chlorite I. The number of entry point samples under the requirements of '11-20- taken each month for the last 3 45.1(c)(2). months. II. The location, date and result of each sample (both entry point and distribution system) taken during the last quarter. III. For each month in the reporting period, the arithmetic average of all samples taken in each 3- samples set taken in the distribution system. IV. Whether, based on HAR '11-20- 45.1(d)(2)(C), the MCL was violated, and how many times it was violated each month.

January 1, 2002 D-2

APPENDIX D REPORTING REQUIREMENTS FOR DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS (HAR '11-20-45.1(e)(2 5. System monitoring for bromate I. The number of samples taken during under the requirements of '11-20- the last quarter. 45.1(c)(2). II. The location, date and result of each sample taken during the last quarter. III. The arithmetic average of the monthly arithmetic averages of all samples taken in the last year. IV. Whether, based on HAR '11-20- 45.1(d)(2)(B) the MCL was violated. 1 The State may choose to perform calculations and determine whether the MCL was exceeded, in lieu of having the system report that information.

January 1, 2002 D-3

APPENDIX E REPORTING REQUIREMENTS FOR DISINFECTANT RESIDUALS (HAR '11-20-45.1(e)(3 If you are a ... You must report...1 1. System monitoring for chlorine or I. The number of samples taken during chloramines under the each month of the last quarter. requirements of '11-20- II. The monthly arithmetic average of 45.1(c)(3). all samples taken in each month for the last 12 months. III. The arithmetic average of the monthly averages for the last 12 months. IV. Whether, based on '11-20- 45.1(d)(3)(A), the MRDL was violated. 2. System monitoring for chlorine I. The dates, result, and locations dioxide under the requirements of of samples taken during the last '11-20-45.1(c)(3). quarter. II. Whether, based on '11-20- 45.1(d)(3)(B), the MRDL was violated. III. Whether the MRDL was exceeded in any two consecutive daily samples and whether the resulting violation was acute or nonacute.

1 The State may choose to perform calculations and determine whether the MRDL was exceeded, in lieu of having the system report that information.

January 1, 2002 E-1

APPENDIX F REPORTING REQUIREMENTS FOR DISINFECTION BYPRODUCT PRECURSORS AND ENHANCED COAGULATION OR ENHANCED SOFTENING (HAR '11-20-45.1(e)(4 If you are a ... You must report...1 1. System monitoring monthly or I. The number of paired (source quarterly for TOC under the water and treated water) requirements of '11-20-45.1(c)(4) samples taken during the and required to meet the enhanced last quarter. coagulation or enhanced softening II. The location, date and requirements in '11-20- results of each paired 45.1(f)(2)(B) or (C). sample and associated alkalinity taken during the last quarter. III. For each month in the reporting period that paired samples were taken, the arithmetic average of the percent reduction of TOC for each paired sample and the required TOC percent removal. IV. Calculations for determining compliance with the TOC percent removal requirements, as provided in '11-20-45.1(f)(3)(A). V. Whether the system is in compliance with the enhanced coagulation or enhanced softening percent removal requirements in '11-20- 45.1(f)(2) for the last four quarters.

January 1, 2002 F-1

APPENDIX F REPORTING REQUIREMENTS FOR DISINFECTION BYPRODUCT PRECURSORS AND ENHANCED COAGULATION OR ENHANCED SOFTENING (HAR '11-20-45.1(e)(4 2. System monitoring monthly or I. The alternative compliance quarterly for TOC under the criterion that the system is requirements of '11-20-45.1(c)(4) using. and meeting one or more of the II. The number of paired samples alternative compliance criteria taken during the last quarter. in '11-20-45.1(f)(1)(B) or (C). III. The location, date and result of each paired sample and associated alkalinity taken during the last quarter. IV. The running annual arithmetic average based on monthly averages (or quarterly samples) of source water TOC for systems meeting a criterion in '11-20- 45.1(f)(1)(B)(i) or (iii) or of treated water TOC for systems meeting the criterion in '11-20- 45.1(f)(1)(B)(ii). V. The running annual arithmetic average based on monthly averages (or quarterly samples) of source water SUVA for systems meeting the criterion in '11-20- 45.1(f)(1)(B)(v) or of treated water SUVA for systems meeting the criterion in '11-20- 45.1(f)(1)(B)(vi).

