Judge Walker's Guidelines for Cash Collateral and Financing Stipulations; Scheduling Status conference for Ch 11 Cases; Employment of Professionals; Motion for Default Judgment; Procedures for Mediation in Judge Walker's Cases; Adversary Proceedings; Mountain Glacier LLC v. Nestle Waters N. Am., Inc

=== Judge Walker's Guidelines for Cash Collateral and Financing Stipulations ===

JUDGE WALKER’S GUIDELINES FOR CASH COLLATERAL AND FINANCING STIPULATIONS In Chapter 11 cases, judges are often required to rule on requests by debtors (or Chapter 11 trustees) for authority to enter into cash collateral and financing stipulations and agreements with secured creditors (e.g., under §§ 363(c)(2) or 364(c) (all section references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. . These stipulations and agreements frequently contain provisions that Judge Walker will not normally approve. In an effort to provide guidance to debtors and secured creditors in these circumstances, Judge Walker will adopt the following guidelines. Except as set forth below, these guidelines apply both to interim and to final requests for use of cash collateral or for authority to enter into a financing arrangement. A. The following will not normally be approved in an interim order, and must be identified and justified in final requests (see B, below): 1. Cross-collateralization clauses, i.e., clauses that secure prepetition debt with postpetition assets in which the secured party would not otherwise have a security interest by virtue of its prepetition security agreement. 2. Provisions or findings of fact that bind the estate (or all parties in interest, or parties not stipulating) with respect to the validity, perfection or amount of the secured party’s lien or debt. 3. Provisions or findings of fact that bind the estate (or all parties in interest, or parties not stipulating) with respect to the relative priorities of the secured party’s lien and liens held by persons who are not party to the stipulation. This would include, for example, an order approving a stipulation providing that the secured party’s lien is a “first-priority” lien. 4. Provisions in an interim order that permit the secured party’s lien to (i) attach to unsecured property of the estate, or (ii) have priority over other existing secured creditors in property of the estate that is already subject to a secured creditor’s lien. See § 364(c)(2) and (3). 5. Waivers of § 506(c). 6. Provisions that operate expressly or as a practical matter to divest the debtor, or any other party in interest, of discretion in the formulation of a plan or administration of the estate, or limit access to the court to seek any relief under applicable provisions of law. 7. Releases of liability by the debtor of any claim or cause of action against the secured creditor, including without limitation (i) for the creditor’s alleged prepetition torts, breaches of contract, or lender liability, (ii) releases of prepetition or postpetition defenses and/or counterclaims, and (iii) releases of any avoidance actions arising under the Bankruptcy Code. 8. Automatic relief from the stay of § 362(a) upon the debtor’s default under the cash collateral or financing agreement or stipulation, conversion to Chapter 7, or the appointment of a trustee. 9. Adequate protection provisions that create liens on claims for relief arising under the Bankruptcy Code, including without limitation, claims arising under §§ 506(c), 544, 545, 547, 548, and 549. 10. Waivers, effective on default or expiration of the term of the agreement or stipulation, of the debtor’s right to move for a court order pursuant to § 363(c)(2)(B) authorizing the use of cash collateral in the absence of the secured party’s consent. 11. Carve outs for administrative expenses that do not treat all professionals equally or on a pro rata basis. 12. Provisions that create an unreasonably short limitation period for the debtor or any other party in interest (including a successor trustee) to bring claims or causes of action against the secured creditor. 13. A finding without supportive evidence to the effect that in consenting to the use of cash collateral or postpetition financing, the secured creditor is acting in good faith. 14. Provisions applicable in the event of dispute or default under the agreement that place venue in any other court. 15. Provisions applicable in the event of a dispute or default under the agreement wherein the debtor waives service of process, the doctrine of forum non conveniens, notice and hearing, or the right to a jury trial. 16. Provisions applicable in the event of a dispute or default authorizing the financing party or anyone else to sue in the name of the debtor. B. In all applications for court approval of a cash collateral or financing agreement or stipulation, counsel for the debtor (or trustee) must certify whether the agreement 2 contains any provision listed in part A, identify any such provision, and explain its justification. 3

=== Scheduling Status conference for Ch 11 Cases ===

SCHEDULING STATUS CONFERENCES FOR NEW CHAPTER 11 CASES Hon. Charles M. Walker In all newly filed Chapter 11 cases other than small business cases as defined in 11 U.S.C. § 101(51D), the Court will schedule a status conference following the § 341 meeting of creditors. The Debtor or its representative and Debtor’s counsel are required to attend. The U.S. Trustee is invited to attend and raise any issues or concerns with the case. Counsel for the Debtor should be prepared at the initial status conference to do the following: a) inform the Court generally about the nature of the Debtor’s business and the reasons for filing bankruptcy; b) discuss generally the Debtor’s intended plan for reorganization, changes in operations, insurance coverage, tax liability, restructuring of debt, use of cash collateral and other matters pertinent to the Debtor’s business or reorganization; c) advise the Court regarding its operating financial projections for the period preceding the filing of a plan, a budget for the professionals in the case and any particularities of the case which require resolution; d) propose a schedule for the filing of a disclosure statement, plan of reorganization, a bar date for filing proofs of claim and objections to claims and, if applicable, anticipated avoidance actions or other adversary proceedings which are critical to the reorganization; and e) advise the Court whether it is required to file the Periodic Report Regarding Value, Operations and Profitability of Entities in Which the Debtor’s Estate Holds a Substantial or Controlling Interest (Official Form 26) pursuant to FED. R. BANKR. P. 2015.3. The Court welcomes all requests to hold a status conference at any other time during the chapter 11 case. If the case appears to be stalled or other concerns arise, the Court may also set one sua sponte.

=== Employment of Professionals ===

Employment of Professionals All applications to employ professionals shall comply strictly with Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 2014(a) and contain a statement specifying the circumstances that support retention of the professional. This statement shall contain specific facts of the case related to the proposed representation. Attachments may include any retainer agreements, contracts, or court filings that would further assist the court in making its determination regarding the application. Furthermore, when a trustee’s own firm is the subject of the employment request, the following information is to be provided in the application: 1) a clear description of the benefit the employment of the trustee’s firm, in particular, will bring to the estate; 2) in the rare instance where services associated with trustee duties are to be undertaken by the firm, an articulation of the “unique” circumstances justifying the delegation of those duties and warranting compensation as legal services; and 3) an explanation as to the proposed billing method and why this method is the most cost effective available. See generally In re Peterson, 566 B.R. 179. Failure to provide the above referenced information and comply with the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure will result in a hearing to address any issues.

=== Motion for Default Judgment ===

MOTIONS FOR DEFAULT JUDGMENT Counsel should be reminded that a motion for default judgment in an adversary proceeding must be supported by the following: 1. Proof of proper service of process on the defendant(s) – a. Proof may be in the form of a proof of service (set forth on reverse side of the Summons), certificate of service by counsel, affidavit, or certification by counsel. b. Generally, service must be made within seven (7) days of the date of issuance of the Summons. The summons must specifically name the defendant against whom judgment is sought. c. For proper service of the Summons, see generally FED. R. BANKR. P. 7004 and FED. R. CIV. P. 4. Some common service rules: (i) Service upon the debtor must also be made upon debtor's counsel; (ii) Service upon a business entity must be directed to an officer, managing or general agent, or other agent authorized to receive service of process; (iii) With certain exceptions, service upon an FDIC insured financial institution must be made by certified mail on an officer of the institution; (iv) Service upon the United States must include service upon the local US Attorney and upon the United States Attorney General. 2. If the defendant is an individual, an affidavit that the defendant is not a minor, incompetent or in the military service. 50 U.S.C. App. § 521. 1 3. An affidavit or certification of counsel that the defendant has not filed an answer and has otherwise failed to defend, and that counsel has not received from the defendant an answer or request for extension of time to respond. See FED. R. BANKR. P. 7055, FED. R. CIV. P. 55. 4. If the plaintiff is seeking a money judgment, the record must contain competent evidence of the specific amount due plaintiff. This may take the form of an affidavit attached to the motion or filed separately, relevant portions of transcript of sworn testimony (deposition, § 341 meeting, other evidentiary hearing), order of court, or similar. See generally 10 MOORE’S FEDERAL PRACTICE ¶ 55.11 et seq., 55.40 (3d ed. 1997). Relevant Adversary Procedure When a Motion for Default and/or Default Judgment is filed pursuant to LR 9013, any pending Pre-Trial Conference will be set/continued to the Hearing Date as set forth in the Notice of Motion. If the Order granting Default and/or Default Judgment is entered, the PreTrial Conference will be cancelled. Counsel should submit the proper documentation/order to close the adversary proceeding at this time. 2

=== Procedures for Mediation in Judge Walker's Cases ===

Procedures for Mediation in Judge Walker’s Cases Requests for judicial mediation in one of Judge Walker’s cases shall be made by motion. If the motion is filed jointly, an order will be entered without hearing giving direction and information to the parties. Procedures for Mediation in which Judge Walker is assigned as Mediator Consideration of settlement is a serious matter, and a settlement conference requires thorough preparation. Below are the procedures that Judge Walker requires the parties to follow in preparing for the settlement conference and the procedures that the Court typically will employ in conducting the proceeding. Counsel should provide a copy of this document to their clients and discuss these procedures with them prior to the conference. Position Papers The settlement process is generally more productive when the parties have advised each other, and the court, of their settlement positions in writing in the form of a position paper. The position papers will be exchanged, with a copy provided to chambers via email, approximately three business days prior to the conference. ([email protected]) DO NOT FILE POSITION PAPERS ON THE COURT’S DOCKET. Position papers should include the following: a. A brief summary of the evidence and legal principles that each party asserts will allow it to either establish liability or a defense; 1 b. A brief explanation of why damages or other relief would or would not appropriately be granted at trial; c. An itemization of damages plaintiff believes can be proven at trial and a brief summary of the evidence and legal principles supporting those damages; d. A settlement proposal; and e. Any additional information the parties believe would be helpful to the Court in facilitating a resolution of the dispute. These papers will enable the Court to assist the parties in exploring settlement. Position papers are limited to three (3) pages. In extraordinary circumstances, the Court may grant a request for leave to exceed the page limitation. Parties in Attendance Parties with full settlement authority are required to attend the conference in person. If a party is an individual, that individual must attend in person. If a party is a corporation or government entity, a representative of that corporation or government entity (in addition to counsel of record) with full settlement authority must attend in person. “Full settlement authority” means the authority to negotiate and agree to a binding settlement agreement at any level up to the settlement proposal of the plaintiff. If a party requires approval by an insurer to settle, then a representative of the insurer with full settlement authority must attend. The Court strongly believes that the personal presence of the individuals with a stake in the outcome of the settlement conference, and their participation in the settlement discussions and the “give and take” that occurs at the conference, 2 materially increases the chances of settlement. Thus, absent a showing of unusual or extenuating circumstances, the Court will not permit a party, party representative, or an insurance representative merely to be available by telephone. Conference Format The Court generally will follow a traditional mediation format. Each side will have an opportunity to make an opening presentation to the other side, which will be followed by joint discussion with the Court and private meetings by the Court with each side. The Court expects the lawyers and the parties or their representatives to be fully prepared to participate in these discussions. The Court also encourages all parties to be willing to reassess their previous positions and to be willing to explore creative means for resolving the dispute. Confidentiality The pre-conference letters and the settlement conference will be treated as confidential and not disclosed to any party, including the Court before which the matter is pending. Topics for Discussion During Mediation The parties and their counsel should consider and be prepared to discuss the following topics, among others, at the settlement conference: a. What are your objectives in the litigation? b. What are the strengths and, just as important, the weaknesses of your case? c. Do you understand the opposing side’s view of the case? What is wrong with their perception? What is right with their perception? 3 d. What are the points of agreement and disagreement between the parties? Factual? Legal? e. Does a settlement require the participation or input of a third party not a party to the case? f. Are there any impediments to a settlement that are not discussed in the parties’ settlement letters? g. If the party hoping to prevail at trial does prevail, what remedy (i.e., damages, injunctive relief, statutory award or penalty, attorneys’ fees, interest) does the law allow? h. Are there possibilities for creative resolution of the dispute? i. Have you considered how to deal with any outstanding liens? 4

=== Adversary Proceedings ===

ADVERSARY PROCEEDINGS Pretrial Conferences Pretrial conferences1 will be conducted on Judge Walker’s Chapter 7/11 motion dockets or as the court may schedule. The parties shall confer and file a Joint Pretrial Statement pursuant to the Preliminary Pretrial Order. Absent a court approved continuance or entry of a Pretrial Order as referenced below, the parties must appear at the scheduled time of the pretrial conference. If, after an Answer is filed and before the Pretrial Conference, the parties can agree on relevant Pretrial dates and deadlines, a Pretrial Worksheet shall be completed and attached to the Joint Pretrial Statement. The Pretrial Worksheet form is attached to the issued Summons. If the Joint Pretrial Statement containing the Pretrial Worksheet is filed within 72 hours of the Pretrial Conference, the Court will issue a Pretrial Order that will include agreed upon deadlines and hearing/trial dates, and counsel need not appear until the next scheduled hearing. Trials Parties, counsel, and witnesses are required to appear in person for all trials. Failure to abide by provisions of the Pretrial Order may result in sanctions, either monetary (i.e. attorney fee award) or litigatory (i.e. default or judgment). Parties are expected to conduct themselves in a professional manner respectful of the litigation process and this Court. 1 Includes all divisions: Nashville, Cookeville, and Columbia 1 NOTE: ANY FILINGS MADE WITHIN 72 HOURS OF A PRETRIAL CONFERENCE OR ANY HEARING MUST BE FILED WITH BLUE TAG DESIGNATION Failure to appear at a scheduled pretrial conference or trial may subject the parties to sanctions in the form of dismissal of the complaint for want of prosecution or any other action the court deems appropriate. 2

=== Mountain Glacier LLC v. Nestle Waters N. Am., Inc. (In re Mountain Glacier LLC), 564 B.R. 314 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. Jan. 13, 2017) ===

IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE NASHVILLE DIVISION IN RE: Debtor. Mountain Glacier LLC, Mountain Glacier LLC, Plaintiff, _______________________________ Defendant. _______________________________) Nestle Waters North America, Inc. v. Case No: 15 – 03817 Chapter 11 Honorable Charles M. Walker Adv. No 3:16-ap-90113 ORDER For the reasons stated in the Memorandum contemporaneously filed herewith, IT IS ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that judgment will be entered in favor of the Debtor. Case 3:15-bk-03817 Doc 230 Filed 01/13/17 Entered 01/13/17 14:11:54 Desc Main Document Page 1 of 1 1 Dated: 1/13/2017This Order has been electronically signed. The Judge's signature and Court's seal appear at the top of the first page. United States Bankruptcy Court. IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE NASHVILLE DIVISION IN RE: Debtor. Mountain Glacier LLC, Mountain Glacier LLC, Plaintiff, _______________________________ Defendant. _______________________________) Nestle Waters North America, Inc. v. Case No: 15 – 03817 Chapter 11 Honorable Charles M. Walker Adv. No 3:16-ap-90113 Memorandum Opinion Before the court is the reorganized debtor, Mountain Glacier, LLC’s (the “Debtor”) adversary Complaint against Nestle Waters North America, Inc. (“Nestle”) seeking declaratory judgment pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 220. The Debtor seeks a determination as to whether the Debtor’s confirmed plan of reorganization preserved its interest in and right to pursue a prepetition claim against Nestle. The Debtor now seeks summary judgment. Jurisdiction Nestle sought to withdraw the reference by motion to the District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee. In its order denying Nestle’s motion to withdraw, the district court found that this matter is a “core proceeding” as it involved the interpretation of an order from another court. The district court declined to take on 1 Case 3:15-bk-03817 Doc 229 Filed 01/13/17 Entered 01/13/17 14:10:14 Desc Main Document Page 1 of 16 Dated: 1/13/2017 that task, and denied the motion to withdraw the reference. [ECF Doc. 53, at 3] Therefore, this court may conduct appropriate proceedings and enter a final order in this matter. 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(1). Background The Debtor filed for relief under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code1 on June 3, 2015 and filed its amended and restated plan of reorganization on February 15, 2016 (the “Plan”). This court entered an order confirming that Plan on February 17, 2016 (the “Order”). Prior to the commencement of this Chapter 11 case, the Debtor and Nestle were parties to an arbitration styled Nestle Waters North America, Inc. v. Mountain Glacier LLC, administered by Judicial Arbitration and Mediation Services in Chicago, Illinois for which the arbitrator is Hon. Nan Nolan (the “Arbitration”). The Arbitration was stayed by the filing of the Chapter 11 petition. The Arbitration had been fully disclosed on Debtor’s Schedule B, Personal Property, as a “contingent and unliquidated” claim. Following the effective date of the Plan, the Debtor sought to further pursue its claims against Nestle in the Arbitration. Nestle responded by requesting dismissal of the Arbitration because the Order did not contain language sufficient to preserve the claims in the Arbitration. Failure to properly preserve the claims would trigger res judicata and prohibit the Debtor from further pursuing the Arbitration claims. The Debtor disputes this position and through this adversary proceeding, seeks declaratory judgment interpreting the Plan and Order. 1 11 U.S.C. § 101 ff. Any reference to “section” or “the Code” is a reference to the Bankruptcy Code unless another reference is stated. 2 Case 3:15-bk-03817 Doc 229 Filed 01/13/17 Entered 01/13/17 14:10:14 Desc Main Document Page 2 of 16 Joint Pretrial Statement The pretrial statement submitted jointly by the parties asserted the following legal issues: 1. Whether this matter is a core proceeding in which this Court may issue a final order. 2. Whether the Debtor’s claims against Nestle in the Arbitration are barred, in whole or in part, for lack of jurisdiction. 3. Whether the Debtor’s claims against Nestle in the Arbitration are barred, in whole or in part, by the doctrines of waiver, estoppel, laches and/or ratification. 4. Whether the Debtor’s claims against Nestle in the Arbitration are precluded by the doctrine of res judicata by the entry of the Confirmation Order. The Disclosure Statement and Plan A determination of the above-referenced issues requires an examination and interpretation of the language and provisions subject to the Order, specifically, the relevant sections of the Disclosure Statement and the Plan. The Debtor’s Disclosure Statement Accompanying Debtor’s Amended Plan of Reorganization was filed December 9, 2015 [ECF Doc. 169], and provides in relevant part: III. SUMMARY OF ASSETS B. Accounts and Causes of Action. *** The Debtor also has certain claims against parties in pending litigation that were in existence prior to the commencement of this case. These matters include a counterclaim asserted by the Debtor’s principal, Jay Peterson, against State Bank of Herscher in district court litigation pending in the Central District of Illinois and a counterclaim asserted by the Debtor against Nestle Waters North America, Inc. in arbitration pending in Chicago, IL before Arbitrator 3 Case 3:15-bk-03817 Doc 229 Filed 01/13/17 Entered 01/13/17 14:10:14 Desc Main Document Page 3 of 16 Nan Nolan. Since the litigation of these actions were stayed as to the Debtor upon the commencement of this Chapter 11 case, these claims remain unliquidated and have unknown value. *** IV. SUMMARY OF LIABILITIES *** C. Unsecured Debt. The Debtor’s unsecured debt, as reflected on the Debtor’s Schedules, is approximately $1,620,180.32. Most of the unsecured debt is outstanding trade obligations, with the largest claims being $207,331.00 owed to a related company, Evansville Bottling, and a disputed claim asserted by Nestle Waters in the amount of $581,642.26. Additionally the Debtor has unsecured deficiency claims owing to Herscher in the approximate amount of $3 million and BFS in the principal amount of $508,315. V. LIQUIDATION ANALYSIS For this Plan to be approved by the Court, a determination may be necessary that the Plan will provide to each creditor or equity security holder an amount, as of the Effective Date of the Plan, that is not less than the value of the property that each such creditor would receive or retain if all of the assets of the Debtor were sold and the proceeds thereof were distributed under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code. Since the Debtor is a service company, there is very little value in real or personal property. As stated above in Article III, the Debtor leases its real property and vehicles, thus leaving customer lists, inventory and accounts receivable as it primary assets of value. The book value of these assets is approximately $5 million and a liquidation value would be significantly less. Further, these assets are encumbered by the secured debt described in Article IV above in an amount that is greater than the liquidation value of these assets. In a liquidation, the assets would be liquidated and applied to the secured debt, leaving no distribution to the unsecured creditors and the equity interests. Case 3:15-bk-03817 Doc 229 Filed 01/13/17 Entered 01/13/17 14:10:14 Desc Main Document Page 4 of 16 4 VI. SUMMARY OF PLAN A. Payment of Claims. *** Class 5. Class 5 consists of all Allowed Unsecured Claims that are not otherwise included in another Class herein and shall include the unsecured deficiency claim of State Bank of Herscher and the Allowed Claim of Business Finance Services. Except as otherwise provided below, these Claims shall be paid in the aggregate amount equal to ten percent (10%) of the Allowed Unsecured Claim in ten (10) semi-annual installments paid without interest over a period of five years with the first installment beginning on June 30, 2016 and thereafter on December 31, 2016 and then semi-annually until a final installment on December 31, 2020. *** D. Implementation of the Plan. *** Upon Confirmation, the Reorganized Debtor will retain all Property of the Estate, including Causes of Action as defined in the Plan. The Reorganized Debtor will have the power and authority to settle and compromise any Cause of Action or any Disputed Claim without further notice or Court approval. [ECF Doc. 169.] The Debtor’s Amended and Restated Plan (“Plan”) dated February 9, 2016 [ECF Doc. 203] provides in relevant part: ARTICLE II DEFINITIONS *** 2.03 “Allowed Claim” shall mean payable under the Plan in the amount allowed for payment under the Bankruptcy Code. For the purposes of this Plan, a Claim will be deemed an Allowed Claim as follows: (i) the amount scheduled by the Debtors and not otherwise marked by the Debtor as being contingent, disputed or unliquidated, or (II) the amount evidenced by a proof of claim filed with the Court as of the Effective Date of the Plan. Any Claim or Administrative Expense that is the subject to an objection filed by any party in 5 Case 3:15-bk-03817 Doc 229 Filed 01/13/17 Entered 01/13/17 14:10:14 Desc Main Document Page 5 of 16 interest as to its amount shall not be an Allowed Claim in any amount for purposes of distribution until the objection has been resolved by agreement or final order. *** 2.07 “Causes of Action” shall mean all claims that the Debtor had as of the Effective Date of the Plan against any party, including, but not limited to claims against State Bank and Nestle Waters North America, Inc. in the litigation further described in Debtor’s Disclosure Statement. *** 2.22 “Property” shall mean all assets in which any Debtor has an interest as of the Effective Date of the Plan, plus, unless otherwise stated herein, assets acquired after the Date of Filing. *** ARTICLE IV TREATMENT OF ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSE CLAIMS AND U.S. TRUSTEE FEES *** Class 5 Allowed Unsecured Claims Class 5 shall consist of all Allowed Unsecured Claims that are not otherwise included in another Class herein and shall include the unsecured deficiency claim of State Bank of Herscher and the Allowed Claim of Business Finance Services. Except as otherwise provided below, these Claims shall be paid in the aggregate amount equal to ten percent (10%) of the Allowed Unsecured Claim in ten (10) semi-annual installments paid without interest over a period of five years with the first installment beginning on June 30, 2016 and thereafter on December 31, 2016 and then semi-annually until the final installment on December 31, 2020. *** ARTICLE VIII MEANS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PLAN *** 8.02 Transfer of Assets. As of the Effective Date of the Plan and except as otherwise provided herein, all Property of the Debtor will be transferred to the Reorganized Debtor free and clear of all claims, including the Causes of Action except as otherwise provided herein. 6 Case 3:15-bk-03817 Doc 229 Filed 01/13/17 Entered 01/13/17 14:10:14 Desc Main Document Page 6 of 16 *** ARTICLE IX GENERAL PROVISIONS *** 9.02 Retention of Claims. Pursuant to § 1123(b)(3)(B) of the Code, the Reorganized Debtor shall retain each and every claim, demand or cause of action whatsoever which the Debtor may have had power to assert immediately prior to Confirmation, including without limitation, actions for the avoidance and recovery pursuant to § 550 of the Code of transfers avoidable by reason of §§ 544, 545, 547, 548, 549 or 553(b) of the Code. To the extent permitted by applicable law, these actions may be pursued by the Reorganized Debtor after Confirmation and may be commenced or continued in any appropriate court or tribunal for the enforcement of same. *** 9.08 Binding Effect. The rights and obligations of any entity named or referred to in this Plan will be binding upon, and will inure to the benefit of the successors or assigns of such entity. [ECF Doc. 203] A. Summary Judgment Analysis Summary judgment is appropriate when “the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c); Cellotex Corp v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S. Ct. 2548, 91 L. Ed. 2d 265 (1986); Booker v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Co., Inc., 879 F.2d 1304, 1310 (6th Cir. 1989). The court is not to “weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the matter, but to determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial.” Browning v. Levy, 283 F.3d 761, 769 (6th Cir. 2002) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249, 106 S. Ct. 2505, 91 L. Ed. 2d 202 (1986 . “A genuine issue for trial exists only when there is sufficient ‘evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for the plaintiff’” Id. (quoting Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 252). 7 Case 3:15-bk-03817 Doc 229 Filed 01/13/17 Entered 01/13/17 14:10:14 Desc Main Document Page 7 of 16 Here, the parties agree, and the court finds, that there are no disputed facts of a material nature, therefore, this matter is ripe for summary judgment. B. Legal Issues (1) Core Proceeding As to the first issue, the district court concluded that interpretation of the Order was a core proceeding. The case law overwhelmingly supports this conclusion. See, e.g., In re Sunnyland Farms, Inc., No. 14-10231-t11, 2016 WL 1212723, *2 (Bankr. D.N.M. Mar. 28, 2016) (“There is little question that interpretation of the language of a confirmed plan involving distribution to creditors is within the core jurisdiction of the Court.”) (citing In re Allegiance Telecom, Inc., 356 B.R. 93, 98 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2006); In re Thickstun Bros. Equip. Co., 344 B.R. 515, 522 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2006); Donaldson v. Bernstein (In re Donaldson), 104 F.3d 547 (3d Cir. 1997) (interpretation of the plan will have the requisite close nexus to the bankruptcy case). Therefore, this court may conduct appropriate proceedings and enter a final order in this matter. 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(1). (2) Lack of Jurisdiction As to the second issue, to the extent Nestle challenges the court’s jurisdiction as to the “related to” status of the claim asserted by the reorganized Debtor in the Arbitration (“Arbitration Claim”), 28 U.S.C. § 1334(b) states, in part, as follows: the district courts shall have original but not exclusive jurisdiction of all civil proceedings arising under title 11, or arising in or related to cases under title 11. (Emphasis added).2 2 The District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee has referred all bankruptcy cases to this court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 157(a). 8 Case 3:15-bk-03817 Doc 229 Filed 01/13/17 Entered 01/13/17 14:10:14 Desc Main Document Page 8 of 16 Of the jurisdictional sources provided by 28 U.S.C. § 1334, “related to” jurisdiction is the broadest. It is intended to “grant comprehensive jurisdiction to the bankruptcy courts so that they might deal efficiently and expeditiously with all matters connected to the bankruptcy estate.” Celotex Corp v. Edwards, 514 U.S. 300, 308, 115 S. Ct. 1493, 1499, 131 L. Ed. 2d 403 (1995), see also H.R.Rep. No. 95-595, pp. 43-48 (1977). Moreover, it is well settled that “the Bankruptcy Court . . . [has] jurisdiction to interpret and enforce its own prior orders.” Travelers Indemnity Co. v. Bailey, 557 U.S. 137, 151, 129 S. Ct. 2195, 174 L. Ed. 2d 99 (2009), In re Lacy, 304 B.R. 439, 444 (D. Colo. 2004) (“After confirmation, the Bankruptcy Court retains jurisdiction to interpret, enforce, or aid the operation of a plan of reorganization.”). This is not a case where the court is being asked to rule on the merits of a cause of action. All this court is being asked to do is interpret its own order and accordingly, the court has jurisdiction to enter judgment in this matter. (3) The Effect of the Doctrines of Waiver, Estoppel, Laches and/or Ratification on the Debtor’s Claims Against Nestle Although Nestle did not address these issues in the context of this summary judgment motion, it is unclear whether Nestle intended to waive these issues. Moreover, the Debtor did address each, therefore, the court will attend to each in turn. a. Waiver Waiver is the voluntary relinquishment of a known right. See Patton v. Beardon, 8 F.3d 343, 346 (6th Cir. 1993); In re B.J. Thomas, Inc., 45 B.R. 91, 95 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 1984); In re Erickson Retirement Communities, LLC, 425 B.R. 309 (Bankr. N.D. Tex. 2010). Here, the Debtor has taken no steps to voluntarily relinquish its rights under the Arbitration Claim, and no provision of the Plan or 9 Case 3:15-bk-03817 Doc 229 Filed 01/13/17 Entered 01/13/17 14:10:14 Desc Main Document Page 9 of 16 Disclosure Statement suggests otherwise. To the contrary, the Debtor specifically referred to the Arbitration Claim as a transferred asset to the Reorganized Debtor. The Arbitration Claim is therefore not barred by waiver. b. Estoppel Like waiver, estoppel does not apply here. Estoppel occurs when the same parties or their privies are barred “from re-litigating in a later proceeding legal or factual issues that were actually raised and necessarily determined in an earlier proceeding.” In re Vinsant, 539 B.R. 351, 357 (Bankr. E.D. Tenn. 2015). Nothing in the Order suggests a determination of the Arbitration Claim, consequently, estoppel does not apply here. c. Laches The essence of the doctrine of laches is that a party has unreasonably delayed asserting a cause of action, and that the other party has suffered prejudice due to that delay. In re Mandrell, 39 B.R. 455 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. 1984). The Debtor asserted the Arbitration Claim prior to filing this Chapter 11 case. Further, the Debtor referred to the claim in the Plan and the Disclosure Statement, thereby expressing its intention to transfer the Arbitration Claim to the reorganized Debtor. Moreover, Nestle could not have been prejudiced even if the Plan and Disclosure Statement were not straightforward and clear on the transfer of the Arbitration Claim. Nestle chose not to file a proof of claim, vote, or otherwise participate in the Debtor’s case and confirmation of the Plan. Therefore, Nestle had taken no action in reliance of any statement made by the Debtor, and laches does not apply. d. Ratification The Arbitration Claim is not barred by ratification. “Ratification” is defined in Black’s Law Dictionary as, among other things, “A person’s binding adoption of 10 Case 3:15-bk-03817 Doc 229 Filed 01/13/17 Entered 01/13/17 14:10:14 Desc Main Document Page 10 of 16 an act already completed but either not done in a way that originally produced a legal obligation, or done by a third party having at the time no authority to act as the person’s agent.” Ratification, Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014). This theory does not make sense under these facts since no prior actions have been alleged to have been taken by the Debtor to bar the Arbitration Claim for which the Plan would ratify. (4) Res Judicata Effect of the Confirmed Plan Finally, essential to a determination in this case is the answer to the fundamental question of whether the Plan language was sufficient to preserve the Arbitration claims. The confirmation of a Chapter 11 plan of reorganization triggers the doctrine of res judicata as to causes of action held by the estate. Such confirmation by a bankruptcy court “has the effect of judgment by the district court and res judicata principles bar relitigation of any issues raised or that could have been raised in the confirmation proceedings.” Id citing In re Chattanooga Wholesale Antiques, Inc., 930 F.2d 458, 463 (6th Cir. 1991). Browning v. Levy, 283 F.3d 761, 772 (6th Cir. 2002). In order to overcome the res judicata effect of plan confirmation on estate assets consisting of causes of action, the Plan must reserve the right of the reorganized debtor to retain those actions. Section 1123(b)(3) codifies such preservation, providing that a Chapter 11 plan may: provide for-(A) the settlement or adjustment of any claim or interest belonging to the debtor or to the estate; or (B) the retention and enforcement by the debtor, by the trustee, or by a representative of the estate appointed for such purpose, or any claim or interest[.] 11 U.S.C. § 1123(b)(3). Case 3:15-bk-03817 Doc 229 Filed 01/13/17 Entered 01/13/17 14:10:14 Desc Main Document Page 11 of 16 11 Retention of claims under a plan of reorganization does not occur automatically. Section 1123(b)(3)(B) provides: “a plan may . . . provide for . . . the retention and enforcement by the debtor” of any claim or interest belonging to the debtor or the estate. 11 U.S.C. § 1123(b)(3)(B) (emphasis added). It is therefore permissive and must be articulated in the Plan. The specificity of that articulation is the subject of controversy amongst the circuits. “What constitutes an effective reservation of claims in a chapter 11 plan is a controversial question” upon which the “only area of agreement” is that a plan can in fact reserve claims by virtue of § 1123(b)(3)(B). In re Commercial Loan Corp., 363 B.R. 559, 567 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 2007). The standards fall into roughly three camps, “the first maintaining that general reservations of claims are sufficient. . . . The other two camps require some degree of specificity (ranging from precise identification of each claim to a description of merely the categories of claims reserved) but differ as to the legal basis for that requirement; one camp bases it on principles of res judicata and the other on the ‘notice’ function served by section 1123(b)(3)(B).” In re Equipment Acquisition Res., 483 B.R. 823, 828- 829 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 2012). a. Adequacy of Plan Provisions The Sixth Circuit has spoken on this issue and under certain circumstances requires some specificity in plan retention language. In Browning v. Levy, 283 F.3d 761 (6th Cir. 2002), the court dealt with language indistinguishable from that in section 9.02 of the Debtor’s Plan here, and found that language to be insufficient to retain claims and defeat the application of res judicata. Such a blanket reservation was insufficient to advise the bankruptcy court and other parties to the case of the value of the debtor’s claims. Id. at 775. By not identifying the claims by name, and failing to provide a value or a factual basis for the reserved claims, that 12 Case 3:15-bk-03817 Doc 229 Filed 01/13/17 Entered 01/13/17 14:10:14 Desc Main Document Page 12 of 16 section of the plan merely provided a blanket reservation and as such, failed to defeat the application of res judicata and reserve the claims. Id. However, in In re Penn Holdings, the court considered the issue in light of Browning and determined that even a general reservation of claims, which by itself might lack the necessary specificity to reserve a cause of action, can be sufficient to survive res judicata based on the totality of the information contained in the plan and disclosure statement. 316 B.R. 495 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. 2004). In Penn Holdings, the court analyzed the language and legislative history behind § 1123(b)(3). Id. The court determined that “[p]erhaps the rule to draw from Browning . . . is that a general reservation of ‘causes of action’ is not specific enough in the Sixth Circuit to avoid the res judicata effect of confirmation with respect to a malpractice action against counsel to the debtor or to the trustee.” Id. at 503. In Penn Holdings, Judge Lundin construed Browning as follows: Browning does not establish a general rule that naming each defendant or stating the factual basis for each cause of action are the only ways to preserve a cause of action at confirmation of a Chapter 11 plan. Read in the context of its history, § 1123(b)(3) protects the estate from loss of potential assets. It is not designed to protect defendants from unexpected lawsuits. The words sufficient to satisfy § 1123(b)(3) must be measured in the context of each case and the particular claims at issue: Did the reservation allow creditors to identify and evaluate the assets potentially available for distribution? Id. at 504. In Penn Holdings, the Debtor’s blanket language regarding the retention of preference actions, taken in conjunction with the disclosure statement and the liquidation analysis attached to the plan, was sufficient to preserve preference actions to the reorganized debtor. Id. The same situation exists here. Although the Plan contains the same “blanket” language, the Plan specifically references provisions in the Disclosure Statement that make the Debtor’s intent clear: the Arbitration Claim is reserved to the reorganized debtor. 13 Case 3:15-bk-03817 Doc 229 Filed 01/13/17 Entered 01/13/17 14:10:14 Desc Main Document Page 13 of 16 Nestle makes much of the Debtor’s failure to capitalize the term “causes of action” in section 9.02 of the Plan dealing with retention of claims. Nestle argues that although the Plan specifically reserves all “causes of action”, it does not reserve all “Causes of Action” which is the term that includes the Arbitration Claim, and the failure to use the term as defined in section 2.07 of the Plan works to exclude the defined term and, therefore, the Arbitration Claim. However, the failure to capitalize the term is not fatal to the Debtor’s retention of the Arbitration Claim. There are sufficient other references and information regarding the Arbitration Claim that clearly identify it as an asset the reorganized debtor intended to retain and pursue post-confirmation. As Judge Lundin put it: Nothing in § 1123(b)(3) suggests such specificity is required. The history of § 1123(b)(3) suggests just the opposite—that preserving the value of preferences for distribution to creditors after confirmation should be easily accomplished in the plan without magic words or typographical traps. Id. at 505. Although Penn Holdings dealt with the retention of avoidance actions, the basic reasoning applies here. Following the test articulated in Penn Holdings, this court must determine whether the reservation is sufficient to “allow creditors to identify and evaluate the assets potentially available for distribution,” by reading all relevant Plan provisions in conjunction with the Disclosure Statement. Id. at 504. Here, when section 9.02 of the Plan is read in conjunction with section 8.02, other relevant plan provisions as designated above, and the Disclosure Statement, creditors are able to clearly see that the Arbitration Claim is expressly included among the means for implementing the Plan, and work to protect the estate from the loss of those assets that are in the form of causes of action. Furthermore, the language is sufficient to designate the Arbitration Claim as a reserved asset, and inform that upon resolution, the claim may be available for distribution. Id. Case 3:15-bk-03817 Doc 229 Filed 01/13/17 Entered 01/13/17 14:10:14 Desc Main Document Page 14 of 16 14 Conclusion By applying the reasoning and analysis in Browning and Penn Holdings, it is clear that the language of the Plan, along with the Disclosure Statement, is sufficient to reserve the Arbitration Claim to the reorganized Debtor, thereby defeating the res judicata effect of plan confirmation. Judgment will be entered accordingly in favor of the Debtor. Case 3:15-bk-03817 Doc 229 Filed 01/13/17 Entered 01/13/17 14:10:14 Desc Main Document Page 15 of 16 15 IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE NASHVILLE DIVISION IN RE: Mountain Glacier LLC, Debtor. Mountain Glacier LLC, Plaintiff, v. Nestle Waters North America, Inc. Defendant. Case No: 15 – 03817 Chapter 11 Honorable Charles M. Walker Adv. No 3:16-ap-90113 APPEARANCES WILLIAM L NORTON, III DIANE ABBOTT BRADLEY ARANT BOULT CUMMINGS LLP PO Box 340025 Nashville, TN 37203 615 252-2397 Fax: 615-252-6397 ROBERT S HERTZBERG DEBORAH KOVSKY-APAP PEPPER HAMILTON LLP 4000 Town Center Suite 1800 Southfield, MI 48075-1505 248-359-7333 Fax: 313-731-1556 JOHN HAYDEN ROWLAND BAKER DONELSON BEARMAN ET AL 211 Commerce Street Suite 800 Nashville, TN 37219 615 726-5544 Fax: 615 744-5544 THE HONORABLE CHARLES M. WALKER UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY JUDGE Case 3:15-bk-03817 Doc 229 Filed 01/13/17 Entered 01/13/17 14:10:14 Desc Main Document Page 16 of 16 This Order has been electronically signed. The Judge's signature and Court's seal appear at the top of the first page. United States Bankruptcy Court.