January 1, 2002 F-2

APPENDIX F REPORTING REQUIREMENTS FOR DISINFECTION BYPRODUCT PRECURSORS AND ENHANCED COAGULATION OR ENHANCED SOFTENING (HAR '11-20-45.1(e)(4 VI. The running annual average of source water alkalinity for systems meeting the criterion in '11-20-45.1(f)(1)(B)(iii) and of treated water alkalinity for systems meeting the criterion in '11-20-45.1(f)(1)(C)(i). VII. The running annual average for both TTHM and HAA5 for systems meeting the criterion in '11-20- 45.1(f)(1)(B)(iii) or (iv). VIII. The running annual average of the amount of magnesium hardness removal (as CaCo3 in mg/L) for systems meeting the criterion in '11-20-45.1(f)(1)(C)(ii). IX. Whether the system is in compliance with the particular alternative compliance criterion in '11-20-45.1(f)(1)(B) or (C). 1 The State may choose to perform calculations and determine whether the treatment technique was met, in lieu of having the system report that information.

January 1, 2002 F-3

APPENDIX G NPDWR VIOLATIONS AND OTHER SITUATIONS REQUIRING PUBLIC NOTICE (FEBRUARY 13, 2013)1 MCL/MRDL/TT Monitoring & Testing Violations2 Procedure Violations Contaminant Tier of Tier of Public Public Citation Citation Notice Notice Required Required

I. Violations of National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR)3 A. Microbiological Contaminants 1.a Total coliform bacteria 2 141.63(a) 3 141.21 (a)-(e) † 1.b Total coliform 2 141.860(b) 3 141.860(c) (Monitoring or TT violations resulting from failure to perform assessments or corrective actions) ‡ 2.a Fecal coliform/ 1 141.63(b) 41, 3 141.21(e) E. coli † 2.b E. coli ‡ 1 141.860(a) 3 141.860(c) 141.860(d)(2) 2.c E. coli (TT violations 2 141.860(b) ……. ………. resulting from failure to perform level 2 Assessments or corrective action) 3. Turbidity MCL 2 141.13(a) 3 141.22 4. Turbidity MCL (average 52, 1 141.13(b) 3 141.22 of 2 days= samples >5NTU 5. Turbidity (for TT 62, 1 141.71(a)(2), 3 141.74(a)(1), violations resulting 141.71(c)(2)(i), 141.74(b)(2), from a single 141.73(a)(2), 141.74(c)(1), exceedance of maximum 141.73(b)(2), 141.174 allowable turbidity 141.73(c)(2), 141.560(a)-(c) G-1

level) 141.73(d), 141.561 141.173(a)(2), 141.173(b) 141.551(b)

6. Surface Water Treatment 2 141.70-141.73 3 141.74 Rule violations, other than violations resulting from single exceedance of max. allowable turbidity level (TT) 7. Interim Enhanced 2 7141.170-141.173 3 141.172, 141.174 Surface Water Treatment 141.500-141.553 141.530-141.544 Rule violations, other 141.560-141.564 than violations resulting from single exceedance of max. turbidity level (TT) 8. Filter Backwash Recycling Rule 2 141.76(c) 3 141.76(b),(d) violations 9. Long Term 1 Enhanced 2 141.500-141.553 3 141.530-141.544, Surface Water Treatment 141.560-141.564 Rule violations 10. LT2ESWTR violations 2 141.710-141.720 222,3 141.701-141.705 and 141.708-141.709 11. Ground Water Rule 2 141.404 3 141.402(h), violations 141.403(d)

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B. Inorganic Chemicals (IOCs) 1. Antimony 2 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a), (c) 2. Arsenic 2 8 141.11(b) 3 11 141.23(a), (c) 3. Asbestos (fibers 2 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a)-(b) >10 μm) 4. Barium 2 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a), (c) 5. Beryllium 2 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a), (c) 6. Cadmium 2 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a), (c) 7. Chromium (total) 2 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a), (c) 8. Cyanide 2 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a), (c) 9. Fluoride 2 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a), (c) 10. Mercury (inorganic) 2 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a), (c) 11. Nitrate 1 141.62(b) 121, 3 141.23(a), (d), 141.23(f)(2) 12. Nitrite 1 141.62(b) 121, 3 141.23(a), (e), 141.23(f)(2) 13. Total Nitrate and 1 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a) Nitrite 14. Selenium 2 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a), (c) 15. Thallium 2 141.62(b) 3 141.23(a), (c)

C. Lead and Copper Rule (Action Level for lead is 0.015 mg/L, for copper is 1.3 mg/L) 1. Lead and Copper Rule 2 141.80-141.85 3 141.86-141.89 (TT) D. Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs) 1. 2,4-D 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 2. 2,4,5-TP (Silvex) 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 3. Alachlor 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) G-3

4. Atrazine 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 5. Benzo(a)pyrene (PAHs) 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 6. Carbofuran 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 7. Chlordane 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 8. Dalapon 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 9. Di (2-ethylhexyl) 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) adipate 10. Di (2-ethylhexyl) 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) phthalate 11. Dibromochloropropane 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 12. Dinoseb 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 13. Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 14. Diquat 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 15. Endothall 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 16. Endrin 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 17. Ethylene dibromide 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 18. Glyphosate 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 19. Heptachlor 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 20. Heptachlor epoxide 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 21. Hexachlorobenzene 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 22. Hexachlorocyclo- 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) pentadiene 23. Lindane 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 24. Methoxychlor 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 25. Oxamyl (Vydate) 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 26. Pentachlorophenol 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 27. Picloram 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 28. Polychlorinated 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) biphenyls (PCBs) 29. Simazine 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h) 30. Toxaphene 2 141.61(c) 3 141.24(h)

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31. 1,2,3- 2 11-20-4(d) 3 11-20-12(e) Trichloropropane

E. Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs) 1. Benzene 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) 2. Carbon tetrachloride 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) 3. Chlorobenzene 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) (monochlorobenzene) 4. o-Dichlorobenzene 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) 5. p-Dichlorobenzene 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) 6. 1,2-Dichloroethane 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) 7. 1,1-Dichloroethylene 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) 8. cis-1,2- 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) Dichloroethylene 9. trans-1,2- 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) Dichloroethylene 10. Dichloromethane 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) 11. 1,2-Dichloropropane 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) 12. Ethylbenzene 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) 13. Styrene 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) 14. Tetrachloroethylene 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) 15. Toluene 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) 16. 1,2,4- 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) Trichlorobenzene 17. 1,1,1- 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) Trichloroethane 18. 1,1,2- 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) Trichloroethane 19. Trichloroethylene 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) 20. Vinyl chloride 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) 21. Xylenes (total) 2 141.61(a) 3 141.24(f) G-5

F. Radioactive Contaminants 1. Beta/photon emitters 2 141.66(d) 3 141.25(a), 141.26(b) 2. Alpha emitters 2 141.66(c) 3 141.25(a), 141.26(a) 3. Combined radium 2 141.66(b) 3 141.25(a), (226 & 228) 141.26(a) 4. Uranium 92 141.66(e) 103 141.25(a), 141.26(a) G. Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs), Byproduct Precursors, Disinfectant Residuals. Where disinfection is used in the treatment of drinking water, disinfectants combine with organic and inorganic matter present in water to form chemicals called disinfection byproducts (DBPs). EPA sets standards for controlling the levels of disinfectants and DBPs in drinking water, including trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs).13 1. Total trihalomethanes 2 14141.64(b) 3 141.132(a)-(b) (TTHMs) 141.600-141.605, 141.620-141.629 2. Haloacetic Acids (HAA5) 2 141.64(b) 3 141.132(a)-(b) 141.600-141.605,

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141.620-141.629 3. Bromate 2 141.64(a) 3 141.132(a)-(b) 4. Chlorite 2 141.64(a) 3 141.132(a)-(b) 5. Chlorine (MRDL) 2 141.65(a) 3 141.132.(a),(c) 6. Chloramine (MRDL) 2 141.65(a) 3 141.132(a),(c) 7. Chlorine dioxide 2 141.65(a) 152, 3 141.132(a), (c), (MRDL), where any 2 141.133(c)(3) 141.133(c)(2) consecutive daily samples at entrance to distribution system only are above MRDL 8. Chlorine dioxide 161 141.65(a), 1 141.132(a), (c), (MRDL), where 141.133(c)(3) 141.133(c)(2) samples(s) in distribution system the next day are also above MRDL 9. Control of DBP 2 141.135(a)-(b) 3 141.132(a), (d) precursors- TOC (TT) 10. Bench marking and N/A N/A 3 141.172 disinfection 141.530-141.544 profiling 11. Development of N/A N/A 3 141.132(f) monitoring plan H. Other Treatment Techniques 1. Acrylamide (TT) 2 141.111 N/A N/A 2. Epichlorohydrin (TT) 2 141.111 N/A N/A

II. Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring17: A. Unregulated contaminants N/A N/A 3 141.40 B. Nickel N/A N/A 3 141.23(c), (k) G-7

III. Public Notification for Variances and Exemptions: A. Operation under a variance 3 18 1415, 1416 N/A N/A or exemption B. Violation of conditions of 2 1415, 1416, N/A N/A a variance or exemption 19 142.307

IV. Other Situations Requiring Public Notification: A. Fluoride secondary maximum 3 143.3 N/A N/A contaminant level (SMCL) exceedance B. Exceedance of nitrate MCL 1 141.11(d) N/A N/A for non-community systems, as allowed by State C. Availability of unregulated 3 141.40 N/A N/A contaminant monitoring data D. Waterborne disease outbreak 1 141.2, N/A N/A 141.71(c)(2)(ii) E. Other waterborne emergency20 1 N/A N/A N/A F. Source Water Sample Positive 1 141.402(g) N/A N/A for GWR Fecal indicators: E. coli, enterococci, or coliphage G. Other situations as 211, 2, 3 N/A N/A N/A determined by the State

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APPENDIX G – FOOTNOTES † Until March 31, 2016. ‡ Beginning April 1, 2016. 1. Violations and other situations not listed in this table (e.g. failure to prepare Consumer Confidence Reports), do not require notice, unless otherwise determined by the state. States may, at their option, also require a more stringent public notice tier (e.g. Tier 1 instead of Tier 2 or Tier 2 instead of Tier 3) for specific violations and situations listed in this Appendix, as authorized under §141.202(a) and §141.203(a). 2. MCL-Maximum contaminant level, MRDL-Maximum residual disinfectant level, TT-Treatment technique. 3. The term Violations of National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR) is used here to include violations of MCL, MRDL, treatment technique, monitoring, and testing procedure requirements. 4. Failure to test for fecal coliform or E. coli is a Tier 1 violation if testing is not done after any repeat sample tests positive for coliform. All other total coliform monitoring and testing procedure violations are Tier 3. 5. Systems that violate the turbidity MCL of 5 NTU based on an average of measurements over two consecutive days must consult with the state within 24 hours after learning of the violation. Based on this consultation, the state may subsequently decide to elevate the violation to Tier 1. If a system is unable to make contact with the state in the 24-hour period, the violation is automatically elevated to Tier 1. 6. Systems with treatment technique violations involving a single exceedance of a maximum turbidity limit under the Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR), the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment rule (IESWTR) or the Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT1ESWTR) are required to consult with the state within 24 hours after learning of the violation. Based on this consultation, the state may subsequently decide to elevate the violation to Tier 1. If a system is unable to make contact with the state in the 24-hour period, the violation is automatically elevated to Tier 1. 7. Most of the requirements of the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (63FR69477) (40C.F.R. §§141.170-141.171, 141.173-141.174) become effective January 1, 2002 for Subpart H systems (surface water systems and ground water systems under the direct influence of surface water) serving at least 10,000 persons. However, 40C.F.R. §141.172 has some requirements that become effective as early as April 16, 1999. The Surface Water Treatment Rule remains in effect for systems serving at least 10,000 persons even after 2002; the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule adds additional requirements and does not in many cases supercede the SWTR. 8. The arsenic MCL citations are effective January 23, 2006. Until then, the citations are §141.11 (b) and §141.23 (n). 9. The uranium MCL Tier 2 violation citations are effective December 8, 2003 for all community water systems. 10. The uranium Tier 3 violation citations are effective December 8, 2000 for all community water systems.