=== In re Peterson, (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. Apr. 7, 2017) ===

IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE NASHVILLE DIVISION IN RE: Eric S. Peterson, Peterson Insurance Agency, LLC, Peterson Enterprises, LLC, Debtors. __________________________________________) Case No: 12-07575-CW3-7 Substantively Consolidated ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART THE FIRST AND FINAL APPLICATION FOR COMPENSATION FOR SUSAN R. LIMOR, ATTORNEY AT LAW, PC ATTORNEYS FOR TRUSTEE This matter was before the court for consideration of the first and final application for compensation for Susan R. Limor, Attorney at Law, PC as attorneys for the Chapter 7 trustee. The Court having considered the application, the objections, the agreed order with the United States Trustee, the applicant’s response to the objection, having taken evidence at hearing, and being duly advised, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that, for the reasons stated in the Memorandum Opinion dated April 7, 2017, wherein the Court noted the time and expense entries that have been disallowed in whole or in part, the fees in this matter are awarded as follows: Total Fees Requested: Fees Disallowed: Agreed Reduction: Total Fees Allowed: $ 80,604.00 $ 18,848.50 $ 5,714.501 $ 56,041.00 Total Expenses Requested: $ 4,190.20 $ 384.48 Expenses Disallowed: $ 3,805.72 Total Expenses Allowed: Total Fees and Expenses Allowed: $59,846.72 1 Pursuant to an agreement between the application and the United States Trustee resolving an “informal objection.” The agreement is memorialized in the Agreed Order Resolving Informal Response of the United States Trustee to First and Final Motion for Compensation and Reimbursement of Expenses for Attorneys for Trustee, 12- 07575-CW3-7 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. Feb. 13, 2017) ECF No. 265. Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 273 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:31:52 Desc Main Document Page 1 of 2 Dated: 4/7/2017 IT IS ALSO HEREBY ORDERED that the Court reserves ruling on certain of the requested fees as noted in the Memorandum Opinion. Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 273 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:31:52 Desc Main Document Page 2 of 2 This Order has been electronically signed. The Judge's signature and Court's seal appear at the top of the first page. United States Bankruptcy Court. IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE NASHVILLE DIVISION IN RE: Eric S. Peterson, Peterson Insurance Agency, LLC, Peterson Enterprises, LLC, ____________________________________) Debtors. Case No: 12-07575-CW3-7 Substantively Consolidated MEMORANDUM OPINION Susan Limor is the Chapter 7 Trustee in this case and in that capacity, employed her law firm, Susan Limor, Attorney at Law, P.C. (“Firm”) to represent her. As principle of the Firm, Ms. Limor has filed the first and final fee application (“Application”) for the Firm. This Application was originally filed on November 22, 2016. An objection was filed by Creditor Southern Strategic Partners (“Creditor”), and the matter was continued several times for the parties to further their review of the Application. The Firm has hired legal counsel to represent them in this matter, and an agreed order resolving the informal objection of the United States Trustee (“UST”) has been entered. The court has reviewed all of the filings, including the Creditor’s objection (“Objection”), the amendments to that Objection, the Firm’s response, and the agreed order with the UST, and has considered all evidence and argument presented at the hearing. Jurisdiction Jurisdiction over this proceeding is authorized by 28 U.S.C. § 1334. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(A), this is a core proceeding concerning the administration of the bankruptcy estate. This Memorandum Opinion is deemed to contain the Court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 52, made applicable here by Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 9052. Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 1 of 45 1 Dated: 4/7/2017 I. Background of the Case Eric Peterson (“Debtor”) became an alleged debtor on August 17, 2012 when three separate involuntary petitions were filed–one against him and each of two related entities: Peterson Insurance Agency, LLC (PIA) and Peterson Enterprises, LLC (PE). The Debtor did not oppose the entry of the orders for relief pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 303(h),1 and the orders were entered on September 21, 2012 with Susan R. Limor appointed as the Chapter 7 trustee (“Trustee” when referred to in that capacity, “Ms. Limor” individually and when referred to in the role of attorney for the Trustee). The § 341(a) meetings of creditors were set for October 29, 2012 in each of the cases. Twenty days prior to the meetings, the Trustee filed her applications to employ the Firm as attorney for the Trustee in each case. The Orders authorizing the Trustee to employ the Firm were entered on November 2, 2012. The Debtor appeared at the meeting of creditors2 in all three cases. Each time, the Debtor invoked his 5th Amendment right against self-incrimination in response to any and all questioning. The Debtor was subsequently indicted by a federal grand jury and charged with 28 counts of bank fraud and two counts of aggravated identity theft. The Debtor entered a plea of guilty to one count of bank fraud and one count of aggravated identity theft. He was sentenced to imprisonment for 37 months, supervised released for three years, and directed to pay restitution of $953,987.99. No schedules or statements were ever filed in any of the three cases. The Trustee sought and obtained court approval to employ an accounting firm, as well as two additional law firms, to perform services and represent the Trustee in adversarial proceedings. There were no objections to the employment of the accounting firm, and the Court approved the employment of the additional law firms over the objections of some of the creditors. The objections questioned the necessity of employing other law firms and attorneys to handle litigation when the Trustee had specifically employed the Firm for that purpose.3 The Firm sought information from nine banks, by way of subpoena, regarding the operations of the Debtor and the related entities. Firm employees reviewed all of the bank statements on behalf of the Trustee, and fees for those services are sought in this Application. 1 11 U.S.C. § 101 ff. Any reference to “section” or “the Code” is a reference to the Bankruptcy Code unless another reference is stated. 2 11 U.S.C. § 341(a). 3 Trustee’s Application to Employ Susan R. Limor, Attorney at Law, a Professional Corporation, as Attorney for the Trustee, No. 312-07575 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. Oct. 9, 2012) ECF No. 32. 2 Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 2 of 45 The Firm filed four adversary proceedings on behalf of the Trustee in the Debtor’s case.4 The Firm also filed three adversaries on behalf of the Trustee in the PIA case,5 and six adversary complaints on behalf of the Trustee in the PE case.6 The three involuntary cases were eventually consolidated, rendering moot some of the adversary proceedings the Firm had initiated. Fees for services associated with the adversaries are sought in this Application. The Trustee also employed a mediator for the adversary complaints brought against the petitioning creditors, and sought and obtained approval for payment of one-third the allowed fees of the mediator. This Application seeks compensation in the total amount of $84,794.20. Approval of this Application in its entirety, coupled with previously awarded administrative fees of approximately $51,161.86,7 plus the anticipated Trustee compensation under § 3268, would result in a dividend to creditors of 2.82%.9 II. The Pleadings A. The Firm’s Employment Application Two weeks after her appointment, and 20 days prior to the date set for the meeting of creditors, the Trustee filed her application to employ the Firm. Interestingly, and germane to the issues at hand, the application to employ was filed by the Trustee, with attorney fees requested for its filing in this Application. On that same day, despite no order approving their employment, the Firm filed an Objection to a Motion for Relief from Stay on behalf of the Trustee. Also concerning, in the application to employ the Firm, the Trustee lists the services that she intends to delegate to the Firm as legal counsel: 4 One of the adversaries was seeking recovery from a creditor pursuant to § 542 (See Adversary No. 3:13-ap- 90349), two sought relief against creditors under §§ 548 and 550 (See Adversary Nos. 3:14-ap-90350 and 3:14-ap- 90351), and one sought to deny the Debtor’s discharge under § 727 (See Adversary No. 3:13-ap-90399). 5 The adversaries sought relief under §§ 548 and 550 (See Adversary Nos. 3:14-ap-90339, 3:14-ap-90342 and 3:14- ap-90343. 6 All six adversaries sought relief under §§ 548 and 550 (See Adversary Nos. 3:14-ap-90340, 3:14-ap-90344, 3:14- ap-90345, 3:14-ap-90346, 3:14-ap-90347, 3:14-ap-90348). 7 This amount includes mediator fees, special counsel fees, accountant fees, court filing fees, estimated bank fees, and the required bond premium. 8 Trustee compensation is a percentage of the estate receipts as set forth in § 326. 9 Based on the following: Total receipts of $205,749.70, approximate total administrative claims of $149,493.55, total of unsecured debt of $2,051,118.99, and total available for distribution to creditors of $56,256.15. (See Creditors’ Amended Objection to First and Final Application for Compensation and Reimbursement of Expenses for Susan R. Limor, Attorney at Law, a Professional Corporation, Attorneys for Trustee, No. 12-07575-MH3-7 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. Jan. 24, 2017) ECF No. 261, at p.7. 3 Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 3 of 45 3. The Trustee anticipates that the services said Law Firm may render include, but are not limited to: The examination of officers of the Debtor(s); and other parties The examination of proofs of claim previously filed and to be The preparation of records and reports as required by the The identification and prosecution of claims and causes of a. as to the acts, conduct, and property of the Debtor(s); b. Bankruptcy Rules, and the Local Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure; c. The preparation of applications and proposed orders to be submitted to the Court; d. action assertable by the Trustee on behalf of the estate herein; e. filed herein, and the possible prosecution of objections; f. with the contemplated limited ongoing operation of the Debtor(s)’s business; g. with the liquidation of assets of the estate, including analysis and collection of outstanding receivables; h. necessary in the administration of the estate; i. her other official functions. Advising the Trustee and preparing documents in connection Advising the Trustee and preparing documents in connection Accomplishing title searches and closing real estate transactions Assisting and advising the Trustee regarding the performance of ECF No. 32, at p.2-3. This list represents the first red flag regarding professional services and fees in this case in that the majority of the identified services delegated to the Firm are services identified in § 704 as Trustee services. Therein lies the root of the issue at hand. The contents of the list indicate a misappropriation of duties on the part of the Trustee, but this does not become an issue for the Court until compensation is sought for the services outside of that authorized for the Trustee under § 326. B. The Objection The Objection seeks reduction of the award of fees under the Application because the compensation sought cannot be considered reasonable given the Trustee’s results. In other words, the total receipts do not amount to enough of a recovery to justify the fees requested in the Application. Additionally, the Objection sets out several bases for disallowance of the fees requested, including insufficient time entries for vagueness or the lumping of services, services that were duplicative or constitute a Trustee duty, fees that are unreasonable or conferred little or no benefit to the estate, and includes accusations of negligence in the administration of the case to Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 4 of 45 4 the point of harming the estate’s interests. The Court has reviewed the Objection and has taken into consideration the bases identified therein. C. The Fee Application On November 22, 2016, nearly four years to the day after entry of the order employing the Firm, the Application was filed seeking payment for services rendered to the Trustee over a four-year time period, including services performed outside the term of employment. This is the only fee application on behalf of the Firm in that no interim award was sought or conferred. Through its comprehensive review of the Application and its attachments, the Court finds that a large number of the entries are insufficient to assist the Court in making the required determinations regarding reasonableness and necessity, as well as the heightened determinations when a Trustee acts as an attorney for the estate. D. Objection of the United States Trustee At the first hearing on the Application, counsel for the UST informed the Court of an informal objection that had been resolved by agreement with the Firm. The Court required the UST to file something on the record advising the Court of the basis for that objection and the terms of any settlement. The UST submitted an agreed order reducing the requested fees by a total of $5,714.50, and that order was entered on February 13, 2017. No specific objections were articulated to the Court at the hearing, nor were any present in the agreed order. The agreed order did contain a reservation regarding “the issue of the tardily filed claim in the Seventh Avenue Properties case.” ECF No. 265, p.1. See also Exhibit G. E. The Hearing The Court conducted an evidentiary hearing on the Objection and the Application on February 21, 2017. At the hearing, the Court considered evidence and heard testimony from Erica Johnson, an attorney for the Firm, as well as from Ms. Limor, the named principle of the Firm and the Chapter 7 Trustee on the three consolidated cases. Ms. Limor stated she was testifying as the Trustee’s attorney. a. Erica Johnson Erica Johnson testified that in her opinion and based on her experience, the rates charged by her firm were reasonable, that she has drafted over 50 fee applications similar to this one, and that they were approved in this district. She then went on to state that this case was so complicated that it actually interfered with billable time in other cases. Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 5 of 45 5 The most helpful testimony from Ms. Johnson was her description of the process involved in the bank subpoenas and the resulting bank statements. Apparently, the Firm issued the subpoenas and reviewed all bank statements exclusively. She stated that the Firm had been hired by other trustees to perform this service and that the Firm performed the entire review of all bank statements from all banks for the Trustee. She stated that the statements were received and reviewed in three steps. This was necessary because the first round of subpoenas led to information resulting in the second round of subpoenas. Thereafter, the information received on the return of the second round of subpoenas led to a third and final round of subpoenas. She also stated that the statements were reviewed solely for the purpose of determining if the Trustee had any basis for recovery under §§ 547 and 548. Ms. Johnson also testified as to an adversary proceeding filed by the Firm on behalf of the Trustee against Hartford Insurance. The adversary sought turnover of commissions payable to the Debtor from Hartford. She testified that Hartford indicated they would not be willing to turnover anything without a court order, and that is why the Firm filed the adversary. She then stated that as it turned out most of the policies subject to the commissions had been cancelled and the recovery from Hartford was far less than initially anticipated. In fact, the sum recouped from Hartford was not nearly enough to cover the cost of the Firm’s representation in that case. b. Susan Limor, Attorney As credible and helpful asMs. Johnson’s testimony was, Ms. Limor’s testimony was the polar opposite. In fact, not only were her statements incredibly concerning, they were downright alarming. Ms. Limor could not remember the details of services for which she was requesting fees. Of course, this a direct result of Ms. Limor having waited four years to file the Application. It was apparent that she had not taken any steps to review any records in anticipation of her testimony at the hearing. As disturbing as that was, it did not even approach the level of alarm reached when asked to explain how certain services were not Trustee services being billed as attorney services, for which she answered succinctly “Well, if it is in that fee application, then it is for attorney work.” Helpful? Not in the least. Her description that it was her understanding that “an attorney talking to an attorney equals attorney time” was equally distressing. Also alarming was the number of times she answered questions about her fees, services, and actions in the case with “I don’t know” or “I don’t remember,” and the old fallback: Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 6 of 45 6 “Because that’s the way we’ve always done it in this district.” Ms. Limor seemed to be oblivious to the purpose of the hearing and the importance of her testimony. Given the amount of time the parties were allowed to address issues with the Application, and the instructions at the first hearing wherein the Court articulated its concerns with the Application, it is disturbing that Ms. Limor would be so woefully unprepared. F. Legal Standards a. The Court Section 330 charges the Court with an independent duty to review all fee applications presented in all bankruptcy cases, no matter the chapter of relief. This review is to ensure that the requested fees are reasonable, necessary, and justified. In re Wildman, 72 B.R. 700, 705 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 1987). The Court’s review is essential to ensure that estates are administered economically. In re Areaco Inv. Co., Inc., 152 B.R. 597 (Bankr. E.D. Mo. 1993). The Court’s duty is unaffected by the existence of an objection to a fee application. The Court must evaluate any fee request to determine if it is reasonable. In re Crutcher Transfer Line, Inc., 20 B.R. 705 (Bankr. W.D. Ky. 1982). Although there have been two objections to this Application, and the Court has considered the bases for both objections, the Court has conducted its own evaluation, and made its own determinations with regard to the Application. b. The Trustee The UST appoints a Chapter 7 Trustee upon application and demonstration that the Trustee meets the qualifications as set forth in 28 C.F.R. § 58.3(b).10 Having met these high 10 (b) The qualifications for membership on the panel are as follows: (1) Possess integrity and good moral character. (2) Be physically and mentally able to satisfactorily perform a trustee's duties. (3) Be courteous and accessible to all parties with reasonable inquiries or comments about a case for which such individual is serving as private trustee. (4) Be free of prejudices against any individual, entity, or group of individuals or entities which would interfere with unbiased performance of a trustee's duties. (5) Not be related by affinity or consanguinity within the degree of first cousin to any employee of the Executive Office for United States Trustees of the Department of Justice, or to any employee of the office of the U.S. Trustee for the district in which he or she is applying. (6)(i) Be a member in good standing of the bar of the highest court of a state or of the District of Columbia; or (ii) Be a certified public accountant; . . . (7) Be willing to provide reports as required by the U.S. Trustee. 7 Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 7 of 45 standards, the Trustee is presumed to possess the ability to perform the duties required of the position. In re Stevens, 407 B.R. 303 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 2009). See also In re Perkins, 244 B.R. 835, 843 (Bankr. D. Mont. 2000), citing United States v. Freeland (In re Spungen), 168 B.R. 373, 377 (N.D. Ind. 1993) (“if the Trustee can’t perform the duties of a Trustee with a modicum of proficiency, he is not authorized to be a Trustee.”). Moreover, a trustee is appointed not devoid of any ability to function within the bankruptcy system. To the contrary, the appointment is based on an ability to perform statutory and required functions within a legal system involving the interests of various stakeholders in a bankruptcy estate. See In re Lowery, 215 B.R. 140, 141-42 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 1997). c. Trustee Duties The statutory duties of a trustee are found in § 704: 1. Collecting and reducing to money the property of the estate, 2. Accounting for all property received, 3. Ensuring that the debtor performs his intention pursuant to section 521(2)(B), 4. Investigating the financial affairs of the debtor, 5. Examining proofs of claims, and objecting to any improper claims, 6. Opposing the discharge of the debtor when appropriate 7. Furnishing information concerning the estate and its administration as requested by any party in interest, 8. Filing periodic reports and summaries with proper government agencies if operating the debtor’s business, 9. Filing a final report and account with the court and the United States Trustee, 10. Providing notice of any domestic support obligation claim, 11. Performing the debtor’s obligations as administrator of any employee benefit plan, (8) Have submitted an application under oath, in the form prescribed by the Director, to the U.S. Trustee for the District in which appointment is sought: Provided, That this provision may be waived by the U.S. Trustee on approval of the Director. 