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11. The arsenic Tier 3 violation MCL citations are effective January 23, 2006. Until then, the citations are §141.23(a), (1). 12. Failure to take a confirmation sample within 24 hours for nitrate or nitrite after an initial sample exceeds the MCL is a Tier 1 violation. Other monitoring violations for nitrate are Tier 3. 13. Subpart H community and non-transient non-community systems serving > 10,000 must comply with new DBP MCLs, disinfectant MRDLs, and related monitoring requirements beginning January 1, 2002. All other community and non-transient non-community systems must meet the MCLs and MRDLs beginning January 1, 2004. Subpart H transient non-community systems serving 10,000 or more persons and using chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant must comply with the chlorine dioxide MRDL beginning January 1, 2002. Subpart H transient non-community systems serving fewer than 10,000 persons and using only ground water not under the direct influence of surface water and using chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant must comply with the chlorine dioxide MRDL beginning January 1, 2004. 14. §141.64(b)(1) and §141.132(a)-(b) apply until §§141.620-141.630 take effect under the schedule in §141.620(c). 15. Failure to monitor for chlorine dioxide at the entrance to the distribution system the day after exceeding the MRDL at the entrance to the distribution system is a Tier 2 violation. 16. If any daily sample taken at the entrance to the distribution system exceeds the MRDL for chlorine dioxide and one or more samples taken in the distribution system the next day exceed the MRDL, Tier 1 notification is required. Failure to take the required samples in the distribution system after the MRDL is exceeded at the entry point also triggers Tier 1 notification. 17. Some water systems must monitor for certain unregulated contaminants listed in 40 C.F.R. §141.40. 18. This citation refers to §§1415 and 1416 of the Safe Drinking Water Act. §§1415 and 1416 require that “a schedule prescribed...for a public water system granted a variance (or exemption) shall require compliance by the system...” 19. In addition to §§1415 and 1416 of the Safe Drinking Water Act, 40 C.F.R. 142.307 specifies the items and schedule milestones that must be included in a variance for small systems. 20. Other waterborne emergencies require a Tier 1 public notice under §141.202(a) for situations that do not meet the definition of a waterborne disease outbreak given in .2 but that still have the potential to have serious adverse effects on health as a result of short-term exposure. These could include outbreaks not related to treatment deficiencies, as well as situations that have the potential to cause outbreaks, such as failures or significant interruption in water treatment processes, natural disasters that disrupt the water supply or distribution system, chemical spills, or unexpected loading of possible pathogens into the source water. 21. States may place other situations in any tier they believe appropriate, based on threat to public health. 22. Failure to collect three or more samples for Cryptosporidium analysis is a Tier 2 violation requiring special notice as specified in §141.211. All other monitoring and testing procedure violations are

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a Tier 3.

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APPENDIX H LIST OF ACRONYMS USED IN PUBLIC NOTIFICATION REGULATION

CCR Consumer Confidence Report CWS Community Water System DBP Disinfection Byproduct EPA Environmental Protection Agency GWR Ground Water Rule HPC Heterotrophic Plate Count IESWTR Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule IOC Inorganic Chemical LCR Lead and Copper Rule LT1ESWTR Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule MCL Maximum Contaminant Level MCLG Maximum Contaminant Level Goal MRDL Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level MRDLG Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goal NCWS Non-Community Water System NPDWR National Primary Drinking Water Regulation NTNCWS Non-Transient Non-Community Water System NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Unit OGWDW Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water OW Office of Water PN Public Notification PWS Public Water System SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act SMCL Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level SOC Synthetic Organic Chemical SWTR Surface Water Treatment Rule TCR Total Coliform Rule TT Treatment Technique TWS Transient Non-Community Water System VOC Volatile Organic Chemical

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APPENDIX I

Table C – List of Small Systems Compliance Technologies for Radionuclides And Limitations to Use

Limitations Operator skill level Raw water quality range and Unit technologies (see foot- required1 considerations1 notes) 1. Ion exchange (IE) (a) Intermediate All ground waters 2. Point of Use (POU)2 (IE) (b) Basic All ground waters 3. Reverse osmosis (RO) (c) Advanced Surface waters usually require prefiltration 4. POU2 (RO) (b) Basic Surface waters usually require prefiltration 5. Lime softening (d) Advanced All waters 6. Green sand filtration (e) Basic 7. Co-precipitation with Barium (f) Intermediate to Advanced Ground water with suitable water sulfate quality 8. Electroidalysis/electrodialysis Basic to intermediate All ground waters reversal 9. Pre-formed hydrous Manganese oxide (g) Intermediate All ground waters filtration 10. Activated alumina (a),(h) Advanced All ground waters, competing anion concentrations may affect regeneration frequency 11. Enhanced coagulation/filtration (i) Advanced Can treat a wide range of water qualities

1. National Research Council (NRC), Safe Water from Every Tap: Improving Water Service to Small Communities. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 1997 2. A POU, or “point-of-use” technology is a treatment device installed at a single tap used for the purpose of reducing contaminants in drinking water at that one tap. POU devices are typically installed at the kitchen tap. See the April 21, 2000 NODA for more details.