28 C.F.R. § 58.3. Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 8 of 45 8 12. Using reasonable and best efforts in the transfer of health care patients to an appropriate health care business when the debtor’s health care business is in the process of being closed. 11 U.S.C. § 704. Associative duties spring from these statutory duties, none of which may be entrusted to other estate professionals. These additional duties include the following: - Services relating to the sale of the debtor’s assets - Examination of the debtor’s papers - Routine telephone calls and correspondence with information seekers - Preparing applications for employment of professionals - Acting as liaison with special counsel In re Stevens, 407 B.R. at 307, citing In re McKenna, 93 B.R. 238, 241 (Bankr. E.D. Cal. 1988). It has long been a widespread principle that a Trustee may not relinquish their fiduciary and representative duties by delegating their responsibilities to professionals. Trustee duties are just that, the duties entrusted only to the Trustee. They are not to be ignored, nor are they to be delegated, absent well established special circumstances. Therefore, those duties charged to the Trustee cannot be compensable to anyone else, even properly employed professionals of the estate. See U.S. Department of Justice, Executive Office for the United States Trustee, Handbook for Chapter 7 Trustees, July 1, 2002, p.8. See also In re Lexington Hearth Lamp and Leisure, LLC, 402 B.R. 135, 143 (Bankr. M.D.N.C. 2009), In re King, 88 B.R. 768, 770 (Bankr. E.D. Va. 1988), citing In re Meade Land & Dev. Co., Inc., 527 F.2d 280, 285 (3d Cir.1975) (decided under the Act); In the Matter of Mabson Lumber Co., Inc., 394 F.2d 23, 24 (2d Cir.1968) (same); In re Wiedau’s, Inc., 78 B.R. 904, 907 (Bankr. S.D. Ill. 1987); In re Wildman, 72 B.R. 700, 706 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 1987); In re Taylor, 66 B.R. 390, 392 (Bankr. W.D. Pa. 1986); Matter of Wilmon, Inc., 61 B.R. 989, 990 (Bankr. W.D. Pa. 1986); In re Shades of Beauty, Inc., 56 B.R. 946, 949 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 1986), aff’d in part and remanded on other grounds, 95 B.R. 17 (E.D.N.Y. 1988); In re Impact Publications, Inc., 24 B.R. 980, 982 (Bankr. N.D. Tex. 1982); In re Crutcher Transfer Line, Inc., 20 B.R. 705, 711 (Bankr. W.D. Ky. 1982); In re Auto-Train Corp., 15 B.R. 160, 162 (Bankr. D.D.C. 1981); In re McAuley Textile Corp., 11 B.R. 646, 648 (Bankr. D. Me. 1981); In re Community. Home Fin. Servs., Inc., No. 1201703EE, 2015 WL 6511183, at *11 (Bankr. S.D. Miss. Oct. 27, 2015) (“[I]t is well-settled that courts may not Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 9 of 45 9 compensate an attorney appointed to represent the trustee for services statutorily required of the trustee. In re J.W. Knapp Co., 930 F.2d 386, 388 (4th Cir. 1991).” In re Finney, No. 91–20239– SCS, 1997 WL 33475580, at *25 (Bankr.E.D.Va. Feb. 26, 1997).” d. Compensation The services listed in § 704, as well as those outlined in the related case law, entitle the Trustee to compensation under § 330(a) and § 326. Services that fall under the categories set forth in § 704 are deemed to be compensable under § 326 as Trustee compensation, and are not compensable under § 330 as professional services. In re Community. Home Fin. Servs., Inc., 2015 WL 6511183, at *14. Section 330 establishes the Court’s independent review standard, while § 326 sets forth the limitations on compensation for the services performed by the Trustee. Section 326 identifies the amount of compensation a Trustee can receive for performing the statutory duties in § 704, as well as services associated with those duties. Id., citing In re Hambrick, No. 08-66265, 2012 WL 10739279, at *5 (Bankr. N.D. Ga. Apr. 10, 2012); In re Holub, 129 B.R. 293, 295 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 1991); In re Garcia, 317 B.R. 810, 816 n.4 (Bankr. S.D. Cal. 2004); In re Polk, 215 B.R. 250, 253 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 1997); In re King, 88 B.R. 768 (Bankr. E.D. Va. 1988), 7 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 1106.03 [10] (Alan N. Resnick & Henry J. Somme reds., 16th ed.); In re Jebco, Inc., 44 B.R. 81, 83 (Bankr. W.D. Ky. 1984); In re Pickering, 66 B.R. 11, 12 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 1986). Section 330(a)(1)(A) identifies the Court’s responsibilities in awarding fees: determining that the compensation requested is reasonable, and that it is for actual and necessary services. In re King, 546 B.R. 682, 693 (Bankr. S.D. Tex. 2016). The principal issue in this matter is governed by § 328. Section 328 limits the compensation of professionals employed by the estate, and specifically in subsection (b) addresses the strict limitation when a trustee is authorized under § 327(d) to serve as attorney for the estate. This restriction applies when a trustee is filing dual fee applications in a case: one as the trustee, and one as the attorney for the trustee. Section 328(b) exists because trustee services are compensable under a separate and different standard from legal services. Trustee services are contemplated by the fee scheme as set forth in § 326. Therefore, an attorney-trustee cannot be separately, and therefore doubly, compensated for those services under § 328. In re Bofill, 25 B.R. 550 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1982); In re SMS, Inc., 15 B.R. 496 (Bankr. D. Kan. 1981); Matter of Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 10 of 45 10 Wilmon, Inc., 61 B.R. 989 (Bankr. W.D. Pa. 1986); In re Haggerty, 215 B.R. 84 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 1997); In re Lowery, 215 B.R. 140 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 1997). This precise restriction elevates the Court’s responsibilities in its independent review and, therefore, requires the attorney-trustee to advise and assist the Court in order to assure that there is no issue of conflict or impropriety in the administration of an estate, and that the estate has been efficiently and justiciably administered. The responsibility lies with the attorney-trustee to address the Court’s concerns and submit a fee application that clearly and succinctly sets forth the precise service performed in order for the Court to discern under what category the service falls: trustee service or legal service. Matter of Vlachos, 61 B.R. 473 (Bankr. S.D. Ohio 1986); In re King, 546 B.R. at 697, citing In re Howard Love Pipeline Supply Co., 253 B.R. 781, 791-92 (Bankr. E.D. Tex. 2000). G. Discussion One of the resources the Court uses to assist in maintaining the integrity of the bankruptcy system is the trustee assigned to a case. The trustee of a case is truly on the frontlines of the bankruptcy system. Most debtors will never see anyone associated with the system and their case outside of the trustee, because most debtors will only be required to attend the § 341 meeting of creditors. The vast majority of debtors are represented by counsel and, therefore, are rarely if ever required to appear in court. The § 341 meeting and the trustee are their only direct interaction with the bankruptcy system. In this case, the Court’s statutory obligations are particularly important because the Chapter 7 Trustee has employed herself and her own law firm as attorneys for the Trustee, both to be paid from the receipts of the estate. The task of completing the Court’s independent review of this Application is particularly unpleasant because the Trustee has failed to assist the Court, or in any way address the concerns identified by the Court at the initial hearing. This presents a situation that is rife with conflict, not just because a creditor has filed an objection, but because the lines between Trustee and attorney have been blurred and in some instances, blatantly breached. It may be impossible to articulate a definitive line between the legally compensable duties of a trustee and those of a professional appointed to assist the trustee. Nevertheless, it is imperative that the court attempt to identify this line in each case in order to prevent depletion of estates and derogation of the principles underlying the Code. Such an attempt is especially important in a case like this Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 11 of 45 11 where the only distributions are to the trustee and her hired professionals. See In re King, 88 B.R. 768, 770 (Bankr.E.D.Va.1988). In re Stevens, 407 B.R. at 306. Here, Ms. Limor testified that she has been a Chapter 7 Trustee in the Middle District of Tennessee for the past 28 years. In that position, for that period of time, she handled thousands of cases in her role as Trustee and, she stated, hundreds wherein she employed the Firm to represent her as Trustee. Ms. Limor’s background and experience speak to her abilities and knowledge of bankruptcy law and practice. Such endurance in the position of Trustee would undoubtedly indicate a firm grasp of the duties and responsibilities entrusted to the trustee. To the contrary, Ms. Limor demonstrated time and time again a total misunderstanding, and if not that, a blatant disregard, of the issues specifically articulated by this Court at the initial hearing. These were issues that should have been on her radar, both as Trustee and as attorney for the Trustee, from time she employed the Firm. After all, the Trustee compensation, coupled with other professional fees and the total amount requested in the Application, amount to over 50% of total estate receipts. Moreover, as previously noted, after payment of administrative costs and fees, distribution to creditors amounts to a paltry 2.82%. At the evidentiary hearing, Ms. Limor’s demeanor, as well as her inability to answer the questions in a manner that would justify the request for fees, was not just worrisome, but frustrating for the Court. She clearly had no intention of assisting the Court in its determinations, and was simply unwilling and unprepared to do so. An attorney with Ms. Limor’s background and experience could have, and should have, known the weight and importance of her testimony, and been ready, willing, and able to clarify and justify the fees and expenses requested in this Application. Allowance of Compensation and Expenses The Court bore a considerable responsibility in its examination of the fees and expenses requested in this Application. First, the Application involved fees requested in three consolidated involuntary cases. Second, the Chapter 7 Trustee employed herself and her firm as the Trustee’s attorney. Finally, the information provided in the Application, and by Ms. Limor through her testimony, was woefully insufficient to justify several of the requests and failed to assist the Court in its assessment as to the reasonableness and necessity of the services Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 12 of 45 12 performed. Therefore, the fee and expense items listed on the attachments will be awarded as set forth below. a. Scope of Employment The fees listed on Exhibit A are for services performed outside the scope of employment. The Order Authorizing the Trustee to Employ Susan R. Limor, Attorney at Law, A Professional Corporation, as attorney to represent the Trustee as counsel in this case was entered on November 2, 2012. No request for employment nunc pro tunc was made in the application, nor was any such relief mentioned in the order. “A professional’s employment in a bankruptcy case is limited to the employment approved in the order authorizing the employment.” In re Computer Learning Centers, Inc., 285 B.R. 191 (Bankr. E.D. Va. 2002). This assures proper management of the case and the professionals. Id., citing In re New England Fish Co., 33 B.R. 413, 420 n.1 (Bankr. W.D. Wash. 1983). The scope of employment may not be expanded by simple agreement between the professional and the trustee. It must be approved by the court. Id., at 205. The Court authorized the employment of the Firm as of November 2, 2012. Review of the Application and consideration of the testimony offered provides no basis for granting nunc pro tunc employment to justify compensation for services provided prior to that employment date. The standard for nunc pro tunc relief is stringent. Any request is subject to the discretion of the bankruptcy court. In re Twinton Properties Partnership, 27 B.R. 817, 819 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. 1983). Here, there was no request to employ the Firm nunc pro tunc to October and, even if this Court were willing to approve such appointment at this juncture, there exists no basis in the record to grant relief of such an exceptional nature. Id. “The professional who commences efforts on behalf of a trustee or debtor-in-possession without first getting court approval of employment does so at the substantial risk of forfeiting compensation.” Id. Consequently, all requests for fees ($1,110.00) and expenses ($77.95) incurred prior to November 2, 2012 are Denied. b. Services Improperly Charged to Estate Exhibit B itemizes fees associated with the preparation of orders of continuance and court appearances for a creditor’s motion for relief from stay regarding the Debtor’s residence. These fees are not properly charged to the estate for two reasons. Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 13 of 45 13 First, the motion for relief was brought by a creditor who was represented by counsel. Ms. Limor appeared in court and announced the agreed continuances of the motion and prepared orders to that effect, and then charged the estate for legal services for these courtesy services. Prosecution of the motion is the responsibility of the movant. If there is an agreed continuance keeping the motion alive, it is the movant’s responsibility. The estate should not foot the bill to keep that request for relief pending, even if the Trustee has agreed as a courtesy. A courtesy by the Trustee regarding trustee services is not compensable as legal fees, even if there is a pending objection by the Trustee. Second, the motion for relief was brought by the mortgage holder on the Debtor’s residence. There were two bases for relief listed in the motion: (1) the property was held as tenants by the entirety and; therefore, under Tennessee law, out of the reach of the Trustee for the purposes of administration; and (2) no equity. These two bases should be familiar to the Trustee. Ms. Limor testified that she has been a Chapter 7 Trustee in the Middle District of Tennessee for over 28 years. Surely, she is aware that Tennessee is a state that has opted out of the federal exemption scheme as set forth in § 522(d). See TENN. CODE. ANN. § 26-2-112. As a Trustee, Ms. Limor is charged with certain duties and the ability to perform certain services on behalf of the estate. See § 704. The Trustee is not a blank slate upon appointment to a case and in need of assistance to perform even the most perfunctory of tasks charged to her. The assessment of the estate’s interest in real property may at times involve a complex legal scheme or require the assistance of counsel for litigation purposes. There may be cases when the assistance of forensic accountants for complex computations—regarding equity in such assets as intellectual property, stocks, partnerships, and even real property of a commercial nature—is required for the benefit of the estate. No such complex issues were involved with this motion. This was a simple, straightforward determination regarding the basics of property in a bankruptcy estate: equity in the Debtor’s residence. The Trustee’s objection (ECF No. 33)—brought through counsel as a legal service— stated that the Trustee did not have enough information to respond to the motion because the meeting of creditors had not been held, and that the Trustee did not yet have the opportunity to question the Debtor. These are Trustee assertions directly related to the basic duties of a Chapter 7 trustee, not legal issues, and do not require legal representation to assert. This motion Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 14 of 45 14 highlights one of the most prevalent misunderstandings that is rampant among panel trustees in this district. The filing of a document with the court does not transform the task into one that must be accomplished with the assistance of counsel. This was a Trustee asserting the inability to perform her duties at that time. No legal argument was made. For the foregoing reasons, services associated with this motion are not compensable as legal services,11 and the related requests for compensation are Denied in the amount of $285.00.12 c. Trustee Services Billed as Attorney Services Exhibit C represents the bulk of the deductions made as a result of the Court’s review. The Trustee hired her own firm to represent the Trustee and the estate, and apparently forgot that there would be compensation awarded under § 326 for the services of the Chapter 7 trustee. The services listed on Exhibit C are trustee services billed as legal fees and appear to encompass all of the work that was performed by the Trustee as the Trustee, as well as the Firm. The Trustee services for which the Firm seeks compensation are as follows: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) phone calls to counsel for lienholders; employment of professionals; correspondence regarding commissions as assets of the estate; attending a hearing in third-party bankruptcy on behalf of the estate; review of mail and documents from financial institutions; motion to extend discharge objection deadline; administrative objection to closure of case; agreement regarding stay relief of lienholder; initial review of bank statements; 10) initial meetings/conferences regarding possible Ponzi scheme; communications and objection to application for administrative expenses; 11) preparation of fee application for special counsel and accountant. 11 Although these fees, could also be listed on Exhibit C–Trustee Services Billed as Attorney Services, the Court wanted to accentuate the deduction of these fees for the reasons stated. 12 Total deduction is $285 and does not include $150 that was part of the agreed order with the UST. 15 Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 15 of 45 As previously mentioned, the Application itself, as well as the testimony of Ms. Limor, offered the Court little assistance in determining the necessity and reasonableness of the fees requested. All of those fees associated with items 1 through 8, and items 10 and 11, are clearly duties of the Trustee. “Preparation of the application for employment of a professional is another manifestation of the trustee’s . . . enumerated duties, all of which imply a duty to administer the estate . . . . Such applications are generally prepared and presented by a trustee without the assistance of an attorney for the estate.” McKenna, 93 B.R. at 241. To obtain attorney compensation for the services listed above, the applicant must articulate with specificity the particular complexity, novelty, or unique circumstances surrounding the matter such as to require the assistance of counsel to complete. Absent any explanation within the application, or through testimony at a hearing, as to why these duties were so complex as to require the assistance of counsel, the requests for fees and expenses associated with those services are hereby Denied. As for item 9 regarding the initial review of bank statements, the Court derived a better understanding of the services associated with the review of the bank statements. Not a clear understanding, but a better one than can be derived from the Application. That understanding came from the testimony of Ms. Johnson. When describing the process of issuing subpoenas to the financial institutions and reviewing the resulting statements, Ms. Johnson described a process similar to the peeling of an onion. When the initial disclosures came in from the subpoenas, they revealed another layer of information resulting in another round of subpoenas. When the next wave of information was received pursuant to the second round of subpoenas, a third layer of information was revealed, requiring another round of subpoenas. Ms. Johnson stated that the review was restricted to an inquiry focused on possible preference and/or fraudulent transfer actions and, therefore, was strictly legal work. A limited review as described by Ms. Johnson is concerning for several reasons. If in fact the review of bank statements was limited to determining actions for recovery, and the Trustee did not review the bank statements at all, that could mean that quite a few issues of concern to the Chapter 7 trustee may have been left undiscovered, i.e. assets not subject to turnover or recovery, identification of creditors, etc. Under these circumstances, the estate would be subject to insufficient administration. Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 16 of 45 16 This description, coupled with the completely insufficient description of the services charged in the subpoena and resulting document review, has led the Court to configure what it believes is an appropriate measure by which to evaluate the services. It appears that the initial review of the bank statements should have been Trustee work for the purposes of determining the Debtor’s financial situation. Let’s not forget, there were no schedules filed in these involuntary cases, and the Debtor asserted his 5th Amendment rights at the meeting of creditors. The Trustee had to somehow determine if there were assets, get a picture of the Debtor’s financial dealings and, more importantly, determine if the Debtor was entitled to a discharge. The fact that the Trustee sought to, and achieved, denial of the Debtor’s discharge indicates that such a review was accomplished. Although the Application did not inform the Court as to how such a review was achieved, the Court will presume that the Trustee properly investigated through the documents propounded by the financial institutions, and from that information, formed the basis for her action against the Debtor. Therefore, from their timing in the case, those time entries that appear to be associated with the initial review of the financial documents obtained through the issuance of subpoenas are deemed to be Trustee duties and will not be compensable under this fee request. For the reasons stated above, Exhibit C details the requests for fees ($8,622.00) and expenses ($306.53) deemed to be charged for performance of Trustee duties and those requests are Denied. d. Improper Allocation of Professional Resources A Chapter 7 trustee is responsible for liquidating the assets of the estate in an efficient manner while maximizing the benefit to creditors. The trustee exercises business judgment in administering an estate in order to accomplish this goal. Everything the trustee does on behalf of the estate is governed by the business judgment rule. “The business judgment test is a flexible one, designed to allow the trustee, and ultimately the court, to exercise their discretion fairly in the interest of all who have had the misfortune of dealing with the debtor.” Bregman v. Meehan (In re Meehan), 59 B.R. 380, 385 (E.D.N.Y. 1986), citing Control Data Corp. v. Zelman (In re Minges), 602 F.2d 38, 43 (2d Cir. 1979). The trustee’s duties include overseeing the professionals the trustee has employed to represent the estate. That oversight includes the billing process, which includes “billing judgment.” Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 17 of 45 17 When employed by an estate, a professional is charged with “billing judgment” as well. Billing judgment is just as important in an application for statutory attorney fees as it is in private practice. Efforts should be made to exclude any request for “excessive, redundant or otherwise unnecessary” fees. Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 434, 103 S. Ct. 1933, 1939-40, 76 L. Ed. 2d 40 (1983), citing Copeland v. Marshall, 641 F. 2d 880, 891 (1980) (en banc). The requirement that fees be for actual and necessary services, and that those fees be reasonable, necessitate the exercise of stringent “billing judgment” in bankruptcy matters. In re Pettibone Corp., 74 B.R. 293, 303 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 1987). The fee request here is from one of the firms representing the Trustee. Not just any firm, the Trustee’s firm. The need for stringent billing judgment cannot be understated in this situation. The appropriate exercise of billing judgment necessarily includes the proper delegation of tasks so as to avoid charging the estate an inflated rate for a task that could and should be performed by a less costly employee. In re Pettibone Corp., 74 B.R. 293, 303 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 1987). See In re Continental Illinois Securities Litigation, 572 F.Supp. 931, 933 (N.D. Ill 1983), and In re Jensen-Farley Pictures, Inc., 47 B.R. 557, 583 (Bankr. D. Utah 1985). In the Sixth Circuit, the bankruptcy courts use the lodestar method when determining if the attorney fees are reasonable. Boddy v. United States Bankruptcy Court (In re Boddy), 950 F.2d 334, 337 (6th Cir. 1991). The two-part lodestar analysis consists of: (1) is the hourly rate charged reasonable; and, (2) are the lawyer’s hours reasonable? Id. The analysis regarding the charged rate is to determine if the task commanded such a rate. “[W]hether the rate charged for the service is reasonable in light of the complexity and importance of the task.” Boyd v. Engman, 404 B.R. 467, 477 (W.D. Mich. 2009). The services itemized on Exhibit D are clerical services performed every day by non- legal staff of law firms. No legal analysis is required. The tasks are simple and require no advanced education or abilities. No explanation has been offered as to why these ministerial tasks required the expertise of an attorney. These are tasks charged at attorney rates that could, and should have, been accomplished by clerical staff at a lower rate. Nevertheless, this case clearly presented unique and somewhat complex matters, as determined by the filings and proceedings in the cases, not from the Application or Ms. Limor’s testimony. However, Ms. Johnson provided some details in her testimony (i.e. challenges in Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 18 of 45 18 identifying parties) that the Court will consider when reviewing these fees, and will allow the fees at the paraprofessional rate as stated in the Application. The Court makes this stretch in an attempt to offer guidance in the handling of these matters. This is not to say that fashioning a proper rate is part of the Court’s duties. On the contrary, the burden still, and always will, lie with the applicant to justify the fees requested. In re McLean Wine Co., Inc., 463 B.R. 838, 849 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2011), citing In re Woodward East Project, Inc., 195 B.R. 372, 375 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 1996). Therefore, Exhibit D sets forth the services that will be awarded at the paraprofessional rate resulting in a deduction of $1,075.50. e. Hartford/Prudential Litigation The Firm filed an adversary proceeding against Hartford Life and Annuity Insurance Company (“Hartford”), The Prudential Insurance Company of America (“Prudential”), and the Debtor13 seeking turnover of earned, but unpaid prepetition commissions. The Debtor apparently earned these commissions on the sale and maintenance of insurance policies through Hartford and Prudential. Ms. Johnson testified that the basis for the adversary proceeding was that Hartford and Prudential indicated they would not turnover any commissions to the Trustee absent a court order. After filing the adversary through counsel, it was discovered that very few of the policies that were the subject of the litigation were still in effect and generating commissions. The total recovery of commissions pursuant to the adversary was $1,987. Although the Objection indicates that the cost to the estate for litigating the matter was $4,620 for 16.7 hours of attorney time, that estimation appears to include every single communication with Hartford and Prudential–even those preceding the filing of the adversary. Most of the charges for pursuing these commissions prior to the filing of the adversary are for Trustee duties, and thus have been treated in subsection “c” above. The actual charges for attorney time in the adversary amounts to $2,142.56. That is a mere $155.56 over the recovery amount. The Creditor makes much of this charge to the estate. Although it does not appear to have been the best judgment to bring the adversary when a court order to satisfy Hartford and Prudential could have been obtained at less cost to the estate, the result is not particularly 13 Adversary No. 13-ap-90349. Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 19 of 45 19 egregious. Again, let’s not forget that these were involuntary bankruptcies, brought against a Debtor who eventually ended up incarcerated for his business dealings. It is understandable that, in that situation, companies such as Hartford and Prudential may need some strong “convincing” to relinquish funds associated with the Debtor’s business. When evaluating the benefit to the estate, “courts objectively consider whether the services rendered were reasonably likely to benefit the estate from the perspective of the time when such services were rendered.” In re Value City Holdings, Inc., 436 B.R. 300, 305 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.2010) (citation omitted). “The pertinent question is not whether the services performed by the professional conferred an actual benefit upon the estate; but whether, when viewed under the circumstances in existence at the time, the services were reasonably calculated to benefit the estate.” In re Kennedy Mfg., 331 B.R. 744, 748 (Bankr.N.D.Ohio 2005) (citation omitted). In making this determination, however, “[a] court should resist the temptation to engage in ‘20/20 hindsight,’ and focus instead on facts known (or which should have been known) to the applicant at critical points during the pendency of the case.” In re Arnold, 162 B.R. 775, 778 (Bankr.E.D.Mich.1993) (citation omitted). McLean, 463 B.R.at 848. The Court will resist the temptation to micro-manage this issue and award the fees associated with the subject adversary as requested for the services listed on Exhibit D in the amount of $2,142.56. f. Insufficient Description The Court has made much of the insufficiency of the Application throughout this opinion, and here is where the most flagrant of those inadequacies will be addressed. “Professionals who lump time together or have woefully inadequate descriptions, such as ‘research’, ‘work in motion’, ‘telephone calls to counsel for creditor’, do so at their peril. No Court should be expected to intuit the benefit of such work to the estate.” In re ACT Manufacturing, Inc., 281 B.R. 468, 483 (Bankr. D. Mass. 2002). The time entries listed on Exhibit F provide little to no information that would assist the Court in determining the necessity and reasonableness of the services. Moreover, they are so utterly lacking that it is impossible to determine if these services are in the nature of Trustee services, legal fees, clerical duties, or within the scope of professional employment. For example, on June 2, 2014, Ms. Limor apparently performed the service documented as “Finish reviewing boxes.” This, of course, begs the questions: boxes of what? boxes from whom? was Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 20 of 45 20 it a review of the contents of the boxes, or just the outside? For this important service that was not worthy of description, the estate was billed $700. The Firm, and primarily Ms. Limor, proceeded with this lackadaisical approach through 28 different time entries amounting to $7,756.00 in requested and unsubstantiated fees. These insufficiencies, coupled with the lack of recall by the witnesses at the hearing, combine to make it impossible for the Court to determine whether the fees were reasonable and for necessary services, not to mention if there was actual, or even any, benefit to the estate. For these reasons, the fees associated with the time entries detailed in Exhibit F, totaling $7,756.00, are Denied. g. Seventh Avenue Partners Claim The Court has agreed to reserve its ruling on the services itemized on Exhibit G. Those fees are associated with the estate’s claim in the Seventh Avenue Partners bankruptcy. The itemization is for the convenience of the parties and to clarify those requests that have been excluded from this ruling and reserved for future consideration. CONCLUSION The detailed analysis that the Court was forced to undertake with the review of this fee Application highlighted what appears to be a major problem within the Middle District of Tennessee. Despite having an experienced group of panel trustees, through the years, the practice of hiring their own firms to represent estates has become a routine rather than being an exception. With this ruling, the Court seeks to accomplish two goals: (1) to conduct its independent review of the Application and rule appropriately; and, (2) to remind the bar of the applicable standards and guide future applicants so as to improve the fee process, which the Court believes will have a beneficial effect on the bankruptcy systems as a whole. Before addressing this Court’s specific requirements for fee applications, the burden that the system places on the Chapter 7 trustees deserves acknowledgement. The overwhelming majority of Chapter 7 cases are no asset cases. At this time, the trustee receives a paltry $60 for complying with the onerous enumerated duties that they are mandated to complete in every case. The current compensation scheme fails to adequately recognize the significance of the Chapter 7 trustee’s diligence to task in providing meaningful review of an exorbitant amount of information, even in a no asset Chapter 7 case. Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 21 of 45 21 Such acknowledgement does not in any way diminish the importance of the trustees’ diligence, nor does it excuse failure to comply with the duties and responsibilities assigned to trustees for which they have voluntarily undertaken by acceptance of their position. After all, it is this Court’s opinion that Chapter 7 trustees bear the heaviest burden of any stakeholder in the bankruptcy system. That burden comes from the duty that every panel trustee has to each and every estate for which they are appointed. This duty requires the trustee to use their best business judgment in the administration of a case or the decision to decline administration. This judgment includes decisions to hire professionals to perform services on behalf of the trustee. In instances where the trustee hires his or her own firm, the trustee must be able to articulate why it will benefit the estate to do so. In every instance where the trustee’s firm has been hired by the trustee, the burden rests squarely with the trustee to justify the arrangement as thoroughly and specifically as possible. Let’s not forget, the trustee is employing the firm at the expense of the estate and, more specifically, at the expense of the general unsecured creditors. Therefore, to satisfy the business judgment standard when the trustee decides to hire their own firm, the following information is essential to justify the employment and provide a basis for the employment application: 1. a clear description of the benefit the employment of the firm will bring to the estate; 2. in the rare instance where services associated with trustee duties are to be undertaken by the firm, an articulation of the “unique” circumstances justifying the delegation of those duties and warranting compensation as legal services; and 3. an explanation as to the proposed billing method and why this method is the most cost effective available. If the trustee satisfies the standard for employing his or her own firm as set forth above, the trustee then has an ongoing obligation throughout the life of the employment to ensure that good business judgment, which includes billing judgment, is exercised throughout the duration of the case through the proper management of the hired professionals. This can be accomplished by taking the following steps: 1. Filing periodic fee applications as provided for in the Code, 2. Updating asset reports on a regular basis, 3. Addressing issues timely and in such a way as to properly inform the Court and interested parties, Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 22 of 45 22 4. Comply with all Code and federal, as well as local, rule requirements in the submission of each and every fee application, and 5. Provide the Court with time records kept contemporaneously for trustee duties and attorney duties that are being charged to the estate under the trustee’s fee application and the attorney’s firm’s application. In essence, the Court is only requiring the panel trustees to do what is common practice in the legal field: justify their fees to their clients. Again, the trustee’s duty is to the estate, and the “clients” in this context include the general unsecured creditors, who are the intended beneficiaries of the estate and the principal reason the estate is being administered. Had the instant Application been submitted to a client outside the bankruptcy context, one can only imagine what such a client would say about a bill encompassing four years, and the severe lack of information and explanation regarding the contents of that bill. The Court will not, and cannot, dictate whether or when to employ methods other than hourly billing, or when it is appropriate for the trustee’s firm to reduce its fees. But, the expectation here, and the current economics demand, that the trustees constantly reevaluate the terms of professional employment arrangements to ensure that the estate is actually benefitting from those arrangements. Here, the distribution included an amount equaling over 50% of estate receipts for fees and costs of administration of the estate, with a miniscule 2.82% to general unsecured creditors. The optics of such a distribution scheme begs to question the business and billing judgment of the trustee. In this case, as in others that present similar circumstances, the Court intends to function as the “keeper of the temple of justice” and will ensure that all fee applications comply with the provisions as set forth herein. (quoting King, 546 B.R. at 685). This Memorandum Opinion provides clear and direct guidance as to the expectations of the Court. Therefore, the United States Trustee for the Middle District of Tennessee is directed to distribute this Opinion to all of the panel trustees in this district. An order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion will be simultaneously entered. Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 23 of 45 23 This Order has been electronically signed. The Judge's signature and Court's seal appear at the top of the first page. United States Bankruptcy Court. IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE NASHVILLE DIVISION IN RE: Eric S. Peterson, Peterson Insurance Agency, LLC, Peterson Enterprises, LLC, Debtors. __________________________________________) Case No: 12-07575-CW3-7 Substantively Consolidated APPEARANCES Susan R. Limor Limor & Johnson, Attorneys At Law 95 White Bridge Road Suite 503 Nashville, TN 37205 Trustee Phillip G. Young, Jr. Thompson Burton PLLC 6100 Tower Circle, Suite 200 Franklin, Tennessee 37067 Attorneys for Susan R. Limor Erica R. Johnson Limor & Johnson, Attorneys At Law 95 White Bridge Road Suite 503 Nashville, TN 37205 Attorney for Trustee Joseph P. Rusnak Tune Entrekin & White PC 315 Deaderick Street Ste 1700 Nashville, TN 37238-1700 Attorney for Creditors Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 24 of 45 Beth Roberts Derrick Assistant US Trustee Office of the US Trustee 701 Broadway, Suite 318 Nashville, TN 37203 THE HONORABLE CHARLES M. WALKER UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY JUDGE Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 25 of 45 Attachment A – Deductions for Services Prior to Employment 10/8/12* Meeting w/Joe Rusnak Attorney for Petitioning Creditors, re: cases 10/9/12* Draft and file Application to Employ Firm; review mailing matrix to ensure service on proper parties Telephone call w/M. Lousen, Attorney for Avenue Bank, re Motion for Relief Draft and file Application to Employ Firm; review mailing matrix to ensure service on proper parties Draft and file Application to Employ Firm; review mailing matrix to ensure service on proper parties .5 150/hr .5 150/hr .2 150/hr .5 150/hr .5 150/hr * Prepare and file Objection to Avenue Bank’s Motion for Relief from Stay .3 150/hr 10/10/12* Telephone call w/P. Griffin, Attorney for Wells Fargo, re security interest and financials .3 150/hr 10/15/12* Email to P. Griffin, Attorney for Wells Fargo, re Subpoena .1 150/hr * Email to M. Loosen, Attorney for Avenue Bank re Subpoena .1 150/hr 10/18/12* Telephone call with M. Lousen, Attorney for Avenue Bank, re MFR and Equity in RE .2 150/hr 10/24/12* Emails to and from M. Loosen, Attorney for Avenue Bank, re upcoming hearing on MFR 10/25/12* Prepare and serve subpoenas to 5 separate banks Prepare and serve subpoenas to 5 separate banks Prepare and serve subpoenas to 5 separate banks .2 150/hr 1.0 150/hr 1.0 150/hr 1.0 150/hr Review and execute letters to banks and subpoenas .3 350/hr 75.00 75.00 30.00 75.00 75.00 45.00 45.00 15.00 15.00 30.00 30.00 150.00 150.00 150.00 105.00 Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 26 of 45 1 10/31/12* Review PACER for any objections; prepare and Submit Order Approving Employment of Attorney 150/hr .1 Review PACER for any objections; prepare and Submit Order Approving Employment of Attorney 150/hr .1 Review PACER for any objections; prepare and Submit Order Approving Employment of Attorney 150/hr .1 15.00 15.00 15.00 * These services are also non-compensable as attorney services Fee Deduction: Associated Expenses 10/9/2012 ERJ Copying cost Application to Employ Firm ERJ Postage Application to Employ Firm ERJ Envelope Application to Employ Firm ERJ Copying cost Application to Employ Firm ERJ Postage Application to Employ Firm ERJ Envelope Application to Employ Firm ERJ Copying cost Application to Employ Firm ERJ Envelope Application to Employ Firm ERJ Postage Application to Employ Firm $1,110.00 Qty/Price Amount 35 0.22 7 0.45 7 0.15 20 0.22 4 0.45 4 0.15 45 0.22 9 0.15 9 0.45 20 0.22 1 7.70 3.15 1.05 4.40 1.80 0.60 9.90 1.35 4.05 4.40 10.25 10.25 1 10.25 10/25/2012 ERJ Copying cost Subpoenas to 5 separate banks (4pgs/bank) ERJ Postage Subpoenas to 5 separate banks (certified mail w/return receipt requested) (1/3 portion of total cost shared with companion cases – $6.15/subpoena) ERJ Postage Subpoenas to 5 separate banks (certified mail w/return receipt requested) (1/3 portion of total cost shared with companion cases – $6.15/subpoena) 10.25 Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 27 of 45 2 10/25/2012 ERJ Postage 1 10.25 Subpoenas to 5 separate banks (certified mail w/return receipt requested) (1/3 portion of total cost shared with companion cases – $6.15/subpoena) ERJ Copying cost Subpoenas to 5 separate banks (4pgs/bank) ERJ Copying cost Subpoenas to 5 separate banks (4pgs/bank) Expense Deduction: Total Deduction: 10.25 20 0.22 20 0.22 4.40 4.40 $77.95 $1,187.95 Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 28 of 45 3 Attachment B – Services Improperly Charged to Estate 11/12/12 Prepare AO re MFR filed by Avenue Bank 11/14/12 Prepare and submit Order Continuing Hearing On Motion for Relief from Stay 11/27/12 Attend hearing on MFR filed by Avenue Bank; announce continuance 11/28/12 Prepare and submit Order Continuing Hearing on Motion for Relief from Stay 12/6/12 12/6/12 Review documents from Avenue Bank; prepare and file Notice of Withdrawal of Objection to Motion for Relief Review proposed AO re relief from stay provided by M. Loosen, Attorney for Avenue Bank; Email to M. Loosen with permission to include Trustee’s signature .5 150/hr .2 150/hr .5 150/hr .2 150/hr .4 150/hr .1 150/hr 75.00 30.00 75.00 30.00 60.00 15.00 Total Request and Deduction: $285.00 Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 29 of 45 1 