Limitations Footnotes: Technologies for Radionuclides

a The regeneration solution contains high concentrations of the contaminant ions. Disposal options should be carefully considered before choosing this technology. b When POU devices are used for compliance, programs for long-term operation, maintenance, and monitoring must be provided by water utility to ensure proper performance. c Reject water disposal options should be carefully considered before choosing the technology. See other RO limitations described in the SWTR Compliance Technologies Table. d The combination of variable source water quality and the complexity of the water chemistry involved may make this technology too complex for small surface water systems. e Removal efficiencies can vary depending on water quality. f The technology may be very limited in application to small systems. Since the process requires static mixing, detention basins, and filtration, it is most applicable to systems with sufficiently high sulfate levels that already have a suitable filtration treatment train in place. g This technology is most applicable to small systems that already have filtration in place. h Handling of chemicals required during regeneration and pH adjustment may be too difficult for small systems without an adequately trained operator. i Assumes modification to a coagulation/filtration process already in place.

APPENDIX J

Table D – Compliance Technologies by System Size Category for Radionuclide NPDWR’s

Compliance technologies1 for system size Contaminant categories (population served) 3,300 – 10,000 25 – 500 501 – 3,300 1. Combined radium-226 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and radium-228 2. Gross alpha 3,4 3,4 3,4 particle activity 3. Beta particle 1,2,3,4 1,2,3,4 1,2,3,4 activity and photon activity 4. Uranium 1,2,4,10, 11 1,2,3,4,5,10,11 1,2,3,4,5,10,11

Note: 1Numbers correspond to those technologies found listed in the table C of Appendix I.

APPENDIX K – ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR CONDUCTING TOTAL COLIFORM AND E. COLI ANALYSES (HAR §11-20-9.1(b Organism Methodology Method 1 Citation 1 Category

Total Coliforms Lactose Standard Total Coliform Standard Methods 9221 B.1, B.2 Fermentation Fermentation Technique (20th ed.; 21st ed.) 2, 3 Methods Standard Methods Online 9221 B.1, B.2-99 2, 3 Presence-Absence (P-A) Standard Methods 9221 D.1, D.2 Coliform Test (20th ed.; 21st ed.) 2, 7

Standard Methods Online 9221 D.1, D.2-99 2, 7

Membrane Standard Total Coliform Standard Methods 9222 B, C (20th Filtration Membrane Filter Procedure ed.; 21st ed.) 2, 4 Methods Standard Methods Online 9222 B- 97 2, 4, 9222 C-97 2, 4

Membrane Filtration using EPA Method 1604 2 MI medium m-ColiBlue24® Test 2, 4 Chromocult 2, 4

Enzyme Colilert® Standard Methods 9223 B (20th ed.; Substrate 21st ed.) 2, 5 Methods Standard Methods Online 9223 B-97 2, 5

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APPENDIX K – ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR CONDUCTING TOTAL COLIFORM AND E. COLI ANALYSES (HAR §11-20-9.1(b Organism Methodology Method 1 Citation 1 Category

Colisure® Standard Methods 9223 B (20th ed.; 21st ed.) 2, 5, 6

Standard Methods Online 9223 B-97 2, 5, 6 E*Colite® Test 2

Readycult® Test 2 modified Colitag® Test 2

Escherichia coli Escherichia EC-MUG medium Standard Methods 9221 F.1 (20th coli ed.; 21st ed.) 2 Procedure (following Lactose Fermentation Methods)

Escherichia EC broth with MUG (EC-MUG) Standard Methods 9222 G.1c(2) coli (20th ed.; 21st ed.) 2, 8 Partition Method NA-MUG medium Standard Methods 9222 G.1c(1) (20th ed.; 21st ed.) 2

Membrane Membrane Filtration using EPA Method 1604 2 Filtration MI medium Methods m-ColiBlue24® Test 2, 4 Chromocult 2, 4

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APPENDIX K – ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR CONDUCTING TOTAL COLIFORM AND E. COLI ANALYSES (HAR §11-20-9.1(b Organism Methodology Method 1 Citation 1 Category

Enzyme Colilert® Standard Methods 9223 B (20th ed.; Substrate 21st ed.) 2, 5 Methods Standard Methods Online 9223 B-97 2, 5, 6