Attachment C – Trustee Services Billed as Attorney Services Attorney Fees 11/12/12 Telephone call with M. Loosen, Attorney for Avenue Bank, re upcoming hearing on MFR; Follow-up emails to and from M. Loosen re the same .3 150/hr 45.00 11/26/12 Emails to and from M. Loosen, Attorney for Avenue Bank re upcoming hearing on MFR and continuance 11/28/12* Letter to Travelers regarding commercial policies; letter to The Hartford regarding history on commissions; review issues regarding 7th Avenue Properties; telephone conference with M. Rusnak re including 12/3/12* Attend hearing on involuntary bankruptcy against Seventh Avenue Partnership; review and revise letter To Hartford 12/4/12 Telephone call with M. Loosen, Attorney for Avenue Bank, re Subpoena and payoff 12/4/12 * Review mail regarding subpoena from Wells Fargo; review debtor documents 12/5/12 Preliminary review of docs from Wells Fargo in Response to Subpoena 12/13/12 Review case file; prepare and file Motion to Extend Discharge Objection Deadline 12/13/12 Review MFR filed by Wells Fargo; Emails to and from V. Ferraro, Attorney for Wells Fargo, re possible objection due to issue of equity 12/21/12 Prepare and file Objection to Closure of Case 1/2/13 Review proposed AO re relief rom stay provided by V. Ferraro, Attorney for Wells Fargo; Email to V. Ferraro with permission to include Trustee’s signature .2 150/hr 1.8 350/hr 2.5 350/hr .2 150/hr .7 150/hr 1.0 150/hr .5 150/hr .2 150/hr .3 350/hr .1 210/hr 30.00 630.00 875.00 30.00 245.00 150.00 175.00 30.00 105.00 21.00 1 Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 30 of 45 1/4/13 1/4/13 1/7/13* Telephone conference with Mr. Rusnak regarding documents from Wells Fargo Review PACER for any objections; submit Order extending discharge objection deadline Receipt and review of Amended Motion for Relief from Stay; compare to assets 1/7/13* Receipt and review of Motion for Relief from Stay; review petition regarding legal matters 4/23/13 5/9/13 5/10/13 5/13/13 5/15/13 Prepare and file motion to extend discharge objection deadline Review of letter (w/exhibits) from Prudential re insurance commissions Email to prudential re commissions that belong to bk estate Review and revise letter to Cadence Bank and subpoenas to miscellaneous banks Review PACER for objections; submit order extending discharge objection deadline 6/11/13 Receipt and review of Regions documents 7/11/13 7/12/13 Phone call with K. Classen from Prudential re hold on commissions Phone call with K. Classen from Prudential re hold on commissions; Email to K. Classen re same 7/25/13** Prepare, file and serve Motion to Compel ** Review and revise motion to compel Prepare and file motion to extend discharge objection deadline .1 350/hr .1 210/hr .2 210/hr .1 210/hr .2 350/hr .5 210/hr .2 210/hr .2 350/hr .1 350/hr .2 350/hr .1 210/hr .4 210/hr .5 210/hr .2 350/hr .2 210/hr 35.00 21.00 42.00 21.00 70.00 105.00 42.00 70.00 35.00 70.00 21.00 84.00 105.00 70.00 42.00 2 Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 31 of 45 Email to K. Classen w/Prudential re need to file AP and request for additional information re the same ** Review debtor’s response to motion to compel 8/16/13 Review PACER for objections; submit order extending discharge objection deadline 8/30/13** Telephone conversation with M. Pickrell, Debtor’s attorney, re Motion to compel and upcoming hearing on response to motion; Follow-up email to M. Pickrell re the same 9/3/13** Attend hearing on motion to compel and make announcement 9/4/13** Prepare and submit order continuing hearing on motion to compel 9/19/13** Prepare and file Withdrawal of Motion to Compel 9/24/13** Court appearance regarding withdrawal of motion to compel Initial review of statements from Wells Fargo re account 9445 (12-7577) Review deposits for Wells Fargo 6183 & Wells Fargo 9445 accounts; update spreadsheet (12-7577) Prepare Application to Employ Accountant; Email to Accountant re the same (12-7577) Prepare Application to Employ Accountant; Email to Accountant re the same (12-7576) Meeting with Mr. Lewis regarding case regarding Ponzi strategy; review creditor claims 7/2/14 7/9/14 7/17/14 7/17/14 7/17/14 7/21/14 .2 210/hr .2 350/hr .1 210/hr .3 210/hr .5 210/hr .2 210/hr .2 350/hr .2 350/hr 1.0 280/hr 1.0 280/hr .2 280/hr .2 280/hr 1.0 350/hr 42.00 70.00 21.00 63.00 105.00 42.00 70.00 70.00 280.00 280.00 56.00 56.00 350.00 112.00 Finalize, file, and serve Application to Employ Accountant (12-7577) .4 280/hr 7/21/14 Finalize and file Application to Employ Accountant; .3 84.00 Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 32 of 45 3 7/21/14 8/12/14 8/12/14 8/12/14 10/2/14 10/3/14 10/3/14 10/3/14 10/8/14 review and revise mailing matrix to ensure proper service of same (12-7576) Finalize, file and serve Application to Employ Accountant (12-7575) Review PACER for any objections; submit order approving employment of accountant (12-7575) Review PACER for any objections; submit order approving employment of accountant (12-7576) Review PACER for any objections; submit order approving employment of accountant (12-7577) Draft Application to Employ Special Counsel; Email to Special Counsel re same (12-7575) Prepare and file Application to Employ Special Counsel; review and revise mailing matrix to ensure proper service of same (12-7576) Prepare, file and serve Application to Employ Special Counsel (12-7677) Finalize, file and serve Application to Employ Special Counsel (12-7575) Emails from and to J. Rusnak re pending Application for administrative expenses for involuntary creditors (12-7577) 10/29/14 Emails to and from J. Rusnak re fee application for involuntary creditors; Review applications; Memo to file re findings (General/Consolidated Cases) 10/30/14 Review PACER for any objections; submit order authorizing employment of special counsel (12-7575) 10/30/14 Review PACER for any objections; submit order authorizing employment of special counsel (12-7576) 10/30/14 Review PACER for any objections; submit order authorizing employment of special counsel (12-7577) 280/hr .4 280/hr .2 280/hr .2 280/hr .2 280/hr .6 280/hr .5 280/hr .5 280/hr .2 280/hr .2 280/hr .5 280/hr .2 280/hr .1 280/hr .2 280/hr 112.00 56.00 56.00 56.00 168.00 140.00 140.00 56.00 56.00 140.00 56.00 28.00 56.00 11/7/14 Review of email from J. Rusnak re fee application .5 140.00 Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 33 of 45 4 .3 280/hr 84.00 for involuntary creditors; Emails to and from J. Rusnak re resolution offers (General/Consolidated Cases) 280/hr Receipt and review of Motion to Set Hearing on Application for Administrative Expenses or Petitioning Creditor Emails from and to J. Rusnak re AO allowing (sic) administrative claims in both cases (12-7575 & 12-7577) Receipt and review of Order Setting Hearing on Motion for Administrative Expense or Petitioning Creditor; calendar same (12-7575) Telephone call with J. Rusnak re administrative claim application; Emails to and from J. Rusnak re the same; Proposed Agreed Order resolving (RE EP; 12-7575 -& PE LLC; 12-7577) .1 280/hr .8 280/hr Review Application to pay admin expenses; Prepare and file Response to the same (12-7576) .2 280/hr Review proposed terms for AO re Rusnak admin claim; Email to J. Rusnak re comments; Update AO re the same 280/hr .3 Prepare AO re J. Rusnak fee application; Email to J. Rusnak re the same (12-7576) Emails from and to J. Rusnak re proposed AO re admin expense claim and expenses for services provided post order of relief (12-7576) Emails to and from J. Rusnak re Trustee’s proposed settlement terms for administrative expense claim (12-7576) .2 280/hr .2 280/hr .2 280/hr 28.00 224.00 56.00 84.00 56.00 84.00 84.00 12/12/14 12/15/14 1/8/15 1/8/15 1/9/15 2/4/15 2/5/15 2/20/15 7/2/15 Receipt and review of Motion and proposed order for Special Counsel to Withdraw as Attorney (General/Consolidated Cases) .1 28.00 9/11/15* Prepare Application to employ Armstrong Law; email to D. Armstrong to review; finalize and file same; review 280/hr mailing matrix for proper service of same .8 224.00 9/21/15 Review email from J. Rusnak re attempting to assemble coalition to object to application to employ special counsel 280/hr .1 28.00 Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 34 of 45 5 10/1/15 10/2/15 10/8/15 1/11/16 1/14/16 1/15/16* 1/15/16* 2/1/16* 2/8/16 2/23/16 Emails from and to J. Rusnak re objection to employment of special counsel (General/Consolidated Cases) Receipt and review of Creditors’ Objection to Motion to Employ Armstrong Law Firm and multiple exhibits to same (General/Consolidated Cases) Receipt and review of Joinder to Creditor’s Objection to Application to Emploly Armstrong Law Firm (General/Consolidated Cases) Prepare First and Final Fee Application for Armstrong Law Firm; Email to D. Armstrong to review. (General/Consolidated Cases) Prepare Application re Mediator employment/fees; Email to Mediator re conflict check; Email to client to review. (General/Consolidated Cases) Emails to and from W. Hughes, Mediator, re statement of disinterestedness and possible conflicts; Update Statement of Disinterestedness and forward to Mr. Hughes to review and sign. (General/Consolidated Cases) .2 280/hr .4 280/hr .2 280/hr 1.2 280/hr 1.0 280/hr .1 280/hr 56.00 112.00 56.00 336.00 280.00 28.00 Update, finalize, and file Application for Compensation for Armstrong Law Firm; review and revise mailing matrix for proper service of same. (General/Consolidated Cases) .5 280/hr 140.00 Review revisions to Application provided by W. Hughes, Mediator; update Application to reflect Mr. Hughes’ revisions and update case status information; update, finalize, and file Application to Employ Mediator Nunc Pro Tunc and to Allow Compensation of same; review and revise mailing matrix to ensure proper service of same. (General/Consolidated Cases) .6 280/hr Review PACER bankruptcy docket for any objections for .1 fee application for Armstrong Law Firm; submit order approving same (General/Consolidated Cases) 280/hr Review docket for objections to Motion to employ and compensate Mediator; submit Order approving same. (General/Consolidted Cases) .1 280/hr 168.00 28.00 28.00 6 Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 35 of 45 11/10/16 Prepare Application for Accountant; Email to client to review (General/Consolidated Cases) 11/22/16 Update,finalize, file and serve First and Final Application for Compensation for Accountant (General/Consolidated Cases) .5 280/hr .5 280/hr 140.00 140.00 * These entries are also defective and permit disallowance because they are insufficient and/or vague, and/or permit reduction because services are lumped together. **These entries are insufficient in that they do not indicate if the motion was filed in an adversary or in the main case, and against whom relief was sought. Additionally, Ms. Limor could provide no information regarding the motion when questioned at the hearing. Total Fee Deduction: Associated Expenses 7/21/2014 ERJ Copying cost Application to Employ Accountant ERJ Postage Application to Employ Accountant ERJ Envelope Application to Employ Accountant ERJ Copying cost Application to Employ Accountant ERJ Postage Application to Employ Accountant ERJ Envelope Application to Employ Accountant ERJ Copying cost Application to Employ Accountant ERJ Postage Application to Employ Accountant ERJ Envelope Application to Employ Accountant 10/3/2014 ERJ Copying cost Application to Employ Special Counsel ERJ Postage Application to Employ Special Counsel ERJ Envelope Application to Employ Special Counsel $8,622.00 Qty/Price Amount 30 0.22 6 0.48 6 0.15 10 0.22 2 0.48 2 0.15 45 0.22 9 0.48 9 0.15 30 0.22 5 0.48 5 0.15 6.60 2.88 .90 2.20 0.96 0.30 9.90 4.32 1.35 6.60 2.40 .75 Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 36 of 45 7 ERJ Copying cost Application to Employ Special Counsel ERJ Postage Application to Employ Special Counsel ERJ Envelope Application to Employ Special Counsel ERJ Copying cost Application to Employ Special Counsel ERJ Postage Application to Employ Special Counsel ERJ Envelope Application to Employ Special Counsel 1/15/2016 ERJ Copying cost Application for Compensation for Armstrong Law Firm (14 parties x 20 pgs) ERJ Envelope Application for Compensation for Armstrong Law Firm ERJ Envelope 12 0.22 2 0.48 2 0.15 48 0.22 8 0.48 8 0.15 280 0.22 14 0.15 14 2/1/2016 ERJ Copying cost ERJ Envelope ERJ Postage Mediator Application Application for Compensation for Armstrong Law Firm Mediator Application (14 parties x 12 pgs) 0.71 168 0.22 14 0.15 14 0.71 280 Application for Accountant (14 parties x 20 pgs) 0.22 224 Mediator Application ERJ Copying cost 11/22/2016 ERJ Copying cost First and Final Application for Compensation For Attorneys (14 parties x 16 pages) ERJ Envelope Applications x 2 ERJ Postage Applications x 2 Total Expense Deduction: Total Fee and Expense Deduction: 0.22 14 0.15 14 0.89 $ 306.53 $8,928.53 2.64 0.96 0.30 10.56 3.84 1.20 61.60 2.10 9.87 36.96 2.10 9.87 61.60 49.28 2.10 12.39 Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 37 of 45 8 Attachment D – Improper Allocation of Professional Resources 9/19/13 10/24/13 8/19/14 8/19/14 8/20/14 8/20/14 8/20/14 8/20/14 8/20/14 8/20/14 8/20/14 Prepare and file Certificate of Service; Serve Summons, Complaint and Certificate of Service (Hartford Litigation) Prepare and file Certificate of Service for Summons and Complaint; Serve Summons, Complaint and Certificate of Service Prepare and file CTSV for Summons and Complaint; Serve Summons, Complaint & CTSV (14-90339) (12-7576) Prepare and file CTSV for Summons and Complaint; Serve Summons, Complaint & CTSV (14-90340) (12-7577) Prepare and file CTSV for Summons and Complaint; Serve Summons, Complaint & CTSV (14-90342) (12-7576) Prepare and file CTSV for Summons and Complaint; Serve Summons, Complaint & CTSV (14-90343) (12-7576) Prepare and file CTSV for Summons and Complaint; Serve Summons, Complaint & CTSV (14-90344) (12-7577) Prepare and file CTSV for Summons and Complaint; Serve Summons, Complaint & CTSV (14-90345) (12-7577) Prepare and file CTSV for Summons and Complaint; Serve Summons, Complaint & CTSV (14-90346) (12-7577) Prepare and file CTSV for Summons and Complaint; Serve Summons, Complaint & CTSV (14-90347) (12-7577) Prepare and file CTSV for Summons and Complaint; Serve Summons, Complaint & CTSV (14-90348) (12-7577) .5 210/hr .5 210/hr .5 280.hr .5 280.hr .6 280.hr .3 280.hr .7 280.hr .8 280.hr .4 280.hr .4 280.hr 1.0 280.hr 105.00 105.00 140.00 140.00 168.00 84.00 196.00 224.00 112.00 112.00 280.00 1 Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 38 of 45 8/21/14 8/21/14 10/1/14 Prepare and file CTSV for Summons and Complaint; Serve Summons, Complaint & CTSV (14-90350) (12-7575) Prepare and file CTSV for Summons and Complaint; Serve Summons, Complaint & CTSV (14-90351) (12-7575) Prepare and file CTSV for Reissued Summons (re Defendant Gray); Serve reissued Summons, Complaint & CTSV (RE: 14-ap-90348) (12-7577) 1.0 280.hr .4 280.hr .3 280/hr 280.00 112.00 84.00 Total Fee Request: Total Hours: 7.9 Allowed at $135/hr. Paraprofessional Rate: Total Fee Deduction: $ 2,142.00 $ 1,066.50 $ 1,075.50 Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 39 of 45 2 11/7/13 11/8/13 11/11/13 1/6/14 1/24/14 1/28/14 3/20/14 3/25/14 3/26/14 4/15/14 5/21/14 Attachment E – Hartford/Prudential Litigation Telephone call with attorney for Prudential re adversary (Hartford Litigation) .2 210/hr Emails to and from E. Whiting, Attorney for Prudential, re possible settlement and need for default v. Debtor Prepare Motion for Default against Debtor (Hartford Litigation); Email to Attorney for Hartford re the same Prepare, file and serve Motion and Order to continue pretrial conference (Hartford Litigation) Review Docket; Prepare, file and serve Motion for Default Against Debtor (Hartford Litigation) Review proposed stipulations provided by attorney for Hartford Prepare, file and serve Motion and Order to continue pretrial conference (Hartford Litigation) Review PACER for any objections; finalize and submit Order granting default judgment against Eric Peterson (Hartford Litigation) Review of proposed stipulation by Prudential Attorney; Emails to and from E. Whiting, Attorney for Defendant, re issues. Meeting with Trustee regarding proposed settlement language; Email to attorney for Hartford/Prudential re the same (Hartford Litigation) Court appearance at pretrial; prepare and file motion and order to continue pretrial conference (Hartford Litigation) Email to E. Whiting, attorney for Prudential, re status on settlement agreement and upcoming PTC Email to E. Whiting, attorney for Prudential, re status on settlement agreement and upcoming PTC .2 210/hr .5 210/hr .4 210/hr 1.0 280/hr .2 350/hr .3 280/hr .1 280/hr .3 280/hr .3 280/hr .5 350/hr .1 280/hr .1 280/hr 42.00 42.00 105.00 84.00 280.00 70.00 84.00 28.00 84.00 84.00 175.00 28.00 28.00 1 Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 40 of 45 5/28/14 6/23/14 6/27/14 7/21/14 7/28/14 Attend Pretrial Conference; Emails to and from attorney for Prudential re status of pretrial conference and proposed stipulation (Hartford Litigation) Prepare Motion to approve comp and settle with Prudential; Emails to and from E. Whiting re the same (Hartford Litigation) 1.0 280/hr 1.0 280/hr Finalize, file and serve Motion to Approve Comp and Settle with Prudential/Hartford (Hartford Litigation) .6 280/hr Review PACER for any objections; finalize and submit Order Approving Compromise (Hartford Litigation) .1 280/hr Emails from and to E, Whiting, Attorney for Prudential, re policies subject to the settlement (12-7575) .2 280/hr 280.00 280.00 168.00 28.00 56.00 Total Fee Deduction: Total Fee Award: $ 0.00 $2,142.56 Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 41 of 45 2 Attachment F - Insufficient Description 1/3/14 Review and revise motion and order for default; telephone call to U.S. Attorney regarding office regarding documents 1/6/14 Review PACER for any objections; finalize and submit Order for Default Judgment 1/29/14 Court appearance at pretrial conference .2 350/hr .1 280/hr .3 350/hr 70.00 28.00 105.00 5/29/14 Review documents for transfers and financial information 6.0 2,100.00 5/30/14 Review files and email re: transfers 6/2/14 Finish reviewing boxes 6/27/14 7/8/14 7/15/14 Review PACER for any objections; submit Order Approving Compromise and Settlement Telephone conference with Mr. Stephenson regarding investor files (12-7575) Review and execute subpoenas (12-7575) 8/12/14 Review and revise complaint (12-7576) 8/12/14 Review and revise complaint (12-7577) 8/12/14 Review, research, and revise factual background of complaint (General/Consolidated Cases) 9/10/14 Review and revise settlement (12-7577) 10/2/14 Review and revise agreed order (12-7577) 350/hr 4.0 350/hr 2.0 350/hr .2 280/hr .3 350/hr .2 350/hr .2 350/hr .2 350/hr .8 350/hr .3 350/hr .1 350/hr 1,400.00 700.00 56.00 105.00 70.00 70.00 70.00 280.00 105.00 35.00 10/21/14 Review of letters from J. Rusnak re defenses; 2.0 560.00 Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 42 of 45 1 Review files and draft responses re needed docs General/Consolidated Cases 12/21/14 Review settlement correspondence and pleadings 9/23/15 10/1/15 10/5/15 10/26/15 12/9/15 Update proposed discovery requests (General/Consolidated Cases) Emails from and to J. Rusnak re discovery requests (General/Consolidated Cases) Prepare documents for discovery; Emails to and from Defendants’ attorney re same (General/Consolidated Cases) Emails from and to J. Rusnak, attorney for remaining defendants, re discovery extension (General/Consolidated Cases) Prepare expedited motion/order to amend pretrial order; emails to and from Special Counsel regarding the same; Update and file the same with the Court. (General/Consolidated Cases) 12/11/15 Emails to J. Rusnak, Attorney for remaining defendants, with Trustee’s responses to discovery (General/Consolidated Cases) 12/12/15 Emails from and to J. Rusnak re discovery responses (General/Consolidated Cases) 12/14/15 Preparation for upcoming expedited hearing to amend pretrial orders (General/Consolidated Cases) 12/15/15 Attend hearing on expedited hearing to amend pretrial orders (General/Consolidated Cases) 280/hr .2 350/hr .3 280/hr .1 280/hr 2.0 280/hr .1 280/hr 1.5 280/hr .3 280/hr .2 280/hr .5 280/hr 1.0 280/hr 1/11/16 1/13/16 Email to J. Rusnak re status of proposed 9019 Motion v. Remaining Defendants (General/Consolidated Cases) .1 280/hr Review email from J. Rusnak re revisions to 1st draft of 9019 Motion; Revise 9019 Motion; Email second draft to J. Rusnak to review. (General/Consolidated Cases) .2 280/hr 70.00 84.00 28.00 560.00 28.00 420.00 84.00 56.00 140.00 280.00 28.00 56.00 2 Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 43 of 45 1/14/16 Emails from and to J. Rusnak regarding revisions to second draft of 9019 Motion; update and file (in both main case & AP) 9019 Motion v. remaining defendants; review and revise mailing matrix for proper service of same. (General/Consolidated Casees) .6 280/hr 168.00 Total Fee Deduction: $7,756.00 Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 44 of 45 3 9/3/14 9/4/14 9/4/14 9/4/14 3/6/15 3/9/15 Attachment G – Seventh Avenue Partners Claim Review Claims filed in Seventh Avenue; Prepare Notice of Appearance; Prepare Seventh Avenue Claims; Telephone call with L. Edmondson, Trustee re Seventh Avenue re the same (needs to be divided among the three cases) General/Consolidated Cases Review bank records re transfers & credits between PE LLC and SAP; Update and file Claim in SAP (12-7577) Review bank records re transfers & credits between Mr. Peterson and SAP; Memo to file re “net loser” and reasons for not filing claim in SAP (12-7575) Review bank records re transfers & credits between PIA LLC and SAP; Memo to file re “net loser” and reasons for not filing claim in SAP (12-7576) Emails from and to J. Campbell, Attorney for Trustee for SAP, re Limor’s claim in SAP (12-7577) Review notes on claim filed in SAP; Emails from and to J. Campbell, Attorney for Trustee for SAP, re findings and no need to amend claim (12-7577) 2.0 280/hr 560.00 2.0 280/hr 1.5 280/hr .5 280/hr .2 280/hr .2 280/hr 560.00 420.00 140.00 56.00 56.00 Case 3:12-bk-07575 Doc 272 Filed 04/07/17 Entered 04/07/17 20:30:15 Desc Main Document Page 45 of 45

=== In re Jackson Masonry, No. 316-2065 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. April 21, 2017) ===

IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE IN RE: JACKSON MASONRY, LLC, Debtor. JACKSON MASONRY, LLC, Movant, v. RITZEN GROUP, INC., Respondent. CASE NO. 16-02065 CHAPTER 11 JUDGE CHARLES M. WALKER CONTESTED MATTER BENCH DECISION1 CHARLES M. WALKER UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY JUDGE We are here in the Chapter 11 case of Jackson Masonry, LLC, for the entry of my decision following the hearing that began on Monday, December 5, 2016, continued with testimony and other evidence on Tuesday, December 6th and concluded on Wednesday December 7, 2016. This decision that I will announce today is my bench decision. I am going to ask that if counsel to the parties obtains a transcript that the transcript be submitted to Chambers in Word 1 This memorandum is being filed in conjunction with the Oral Ruling delivered by this Court on December 19, 2016, and related to the corrected transcript of the Oral Ruling filed on the Court’s docket on April 20, 2017. This memorandum is filed in conjunction with the Oral Ruling of December 19, 2016 and the Order Disallowing Claim of Ritzen Group, Inc. in Part and Granting Judgment in Favor of Jackson Masonry, LLC (“Order”) entered on January 13, 2017, located at Docket entry 375, and is meant only to clarify the record and makes no substantive changes to the Oral Ruling or the related Order. 1 Case 3:16-bk-02065 Doc 423 Filed 04/21/17 Entered 04/21/17 07:00:09 Desc Main Document Page 1 of 13 Dated: 4/20/2017 format, so that we can correct inevitable problems with citation formats and other typographical errors, and then issue a corrected bench decision as the final and official version of my decision. But unless I misspeak terribly today in what I say, it is not my intention to make substantive changes to the decision that I will dictate today. This matter is before the court as part of a consolidated hearing on the allowance of the claim of Ritzen Group, Inc. and the two adversary proceedings filed by Jackson Masonry and Ritzen, adversary proceedings 16-90263 and 16-90270, to determine if Ritzen Group (“Ritzen”) has a claim against the Debtor arising out of the commercial real estate contract dispute as set forth in Ritzen’s pre-petition state court lawsuit pending in Davidson County Chancery Court and stayed by the filing of this Chapter 11 proceeding. Factual Background The Debtor, Jackson Masonry, LLC – which I will refer to as the “Debtor” – and Ritzen Group, Inc. – which I will refer to either as “Ritzen” or “Buyer” – entered into a Real Estate Sale Contract – which I will refer to as the “Contract” on March 21, 2013, to which Debtor agreed to sell Property located at 1200 49th Ave., Nashville, Tennessee, to Ritzen. Under the Contract, Ritzen would pay the Debtor the Purchase Price of $1,550,000 (“Purchase Price”) for the property located at 1200 49th Avenue North, Nashville, Tennessee – which I will refer to hereforth as the “Property”. The Contract did not contain a financing contingency clause, and provided that Ritzen was to tender the purchase price in cash at the closing of the sale of the Property (“Closing”). The Contract effective date was directly tied to the date on which Ritzen obtained rezoning of the Property from industrial restrictive zoning to multifamily district zoning. Rezoning was accomplished on March 19, 2014 and, according to the terms of the Contract, the 180-day due diligence period began immediately thereon, with Closing to take place 30 days thereafter. The Contract provided Ritzen with two options to extend the due diligence period up to 30 days in order to receive all necessary approvals and permits. Therefore, the day after the zoning change was the effective date of the Contract, with the original Closing date to be on October 15, 2014. The options in the Contract, if exercised, would mean that the absolute last day to close would be December 15, 2014. Case 3:16-bk-02065 Doc 423 Filed 04/21/17 Entered 04/21/17 07:00:09 Desc Main Document Page 2 of 13 2 Section 7 of the Contract set forth the obligations of each party at Closing. Under Section 7(b), the Debtor was to deliver certain documents at Closing, including a general warranty deed, authorization to consummate the transaction, a lien waiver affidavit, a FIRPTA certificate, a certificate regarding flood plains, an assignment of all leases and service agreements, executed estoppel certificates, a title insurance policy, an insurance certificate naming Ritzen as an additionally insured for $2,000,000, and such other documents to effectuate the agreement. Pursuant to Section 7(c) of the Contract, Ritzen’s obligations at Closing included providing the balance due and executing any such documents or instrument necessary to effectuate the transaction. On January 21, 2014, Keene Bartley, the closing attorney for the transaction, provided a title commitment to Ritzen that referenced certain exceptions to the title policy. Charles Morton, Ritzen’s attorney, responded with a request regarding changes to the title policy as to two of the exceptions, and documentation regarding a third. On September 8, 2014, Ritzen’s attorney, Charles Morton, sent a letter to the Debtor’s attorney, Tim Crenshaw, to exercise Ritzen’s first 30-day option to extend the Closing date to November 15, 2014. Mr. Crenshaw responded with a request for documentation to support such an extension under the Contract terms and stating that absent the tender of the documentation, the Closing remained on October 15, 2014. On October 7, 2014, Charles Morton requested an extension of the due diligence period in an attempt to set the Closing for December 15, 2014. Although it appeared that the Debtor disputed Ritzen’s right to extend the due diligence period and the Closing date, the Debtor continued to perform under the Contract. To that end, and in response to a December 2, 2014 letter from Ritzen’s attorney, Laurence Papel, acknowledging December 15, 2014 as the date of the Closing (Exhibit 49), the Debtor indicated it was ready, willing and able to close, and confirmed the date of Closing as December 15, 2014 (Exhibit 50). Mr. Papel doubly confirmed the Closing date and stated that Ritzen would “attend the closing on December 15th” (Exhibit 51). On December 12, 2014, Keene Bartley, confirming the Closing would be at 3:00 p.m. the following Monday, forwarded a round of draft closing documents to Ritzen’s then-attorney, Case 3:16-bk-02065 Doc 423 Filed 04/21/17 Entered 04/21/17 07:00:09 Desc Main Document Page 3 of 13 3 Lawrence Papel. The documents included: (a) the pro-forma title policy, (b) the warranty deed, (c) the settlement statement, and (d) the flood certificate. Upon receipt of the draft documents, Ritzen’s then-attorney Mr. Lalonde, sent a letter to Mr. Crenshaw identifying missing documents from the drafts received from Keene Bartley. The missing documents were: the form Assignment Agreement (pursuant to Section 7(b)(vii) of the Contract), estoppel certificates (pursuant to Section 7(b)(viii) of the Contract), proof of insurance (pursuant to Section 7(b)(x) of the Contract), a FIRPTA certificate (pursuant to Section 7(b)(iv) of the Contract), and a corporate resolution authorizing the transaction (pursuant to Section 7(b)(iii) of the Contract). Finally, Mr. Lalonde stated that the Closing would not go forward on December 15, 2014 (Exhibit 62). On December 14, 2014, the Debtor provided Ritzen with additional draft closing documents, including estoppel certificates, lease assignments, proof of insurance, FIRPTA, and the corporate resolution authorizing the transaction (Exhibit 66). At 2:30 p.m. on December 15, 2014, the Debtor’s representatives appeared at Mr. Bartley’s office for the Closing. At that time, the Debtor was prepared to tender the remaining closing documents for final review. At approximately 3:15 p.m., Mr. Papel called Mr. Bartley and informed him that Ritzen would not be appearing at the Closing. A few minutes later, Mr. Lalonde, another representative of Ritzen, emailed Mr. Crenshaw with a copy of a letter from Community First Bank & Trust to Douglas Hale, counsel for Amber Lane Development, LLC. The letter informed that Community First had funds on hand for delivery to Amber Lane for the purchase of the Property, and these funds were available “upon confirmation of the satisfaction of several conditions relating to the closing . . . .” The conditions were not articulated in the communication (Exhibit 79). The Debtor’s representatives stayed at Mr. Bartley’s office to close the sale of the Property until approximately 4:30 p.m. No one from Ritzen appeared at Mr. Bartley’s office at any point on December 15, 2014. Jurisdiction Applicable Legal Standards Jurisdiction is proper before this court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1334. This matter is a core proceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 157(b), and venue is proper under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1408 and 1409. Case 3:16-bk-02065 Doc 423 Filed 04/21/17 Entered 04/21/17 07:00:09 Desc Main Document Page 4 of 13 4 Tennessee State Law Each party asserts a claim for breach of contract against the other. The bases for these claims sounds in state contract law, and Tennessee is the only state with an interest in this action. Therefore, application of Tennessee state law is required. See Limor v. Weinstein & Sutton (In re SMEC, Inc.), 160 B.R. 86 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. 1993), Fidelity Nat’l Title Ins. Co. of NY v. Wilhoite (In re Wilhoite), No. 313-90099, 2013 WL 6979404 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. Dec. 13, 2013). Contract Interpretation When called upon to interpret or construe a contract, the court must initially determine if the language of the instrument is ambiguous or contains ambiguous terms. Planters Gin Co. v. Federal Compress & Warehouse Co., Inc., 78 S.W.3d 885, 890 (Tenn. 2002). If the court determines no ambiguities exist, the literal meaning of the language in the agreement controls. The court then moves to interpretation of the contract to ascertain the intentions of the parties. This is done by giving the language of the document its usual, natural, and ordinary meaning. Adkins v. Bluegrass Estates, Inc., 360 S.W.3d 404 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2011) (citing Allstate Ins. Co. v. Watson, 195 S.W.3d 609 (Tenn. 2006 . The parol evidence rule prohibits courts from venturing outside the four corners of an unambiguous agreement to determine the intentions of the parties. Rogers v. First Tennessee Bank Nat’l Ass’n, 738 S.W.2d 635 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1987). Breach of Contract Under Tennessee state law, a plaintiff with a breach of contract claim must prove (1) the existence of an enforceable contract; (2) nonperformance amounting to breach of the contract, and (3) damages caused by the breach. ARC LifeMed, Inc. v. AMC-Tennessee, Inc., 183 S.W.3d 1, 26 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). The parties here have stipulated that a contract between the parties did exist and that damages will be adjudicated at a separate hearing. Therefore, at this juncture, the court will focus on the second element and determine which party breached, if any, and under what terms that breach occurred. Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing It is well-established that Tennessee “common law imposes a duty of good faith in the performance of contracts.” Dick Broadcasting Co., Inc. of Tennessee v. Oak Ridge FM, Inc., 395 S.W.3d 653, 660 (Tenn. 2013) (quoting Wallace v. Nat’l Bank of Commerce, 938 S.W.2d 684, Case 3:16-bk-02065 Doc 423 Filed 04/21/17 Entered 04/21/17 07:00:09 Desc Main Document Page 5 of 13 5 686 (Tenn. 1996 . This duty is imposed in every contract, and applies to the performance and enforcement of every contract. Id. (citing Lamar Advertising Co. v. By-Pass Partners, 313 S.W.3d 779, 791 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2009 . While the purpose of the implied covenant is to honor the reasonable expectations of the contracting parties and to protect the rights of those parties, including the right to the benefit of their bargain, it does not create new rights or obligations under the contract. Id. citing Goot v. Metro. Gov’t of Nashville & Davidson County, No. M2003- 02013-COA-R3-CV, 2005 WL 3031638, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 9, 2005). Witnesses George Ritzen and Rogers Jackson The Evidence On direct examination, Mr. George Ritzen and Mr. Rogers Jackson testified as to the terms of the Contract, their individual understanding of those terms, as well as their actions and reactions to events and communications between the parties from Contract execution through the Closing date. George Ritzen Mr. Ritzen described the rezoning of the Property, as well as possible side deals, and financing options that arose during the pendency of the Contract. The Court found Mr. Ritzen’s testimony to be very credible. He expressed his concerns with the deal, such as the possibility of the Property being sold out from under him, as well as his issues with the closing documents. He also testified that he hired new counsel in Laurence Papel in early November of 2014 because he thought the Debtor was “becoming difficult to deal with.” Mr. Ritzen stated that he thought Mr. Crenshaw was trying to dictate the due diligence process to him in his letter of July 23, 2013 (Exhibit C), and he appeared offended by that. However, a review of the letter, and Mr. Crenshaw’s testimony indicate that Mr. Crenshaw appeared to be offering assistance to Mr. Ritzen with matters typically addressed through due diligence in a transaction of this nature. Additionally, Mr. Ritzen stated that it was his understanding that an assignment would be executed at closing, but that as of December 15, 2014 only an oral agreement with Austin Pennington, president of Amber Lane Development, existed as to the assignment. Importantly, Mr. Ritzen testified that as of the closing date of December 15, 2014, there existed no finalized funding package in a form sufficient to close the transaction with the Debtor. Case 3:16-bk-02065 Doc 423 Filed 04/21/17 Entered 04/21/17 07:00:09 Desc Main Document Page 6 of 13 6 Rogers Jackson Like Mr. Ritzen’s testimony, the Court found Mr. Jackson’s testimony to be very credible. He included an overview of the Debtor’s financial situation throughout the pendency of the Contract. His statements supported his contention that he did not want a delayed closing. His company was facing a critical deadline: its line of credit was coming due in three months. Mr. Jackson also testified about the condition of the property and the tenants, who were to vacate the Property 60 days after the Closing. As to the title on the Property, he stated there had been no adverse change to the title. He also stated that although other parties had approached him regarding the Property, he informed them that he could not talk to them while this deal was pending. Mr. Jackson’s testimony was well taken and the record contains nothing to indicate he did not intend to close at all times during the pendency of the Contract. Austin Pennington The next witness, Mr. Pennington, perhaps the most critical witness to determine whether Ritzen was able actual fund the purchase of the property, is a long-time friend of Mr. Ritzen’s. In fact, he testified that they went to kindergarten together. He took the stand to discuss the details of an assignment between Ritzen and Pennington’s development company, Amber Lane Development. Mr. Pennington was called to give the details of and verify the funding that would make the Closing on December 15, 2014 possible. Mr. Pennington’s testimony did not meet the mark and lacked credibility. His description of the funding agreement with his step-father, Burton Keene, was sketchy to say the least. There was no clarity as to how the funding through the assignment would work, whether it was cash with a deed of trust, or financed with a guarantee. Was it a first position or second position situation? What was his step-father’s interest in the Property after he funded the assignment? These are questions that remained after his testimony, even though he was questioned on direct and cross as to these details. The two things Mr. Pennington was clear about were: (1) he would not fund the transaction through an assignment unless his name was on the title, and (2) as of the Closing, there was no executed written assignment agreement with Ritzen on behalf of his company or himself personally sufficient to provide that funding. Mr. Pennington presented little more than a hypothetical description of what might have been or could have been under circumstances that did not actually exist. His testimony lacked any convincing detail regarding a funding arrangement that could have really closed on December 15, 2014, with a specific identified Case 3:16-bk-02065 Doc 423 Filed 04/21/17 Entered 04/21/17 07:00:09 Desc Main Document Page 7 of 13 7 owner and a concrete method of financing. Ultimately, his testimony proved nothing more than that his step-father had the financial wherewithal to do a similar deal if his step-father had actually chosen to do so – not that Ritzen could have closed this particular deal on December 15, 2014. Taken as a whole, the Court found Mr. Pennington’s testimony to lack credibility on the crucial question of Ritzen’s ability to close. Lori Bradley Next, Ms. Bradley testified as to her actions in obtaining the required lease assignments and estoppel certificates. Her testimony was wholly credible and there is nothing in the record to contradict that she had obtained fully executed lease assignments and estoppel agreements pursuant to the Contract requirements by the Closing date on December 15, 2014. Laurence Papel Mr. Papel was the attorney hired by Ritzen in November 2014. He stated he was hired because Ritzen was worried the Debtor was not going to close the transaction. Mr. Papel testified as to his efforts on behalf of Ritzen to finalize an assignment and obtain funding in order to meet the December 15, 2014 Closing deadline. Although Mr. Papel insisted that a “closing” means money and documents flow, and does not mean people sit around a table, his letter of December 4, 2014 to Mr. Crenshaw (Exhibit 51) confirming the December 15, 2014 Closing date and stating Ritzen would “prepare for and attend a closing on December 15, 2014” contradicted his definition of “closing” in this case. G. Miller Hogan Mr. Hogan testified as an expert witness on behalf of Ritzen. Although Mr. Hogan was held out as an expert in commercial real estate transactions in the Nashville area, that could be said about the next five witnesses in this trial. Mr. Hogan’s task was to clarify for the Court the “norm” for these types of contracts and transactions in Nashville. However, Mr. Hogan had not even reviewed the most recent documents tendered prior to the Closing, and he offered no testimony and no opinion in his report as to the state of the settlement statement, estoppel certificates, insurance certificates, lease assignments, FIRPTA certificate, and the flood plan certification. Although certainly a credible witness, his testimony did little to assist the Court and was no more “expert” than the experienced real estate attorneys who testified and who were part of the actual transaction. Case 3:16-bk-02065 Doc 423 Filed 04/21/17 Entered 04/21/17 07:00:09 Desc Main Document Page 8 of 13 8 Michael Franks and Douglas Hale Mr. Franks and Mr. Hale testified as to the assignment agreement between Ritzen and Amber Lane. Michael Franks Mr. Franks is Vice-President of Commercial Lending for Community First Bank and Trust. Mr. Franks’ testimony was that funds were available for transfer and he had authority to release those funds from Burton Keene’s account on the date of Closing. He also stated that there was no loan from Community First Bank and he could not speak as to any other funding source. Douglas Hale Mr. Hale is a partner in the law firm of Hale and Hale and represented Austin Pennington as to the assignment between Ritzen and Amber Lane Development. He testified as to his understanding of the assignment agreement and what was to occur at the Closing. He stated that it was his experience that if a party holding an assignment was to take title at a real estate closing, the party charged with preparing the closing documents would need to be made aware of those details in order to finalize the documents. He also stated that the assignment read as to be executed prior to the Closing. A redline and a closing version of the assignment agreement was circulated at 12:17 p.m. on December 15, 2014. He did not expect Mr. Pennington to sign these documents because they did not have the required attachments, namely the note and deed of trust referenced in the agreement. He stated that it would not have been unusual for him to require some form of assurance from Community First Bank regarding the funds on deposit, and the letter provided on December 15, 2014 would put his client in a position to be ready, willing, and able to finalize the assignment agreement. Keene Bartley Mr. Bartley was the Closing attorney on the transaction at issue here. Mr. Bartley testified that he considered the documents circulated prior to Closing to be in a condition such that they could be updated at Closing with information regarding any assignment and funding of that assignment. In his opinion, there appeared to have been no adverse changes to the title. He had blocked off a few hours for the Closing in order to have time to make all necessary changes to the documents. Importantly, Mr. Bartley credibly testified that when he spoke to Mr. Papel on December 15, 2014, Mr. Papel did in fact ask for another extension and mentioned that Ritzen Case 3:16-bk-02065 Doc 423 Filed 04/21/17 Entered 04/21/17 07:00:09 Desc Main Document Page 9 of 13 9 was now talking to Capstar Bank seeking funding. Based on Mr. Bartley’s uncontroverted testimony, which the Court finds credible since Mr. Papel was available at trial to contradict such statements regarding the nature of the conversation, the inference that can be drawn from the December 15th conversation between Mr. Bartley and Mr. Papel is that Ritzen was not in a position to close or else no extension would have been requested by Mr. Papel. James Crenshaw Mr. Crenshaw represented the Debtor in this transaction and provided information as to interaction with Ritzen regarding the requested extensions, the status of the insurance on the property required by the Contract, the progressive condition of the Closing documents, and the events of December 15, 2014. Mr. Crenshaw attested to Ritzen’s request for an extension on December 15, 2014 and the mention of Capstar Bank as the latest financial institution from which Ritzen was seeking funding for the transaction. Chris Lalonde Mr. Lalonde represented Ritzen and was unavailable to testify. His deposition was read into the record. His statements were as to the condition of the Closing documents. Mr. Lalonde’s stated that the Closing documents were transmitted in portable document format (PDF) rendering them unmodifiable. He also stated that he had requested a Housing and Urban Development Form 1, but that was typically only used in residential real estate transactions. His statements regarding the funding included that the funds were available for transfer and that the 3:00 p.m. Closing time made it impossible to wire funds for the Closing timely. The Closing Documents The condition of the Closing documents, and that condition that existed at the time they were tendered for review prior to Closing, are material and dispositive issues when determining breach on the part of the Debtor. The Contract called for the Debtor to tender nine documents at Closing. Ritzen has taken issue with seven of those documents and argued that the condition of these documents prevented the Closing from going forward, therefore, the Debtor breached. The seven documents at issue are: 1) The warranty deed – the defects alleged in the warranty deed are: a. Typographical errors; b. Incorrectly identified Ritzen as the new owner and not Amber Lane; c. The derivation clause mentioned a subsequent conveyance of the Property; and Case 3:16-bk-02065 Doc 423 Filed 04/21/17 Entered 04/21/17 07:00:09 Desc Main Document Page 10 of 13 10 d. Certain warranty language was missing; 2) The owner’s lien waiver affidavit is alleged to be defective in that it incorrectly states there are no leases on the Property; 3) The flood plain certificate is alleged to be defective in that it incorrectly identifies Mr. Bartley’s firm as the lender; 4) The assignment of leases was a blank form; 5) The executed estoppel certificates consisted of a blank form; 6) The title insurance policy contained certain exceptions from coverage that Ritzen requested be removed; 7) The liability insurance policy had umbrella liability in the amount of $5,000,000 per occurrence and was set to expire on January 1, 2015. Conclusion Despite over 20 hours of argument and witness testimony, this is actually a very straightforward matter. Clearing away all of the smoke and mirrors, it boils down to, under the terms of the Contract, who performed at the Closing of this commercial real estate transaction. The language and terms of the Contract were clear and unambiguous. The responsibilities of the parties were distinctly set out, and there is no dispute as to the Closing date. Both parties presented evidence to establish the Closing date as December 15, 2014. Both parties presented evidence establishing that the Debtor was to tender certain documents sufficient to accomplish Closing of the transaction. Although Ritzen argued that the tender was implied in the Contract to be prior to the Closing, the court finds that the terms of the Contract clearly called for tender at Closing. Moreover, the pre-closing condition of the documents was such that it did not impair Ritzen’s performance and did not prevent the Closing from moving forward on December 15, 2014. Mr. Bartley, the closing attorney, testified that he had set aside time for the Closing on December 15, 2014 sufficient to make the routine adjustments to the documents. The complained-of insufficiencies in those documents are not fatal to the Closing of the transaction. They could have been corrected with minor adjustments given the relative simplicity of the documents. Documents are adjusted at Closing as a matter of course and this transaction was no exception. With the wealth of experience of the attorneys involved on both sides of this Case 3:16-bk-02065 Doc 423 Filed 04/21/17 Entered 04/21/17 07:00:09 Desc Main Document Page 11 of 13 11 transaction, it is impossible to believe that, with both sides at the Closing table or engaged in meaningful dialogue on the phone or by electronic communication on the day of closing, that the necessary changes could not have been accomplished with minimal effort. Debtor’s deficiencies were relatively easy to correct, were not commercially unreasonable and within the scope of what a reasonable person would expect to handle to finalize the deal at closing, and overall simply did not rise to the level of a material breach. There was a lot of reference to “ready, willing, and able” with regard to both parties to this transaction. I don’t think the willing part is in question. The Debtor needed to close because they had a significant financial hardship. Ritzen wanted to close because they had invested a significant amount of time, energy, and money into this transaction. It appears from the evidence presented that both parties wanted the transaction to close, and acted in good faith toward that end. It’s the “ready” and “able” that is at issue here. What does “ready” mean in the context of closing this real estate transaction? “Ready” means prepared. Prepared to conduct the transaction. All the ducks are in a row, so to speak. “Able” means prepared to pull the trigger. In this instance, prepared to tender documents and funds. The Debtor was prepared to tender the documents, but Ritzen was not prepared to tender funds. Ritzen’s funding witness, Mr. Pennington, could not articulate basic points of the assignment or the Contract, let alone make any definitive statement regarding the status of funding on the date of the Closing. Ritzen’s counsel, Mr. Papel testified that Ritzen did not have to physically show up to the Closing, but his letter of December 4, 2014 contradicts that statement and establishes the understanding that Ritzen had to literally bring money to the Closing table. Nothing in the record establishes Ritzen’s ability to perform its responsibilities under the terms of the Contract on the Closing date: specifically, Ritzen could not and did not fund the transaction. In contrast to Debtor’s deficiencies related to the documents that were tendered, which were easily correctable, Ritzen’s deficiency – the ability to fund – was at the heart of the deal, was an absolute prerequisite to closing on the specified date, and did indeed rise to the level of being a material breach. The evidence including Ritzen’s failure to attend the Closing at the agreed time and place supports this conclusion. The Debtor’s performance on the date of Closing indicates a readiness and ability to Close. The Debtor appeared at the agreed time and place for Closing with documents sufficient to accomplish the Closing. Although a great deal of time was spent during the hearing Case 3:16-bk-02065 Doc 423 Filed 04/21/17 Entered 04/21/17 07:00:09 Desc Main Document Page 12 of 13 12 discussing the relative significance of attending the physical closing scheduled for 3:00 p.m. on December 15, 2014 and the Court has referenced the failure to physically appear at the Closing. This Court’s decision is not dependent on that point. Whether viewed as a precise moment in time in a specific conference room or viewed as an intended electronic closing within a rough range of time around that date and time, the fact is that Ritzen failed to prove that it was in a position to fund and close the deal – physically, virtually, electronically or any other way – on or about the agreed upon date. Ritzen’s actions on the date of Closing indicate they were unprepared and unable to perform their responsibilities. There is ample evidence in the record to show Ritzen’s efforts and struggles in their attempt to assign and fund the transaction. What is missing from the record is any evidence that Ritzen had secured funding to close the deal on December 15, 2014. “Do. Or do not. There is no try.” December 15, 2014 was the date to “Do.” It was not the date to establish that you tried. The Debtor acted in good faith and was ready, willing, and able to perform its responsibilities under the Contract on December 15, 2014, and therefore, did not breach. Although it appears Ritzen acted in good faith as well, Ritzen was unable to perform its duties under the Contract on December 15, 2014, and consequently, Ritzen materially breached the Contract. Therefore, Ritzen does not have a claim against the Debtor. A separate order will issue accordingly in the main case and the adversary proceedings based on the Court’s Decision. The parties may submit their proposed orders referencing this oral opinion by Tuesday, December 20, 2016 at noon. Case 3:16-bk-02065 Doc 423 Filed 04/21/17 Entered 04/21/17 07:00:09 Desc Main Document Page 13 of 13 13 This Order has been electronically signed. The Judge's signature and Court's seal appear at the top of the first page. United States Bankruptcy Court.