Colisure® Standard Methods 9223 B (20th ed.; 21st ed.) 2, 5, 6

Standard Methods Online 9223 B-97 2, 5, 6 E*Colite® Test 2

Readycult® Test 2 modified Colitag® Test 2

(a) Footnotes to Appendix K 1 Theprocedures must be done in accordance with the documents listed in subsection (b) of this Appendix. For Standard Methods, either editions, 20th (1998) or 21st (2005), may be used. For the Standard Methods Online, the year in which each method was approved by the Standard Methods Committee is designated by the last two digits following the hyphen in the method number. The methods listed are the only online versions that may be used. For vendor methods, the date of the method listed in subsection (b) of this Appendix is the date/version of the approved method. The methods listed are the only versions that may be used for compliance with this rule. Laboratories should be careful to use only the approved versions of the methods, as product package inserts may not be the same as the approved versions of the methods. 2 Incorporated by reference. See subsection (b) of this Appendix. 3 Lactosebroth, as commercially available, may be used in lieu of lauryl tryptose broth, if the system conducts at least 25 parallel tests between lactose broth and lauryl tryptose broth using the water normally tested, and if the findings from this comparison demonstrate that the false-positive rate and false-negative rate for total coliforms, using lactose broth, is less than 10 percent.

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APPENDIX K – ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR CONDUCTING TOTAL COLIFORM AND E. COLI ANALYSES (HAR 11-20-9.1(b 4 All filtration series must begin with membrane filtration equipment that has been sterilized by

autoclaving. Exposure of filtration equipment to UV light is not adequate to ensure sterilization. Subsequent to the initial autoclaving, exposure of the filtration equipment to UV light may be used to sanitize the funnels between filtrations within a filtration series. Alternatively, membrane filtration equipment that is pre-sterilized by the manufacturer (i.e., disposable funnel units) may be used. 5 Multiple-tube and multi-well enumerative formats for this method are approved for use in presence-

absence determination under this regulation. 6 Colisure® results may be read after an incubation time of 24 hours. 7 Amultiple tube enumerative format, as described in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 9221, is approved for this method for use in presence-absence determination under this regulation. 8 Thefollowing changes must be made to the EC broth with MUG (EC-MUG) formulation: Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, KH2PO4, must be 1.5g, and 4-methylumbelliferyl-Beta-D-glucuronide must be 0.05 g.

b) Incorporation by reference. The standards required in §11-20-9.1 are incorporated by reference into this section with the approval of the Director of the Federal Register under 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. To enforce any edition other than that specified in this section, EPA must publish notice of change in the Federal Register and the material must be available to the public. All approved material is available for inspection either electronically at www.regulations.gov, in hard copy at the Water Docket, or from the sources indicated below. The Docket ID is EPA-HQ-OW-2008-0878. Hard copies of these documents may be viewed at the Water Docket in the EPA Docket Center, (EPA/DC) EPA West, Room 3334, 1301 Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC. The EPA Docket Center Public Reading Room is open from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding legal holidays. The telephone number for the Public Reading Room is 1-202-566- 1744, and the telephone number for the Water Docket is 1-202-566-2426. Copyrighted materials are only available for viewing in hard copy. These documents are also available for inspection at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). For information on the availability of this material at NARA, call 1-202-741-6030 or go to: http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/code_of_federal_regulations/ibr_ locations.html.

(1) American Public Health Association, 800 I Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001 (i) “Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,” 20 th edition (1998):

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APPENDIX K – ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR CONDUCTING TOTAL COLIFORM AND E. COLI ANALYSES (HAR 11-20-9.1(b (A) Standard Methods 9221, “Multiple-Tube Fermentation Technique for Members of the Coliform Group,” B.1, B.2, “Standard Total Coliform Fermentation Technique.” (B) Standard Methods 9221, “Multiple-Tube Fermentation Technique for Members of the Coliform Group,” D.1, D.2, “Presence-Absence (P-A) Coliform Test.” (C) Standard Methods 9222, “Membrane Filter Technique for Members of the Coliform Group,” B, “Standard Total Coliform Membrane Filter Procedure.” (D) Standard Methods 9222, “Membrane Filter Technique for Members of the Coliform Group,” C, “Delayed-Incubation Total Coliform Procedure.” (E) Standard Methods 9223, “Enzyme Substrate Coliform Test,” B, “Enzyme Substrate Test,” Colilert® and Colisure®. (F) Standard Methods 9221, “Multiple Tube Fermentation Technique for Members of the Coliform Group,” F.1, “Escherichia coli Procedure: EC-MUG medium.” (G) Standard Methods 9222, “Membrane Filter Technique for Members of the Coliform Group,” G.1.c(2), “Escherichia coli Partition Method: EC broth with MUG (EC-MUG).” (H) Standard Methods 9222, “Membrane Filter Technique for Members of the Coliform Group,” G.1.c(1), “Escherichia coli Partition Method: NA-MUG medium.” (ii) “Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,” 21 st edition (2005): (A) Standard Methods 9221, “Multiple-Tube Fermentation Technique for Members of the Coliform Group,” B.1, B.2, “Standard Total Coliform Fermentation Technique.” (B) Standard Methods 9221, “Multiple-Tube Fermentation Technique for Members of the Coliform Group,” D.1, D.2, “Presence-Absence (P-A) Coliform Test.” (C) Standard Methods 9222, “Membrane Filter Technique for Members of the Coliform Group,” B, “Standard Total Coliform Membrane Filter Procedure.” (D) Standard Methods 9222, “Membrane Filter Technique for Members of the Coliform Group,” C, “Delayed-Incubation Total Coliform Procedure.” (E) Standard Methods 9223, “Enzyme Substrate Coliform Test,” B, “Enzyme Substrate Test,” Colilert® and Colisure®. (F) Standard Methods 9221, “Multiple Tube Fermentation Technique for Members of the Coliform Group,” F.1, “Escherichia coli Procedure: EC-MUG medium.” (G) Standard Methods 9222, “Membrane Filter Technique for Members of the Coliform Group,” G.1.c(2), “Escherichia coli Partition Method: EC broth with MUG (EC-MUG).” (H) Standard Methods 9222, “Membrane Filter Technique for Members of the Coliform Group,” G.1.c(1), “Escherichia coli Partition Method: NA-MUG medium.” (iii) “Standard Methods Online” available at http://www.standardmethods.org: (A) Standard Methods Online 9221, “Multiple-Tube Fermentation Technique for Members of the Coliform Group” (1999), B.1, B.2-99, “Standard Total Coliform Fermentation Technique.” (B) Standard Methods Online 9221, “Multiple-Tube Fermentation Technique for Members of the Coliform Group” (1999), D.1, D.2-99, “Presence-Absence (P-A) Coliform Test.”

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APPENDIX K – ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR CONDUCTING TOTAL COLIFORM AND E. COLI ANALYSES (HAR 11-20-9.1(b (C) Standard Methods Online 9222, “Membrane Filter Technique for Members of the Coliform Group” (1997), B-97, “Standard Total Coliform Membrane Filter Procedure.” (D) Standard Methods Online 9222, “Membrane Filter Technique for Members of the Coliform Group” (1997), C-97, “Delayed-Incubation Total Coliform Procedure.” (E) Standard Methods Online 9223, “Enzyme Substrate Coliform Test” (1997), B-97, “Enzyme Substrate Test”, Colilert® and Colisure®. (2) Charm Sciences, Inc., 659 Andover Street, Lawrence, MA 01843-1032, telephone 1-800-343-2170: (i) *Colite® – “Charm E*ColiteTM Presence/Absence Test for Detection and Identification of Coliform Bacteria and Escherichia coli in Drinking Water,” January 9, 1998. (ii) [Reserved] (3) CPI International, Inc., 5580 Skylane Blvd., Santa Rosa, CA, 95403, telephone 1-800-878-7654: (i) modified Colitag®, ATP D05-0035 – “Modified ColitagTM Test Method for the Simultaneous Detection of E. coli and other Total Coliforms in Water,” August 28, 2009. (ii) [Reserved] (4) EMD Millipore (a division of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt Germany), 290 Concord Road, Billerica, MA 01821, telephone 1-800-645-5476: (i) Chromocult – “Chromocult® Coliform Agar Presence/Absence Membrane Filter Test Method for Detection and Identification of Coliform Bacteria and Escherichia coli for Finished Waters,” November 2000, Version 1.0. (ii) Readycult® – “Readycult® Coliforms 100 Presence/Absence Test for Detection and Identification of Coliform Bacteria and Escherichia coli in Finished Waters,” January 2007, Version 1.1. (5) EPA’s Water Resource Center (MC-4100T), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20460, telephone 1-202-566-1729: (i) EPA Method 1604, EPA 821-R-02-024 – “EPA Method 1604: Total Coliforms and Escherichia coli in Water by Membrane Filtration Using a Simultaneous Detection Technique (MI Medium),” September 2002, http://www.epa.gov/nerlcwww/1604sp02.pdf. (ii) [Reserved] (6) Hach Company, P.O. Box 389, Loveland, CO 80539, telephone 1-800-604-3493: (i) m-ColiBlue24® – “Membrane Filtration Method m-ColiBlue24® Broth,” Revision 2, August 17, 1999. (ii) [Reserved]

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