=== In re Zenga, Nos. 316-01661, 316-01662 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. Sept. 7, 2017) ===

UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE In re: VINCENT JAMES ZENGA, Alleged Debtor, Case No. 3:16-01661 Chapter 7 Honorable Charles M. Walker ORDER DENYING THE DEBTOR’S MOTION TO DISMISS For the findings and reasons set forth in the Memorandum filed contemporaneously herewith, and in compliance with the opinion and judgment of the Sixth Circuit Bankruptcy Appellate Panel issued on January 17, 2017, IT IS ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED, that the Debtor’s Motion to Dismiss is DENIED and the Clerk of the Court is hereby ordered to enter the Order for Relief in this case. THIS ORDER WAS SIGNED AND ENTERED ELECTRONICALLY AS INDICATED AT THE TOP OF THE FIRST PAGE. Case 3:16-bk-01661 Doc 93 Filed 09/07/17 Entered 09/07/17 15:02:01 Desc Main Document Page 1 of 1 Dated: 9/7/2017This Order has been electronically signed. The Judge's signature and Court's seal appear at the top of the first page. United States Bankruptcy Court. UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE In re: ROBIN ZENGA, Alleged Debtor, Case No. 3:16-01662 Chapter 7 Honorable Charles M. Walker ORDER DENYING THE DEBTOR’S MOTION TO DISMISS For the findings and reasons set forth in the Memorandum filed contemporaneously herewith, and in compliance with the opinion and judgment of the Sixth Circuit Bankruptcy Appellate Panel issued on January 17, 2017, IT IS ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED, that the Debtor’s Motion to Dismiss is DENIED and the Clerk of the Court is hereby ordered to enter the Order for Relief in this case. THIS ORDER WAS SIGNED AND ENTERED ELECTRONICALLY AS INDICATED AT THE TOP OF THE FIRST PAGE. Case 3:16-bk-01662 Doc 89 Filed 09/07/17 Entered 09/07/17 15:04:04 Desc Main Document Page 1 of 1 Dated: 9/7/2017This Order has been electronically signed. The Judge's signature and Court's seal appear at the top of the first page. United States Bankruptcy Court. UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE In re: VINCENT JAMES ZENGA, Alleged Debtor, ROBIN ZENGA, Alleged Debtor, Case No. 316-01661 Chapter 7 Judge Walker Case No. 316-01662 Chapter 7 Judge Walker MEMORANDUM This matter is before the Court on remand from the Sixth Circuit Bankruptcy Appellate Panel (“Panel”) for determination of one issue: did the petitioning creditor rely to his detriment on the alleged debtors’ misrepresentations in a state court proceeding when he filed involuntary bankruptcy cases against them as the sole petitioning creditor? Background Ivan Qi (“Mr. Qi”) entered into an agreed judgment in the amount of $2.5 million in 2009 as a result of a state court action brought by him against Vincent and Robin Zenga (“Zengas”). Mr. Qi served the Zengas with interrogatories in his attempt to execute on the judgment. In those sworn interrogatories, the Zengas stated they had eleven creditors, including Mr. Qi. Based on that information, when his collection efforts failed, Mr. Qi filed involuntary bankruptcy petitions Case 3:16-bk-01661 Doc 94 Filed 09/07/17 Entered 09/07/17 15:05:32 Desc Main Document Page 1 of 7 1 Dated: 9/7/2017 against each of the Zengas individually.1 The Zengas filed motions to dismiss for each case alleging they actually had twenty-one creditors; consequently, the petitions were subject to dismissal as three petitioning creditors were required in that instance.2 The motions to dismiss were set for the presentation of evidence and argument on May 31, 2016. In his ruling, Judge Lundin held that Mr. Qi met the elements for equitable estoppel, and entered the orders for relief. The Zengas appealed to the Panel and obtained a stay of the orders for relief pending appeal. The Panel’s Ruling The Panel considered the elements necessary to establish equitable estoppel as: “(1) misrepresentation by the party against whom estoppel is asserted; (2) reasonable reliance on the misrepresentation by the party asserting estoppel; and (3) detriment to the party asserting estoppel.” In re Zenga, 562 B.R. 341, 350 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2017), citing Michigan Express, Inc. v. United States, 374 F.3d 424, 427 (6th Cir. 2004, LaBonte v. United States, 233 F.3d 1049, 1053 (7th Cir. 2000). The Panel’s remand was based on the finding that when considering Mr. Qi’s position that the Zengas were estopped from claiming that three petitioning creditors were required to file involuntary petitions against the Zengas, the bankruptcy court neglected to determine all of the elements of equitable estoppel. The Panel noted that there was no dispute as to the first two elements and found that Mr. Qi met his burden as to the first two elements, and part of the third—that he relied on the information. However, when considering that reliance, the Panel held that the bankruptcy court had failed to address the detriment of that reliance. 1 Individual cases have been maintained due to the involuntary nature of the filings. Since all of the filings in each case have been identical, this opinion will apply to each case and entered in each case. 2 See 11 U.S.C. § 303(b). 2 Case 3:16-bk-01661 Doc 94 Filed 09/07/17 Entered 09/07/17 15:05:32 Desc Main Document Page 2 of 7 In order to meet the requirements for equitable estoppel, Mr. Qi must have suffered some loss, damage, or disadvantage as a result of his reliance on the Zengas’ misrepresentation that they only had eleven creditors. The Panel remanded the proceeding for determination by the bankruptcy court regarding the detrimental effect of that reliance. Zenga, 562 B.R. at 350-51. Proceedings on Remand The bankruptcy court3 conducted an evidentiary hearing on August 1, 2017. The parties appeared through counsel and presented argument and evidence as to the sole remaining issue: did Mr. Qi suffer the requisite detriment for his reliance on the Zengas’ misrepresentations in their state court filings? The only witness called to the stand was Philip Groves, President of DAC Management (“DAC”). Mr. Groves testified under direct examination that an agreement was forged between DAC and Mr. Qi to collect on the state court judgment. In furtherance of the collection efforts, DAC retained the law firm of Bass, Berry & Sims (“Bass Berry”) to assist in the collection against the Zengas in the state of Tennessee. Bass Berry pursued the collection of the judgment, and in doing so, made several attempts to obtain information regarding the Zengas’ financial status—including a complete list of creditors. Based on the Zengas’ sworn interrogatories in those state court cases, Mr. Qi authorized Bass Berry to file involuntary bankruptcy petitions against the Zengas individually. Mr. Groves’ testimony focused on the efforts of DAC and Bass Berry to collect on the judgment. He verified the services rendered, and the fees and expenses incurred by both entities and charged to Mr. Qi for pursuit of the judgment. 3 Judge Lundin conducted the hearing on May 31, 2016 prior to his retirement. Judge Walker conducted the proceedings held upon remand, and presides over the cases going forward. 3 Case 3:16-bk-01661 Doc 94 Filed 09/07/17 Entered 09/07/17 15:05:32 Desc Main Document Page 3 of 7 Also offered as evidence on Mr. Qi’s behalf was Mr. Groves’ declaration filed February 21, 2017. The declaration supported his testimony that Mr. Qi has incurred in excess of $64,000 in professional fees pursuing the Zengas through the bankruptcy and the appeal of the entry of the orders for relief. The declaration contained an invoice from Bass Berry as an attachment. The declaration and attachment were entered into evidence. This evidence also indicated that the post- judgment interest rate had increased the judgment to an amount in excess of $4.4 million. The Zengas presented no evidence to contradict Mr. Groves’ testimony, the contents of his declaration, or the Bass Berry invoice. Detrimental Reliance Equitable estoppel is invoked to prevent an injustice. It comes into play when a party asserts a position contrary to a previous position and another party relies on the previous position to his detriment. In re Crain, 158 B.R. 608 (Bankr. W.D. Pa. 1993), citing Heckler v. Community Health Servs. of Crawford Cty., Inc., 467 U.S. 51, 59, 104 S. Ct. 2218, 2223, 81 L. Ed. 42 (1984). In order to meet the requirements for equitable estoppel, Mr. Qi must have suffered some loss, damage, or disadvantage as a result of his reliance on the Zengas’ misrepresentation that they only had eleven creditors. Zinga, 562 B.R. at 350-51. This is the sole consideration before this Court. The reliance portion has been established and affirmed by the Panel. Now there must be a determination of what, if anything, was suffered as a result of that reliance. The “detriment” in “detrimental reliance” refers to a substantial loss, damage, or change in position suffered by the party asserting the estoppel. Teledyne Indus., Inc. v. N.L.R.B., 911 F.2d 1214 (6th Cir. 1990), citing Edwards v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 690 F.2d 595 (6th Cir. 1982). The Panel, when considering the lack of findings regarding any detriment suffered by Mr. Qi, discussed several Sixth Circuit opinions involving the issue. Case 3:16-bk-01661 Doc 94 Filed 09/07/17 Entered 09/07/17 15:05:32 Desc Main Document Page 4 of 7 4 The Panel first referred to the ruling in Deschamps v. Bridgestone Americas, Inc., for the premise that the detriment suffered must be “actual and substantial.” 840 F.3d 267, 276 (6th Cir. 2016). In Deschamps, the court determined that Deschamp’s reliance resulted in a lost opportunity to improve his employment position. Such a loss was significant enough to establish detrimental reliance, and support entry of summary judgment in his favor on his equitable estoppel claim. Second, the Panel looked at an unpublished opinion in which the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals considered a loss of evidence and a loss of the opportunity to improve one’s position to be a detriment in its ruling in favor of a plaintiff in his ERISA estoppel claim. Smiljanich v. General Motors Corp., 302 F. App’x 443 (6th Cir. 2008). In Smiljanich, the plaintiff, in relying on statements from his employer regarding his employment status, allowed other opportunities to pass that may have led to an increase in salary. The court held that the “lost opportunity” detriment, where it is reasonably clear that the plaintiff suffered a loss, supported estoppel relief. Smiljanich, 302 F. App’x at 450, citing Armistead v. Vernitron Corp., 944 F.2d 1287, 1299 (6th Cir. 1991). Mr. Qi’s Detriment In determining if Mr. Qi suffered any detriment as a result of his reliance on the Zengas’ false statements, the Court must conduct a factual inquiry, as well as a counterfactual inquiry. See Smiljanich, 302 F. App’x at 450. The factual inquiry relies on the uncontroverted declaration and testimony of Mr. Groves. Mr. Groves established Mr. Qi’s approach to collecting on the agreed judgment. Mr. Qi’s actions in pursuing the judgment were reasonable and thorough. His counsel’s inquiry as to the number of creditors went above and beyond due diligence. See Bridgeport Music, Inc. v. Diamond Time, Ltd., 371 F.3d 883, 891 (6th Cir. 2004), citing Netzer v. Continuity Graphic Assocs., Inc., 963 F. Supp. 1308, 1316 Case 3:16-bk-01661 Doc 94 Filed 09/07/17 Entered 09/07/17 15:05:32 Desc Main Document Page 5 of 7 5 (S.D.N.Y. 1997) (party invoking estoppel is “required to demonstrate that his ignorance is not attributable to a lack of diligence on his part”). The Zengas were given every opportunity to disclose the information they chose to hide from Mr. Qi—that being the number and identity of all of their creditors. Mr. Qi incurred significant costs related to his actions in reliance on the Zengas misrepresentations, that being attorneys’ fees and costs in excess of $64,000, as well as the costs associated with Mr. Groves’ services on behalf of DAC. Additionally, Mr. Qi’s position as to collection of the debt was negatively impacted in a number of ways: 1) Mr. Qi filed the involuntary petitions in March of 2016, over 18 months ago. During that time, Mr. Qi has been prevented from pursuing collection of the debt; 2) the amount of the judgment debt has now reached over $4.4 million, a substantial increase from the original amount of $2.5 million; and, 3) the bankruptcy proceedings, and Mr. Qi’s ability to collect anything through those proceedings, have been stalled by the Zengas’ actions in this court and before the Panel. The counterfactual inquiry is basically a “what if” analysis. Smiljanich, 302 F. App’x at 450-51. For example, what if the Zengas had truthfully disclosed the identity and number of their creditors? In that instance, Mr. Qi could have sought out additional petitioning creditors, affording him the opportunity to protect and pursue his interests under the Bankruptcy Code. He would not have solely incurred the attorneys’ fees and costs associated with the filing of the bankruptcy petitions, and he certainly would not have solely born the costs associated with any appeal. If, however, he could not find any allies in the Zengas’ creditors, he could have pursued his collection efforts in any number of ways unfettered by the Case 3:16-bk-01661 Doc 94 Filed 09/07/17 Entered 09/07/17 15:05:32 Desc Main Document Page 6 of 7 6 restrictions placed on him by the Bankruptcy Code—a substantial loss of an opportunity to advance his position, to be sure. Conclusion Mr. Qi has clearly established the detriment of his reliance on the Zengas’ misrepresentations. By doing so, he has met the required elements to support relief in his favor for his claim of equitable estoppel. Therefore, the motion to dismiss is DENIED and a separate order will be entered in each case. This Memorandum was signed and entered electronically as indicated at the top of the first page. Case 3:16-bk-01661 Doc 94 Filed 09/07/17 Entered 09/07/17 15:05:32 Desc Main Document Page 7 of 7 7 This Order has been electronically signed. The Judge's signature and Court's seal appear at the top of the first page. United States Bankruptcy Court.

=== In re Cunningham, No. 313-02021 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. Oct. 3, 2017) ===

IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE NASHVILLE DIVISION IN RE: DAVID LYNN CUNNINGHAM and MILDRED E. CUNNINGHAM, Debtors. Case No. 313-02021 Chapter 13 Judge Charles Walker For the reasons stated in the Memorandum contemporaneously filed ORDER herewith, IT IS ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that the Trustee’s Amended Motion to Disallow Balance of Claim of Check Holders is denied. The claim of Check Holders remains allowed, and the provisions of 11 U.S.C. § 347(a) apply. IT IS SO ORDERED. This order was signed and entered electronically as indicated at the top of the first page. Case 3:13-bk-02021 Doc 53 Filed 10/03/17 Entered 10/03/17 10:29:54 Desc Main Document Page 1 of 1 Dated: 10/3/2017This Order has been electronically signed. The Judge's signature and Court's seal appear at the top of the first page. United States Bankruptcy Court. IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE NASHVILLE DIVISION IN RE: DAVID LYNN CUNNINGHAM and MILDRED E. CUNNINGHAM, Debtors. Case No. 313-02021 Chapter 13 Judge Charles Walker MEMORANDUM This matter is before the court on the Trustee’s Amended Motion to Disallow Balance of Claim of Check Holders. The Trustee has filed his brief in support of the motion, the United States Trustee also filed a brief at the Court’s request, and for the reasons stated below, the Trustee’s motion will be denied. Factual Background David and Mildred Cunningham (“Debtors”) filed for relief under Chapter 131 on March 6, 2013. Schedule F of their petition indicated $46,755 in general unsecured debt. Identified as a general unsecured creditor was Check Holders, Inc. (“Check Holders”) in the amount of $230. The Debtors also filed a Chapter 13 plan indicating they would pay to the Chapter 13 Trustee $318.25 per month, for a total of $19,095 over a 60-month period. On March 18, 2013, Check Holders timely filed a general unsecured claim in the amount of $230. No party objected to the claim, and the order confirming 1 11 U.S.C. § 101 ff. Any reference to “chapter” or “section” or “the Code” is a reference to the Bankruptcy Code unless another reference is stated. 1 Case 3:13-bk-02021 Doc 52 Filed 10/03/17 Entered 10/03/17 10:26:59 Desc Main Document Page 1 of 8 Dated: 10/3/2017 the plan was entered on April 23, 2013. Three days later, the Trustee filed a Notice of Confirmation and Plan Terms stating Check Holders held a claim that would be paid as a general unsecured claim with a dividend of 1%. The Notice contains a notation that reads: “No disbursements will be made on any claim pursuant to the plan unless an allowed proof of claim is filed.” Notice ECF No. 23. Six months later, on October 7, 2013, the Trustee filed a Notice stating the Trustee had examined the claims and the claim of Check Holders would be deemed allowed for the purpose of distribution pursuant to the confirmed plan. Trustee’s Notice of Intent to Pay Claims. ECF No. 31. More than three and one-half years later, the Trustee filed a motion to disallow the claim of Check Holders, which he promptly withdrew and followed with the filing of this amended motion requesting the same relief: disallowance of the balance of the allowed claim because Check Holders had abandoned their claim. Trustee’s Amended Motion and Notice to Disallow Claim(s) #4. ECF No. 43. The balance of the claim referred to in the motion was the amount of the original allowed claim—$230. The basis for the “abandonment” alleged in the motion was the return of a check issued to Check Holders, and the failure of the Trustee’s office to determine the correct address for the claimant. The motion stated that the Trustee’s office made an inquiry of the debtor’s attorney, the phonebook directory, and directory assistance, and now seeks disallowance of the claim as abandoned after those avenues failed to disclose the correct address for Check Holders. No legal authority or basis was referenced in the motion. Statutory Predicate and Legal Standards Although the Trustee fails to mention any legal basis for the relief requested in the motion, his brief in support relied heavily on Judge Paine’s opinion in In re Lee, 189 B.R. 692 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. 1995), wherein the Court analyzed the application of § 347(a) and § 502(j) to a nearly identical set of facts. In this case, Case 3:13-bk-02021 Doc 52 Filed 10/03/17 Entered 10/03/17 10:26:59 Desc Main Document Page 2 of 8 2 as in Lee, the issues revolve around one particular fact: the failure of a creditor to negotiate a distribution check issued by the Chapter 13 Trustee pursuant to a confirmed Chapter 13 plan. 11 U.S.C. § 347(a) Funds held by a court for an owner that has failed to claim the funds, failed to negotiate payment of the funds, or cannot be located, are typically identified as unclaimed funds. A trustee must treat the funds associated with any uncashed checks as unclaimed property under § 347, and deposit them with the court to be held in trust for the party entitled to be paid. In re Gettig Technologies, Inc., No. 1:05-bk-06044-MDF, 2016 WL 836992 (Bankr. M.D. Pa. Mar. 3, 2016). Claim to such funds exists “in perpetuity, and the funds may be claimed at any time by the owner, a successor, or any other petitioner that proves a right to the funds.” Guide to Judiciary Policy, Vol. 13, § 1010.50(a). Section 347(a) identifies and governs deposit and distribution of unclaimed funds in Chapter 13, as well as Chapters 7 and 12, cases: Ninety days after the final distribution under section 726, 1226, or 1326 of this title in a case under chapter 7, 12, or 13 of this title, as the case may be, the trustee shall stop payment on any check remaining unpaid, and any remaining property of the estate shall be paid into the court and disposed of under chapter 129 of title 28. Section 347 is unambiguous and clearly expresses Congress’ intent that unclaimed funds are to be paid into the court to be held in trust for the claimant, and not redistributed to other creditors. Gettig, 2016 WL 836992 at *3. See also In re Transport Group, Inc., No. 93-30015, 2007 WL 734817 (Bankr. W.D. Ky. Mar. 7, 2007). 28 U.S.C.A. § 2041 Because “an unlocated creditor has a property right in his or her distributive share of the funds of a bankruptcy estate,” Chapter 129, combined with due Case 3:13-bk-02021 Doc 52 Filed 10/03/17 Entered 10/03/17 10:26:59 Desc Main Document Page 3 of 8 3 process principles, governs the distribution of unclaimed funds via § 2041. Leider v. United States Treasury Dep’t, 301 F.3d 1290, 1296 (Fed. Cir. 2002). Section 2041 provides as follows: All moneys paid into any court of the United States, or received by the officers thereof, in any case pending or adjudicated in such court, shall be forthwith deposited with the Treasurer of the United States or a designated depositary, in the name and to the credit of such court. This section shall not prevent the delivery of any such money to the rightful owners upon security, according to agreement of parties, under the direction of the court. 28 U.S.C.A. § 2041 The bankruptcy court is charged with the duty of determining that an individual or entity claiming funds held by the Court as unclaimed funds is the rightful owner of the funds. Id., see also In re Scott, 346 B.R. 557, 558 (Bankr. N.D. Ga. 2006). 11 U.S.C.A. § 502 Section 502(j) provides the legal standard for reconsideration of the allowance or disallowance of a claim at any point in a pending bankruptcy case. Section 502 provides, in relevant part: (j) A claim that has been allowed or disallowed may be reconsidered for cause. A reconsidered claim may be allowed or disallowed according to the equities of the case. Reconsideration of a claim under this subsection does not affect the validity of any payment or transfer from the estate made to a holder of an allowed claim on account of such allowed claim that is not reconsidered, but if a reconsidered claim is allowed and is of the same class as such holder's claim, such holder may not receive any additional payment or transfer from the estate on account of such holder's allowed claim until the holder of such reconsidered and allowed claim receives payment on account of such claim proportionate in value to that already received by such other holder. This subsection does not alter or modify the trustee's Case 3:13-bk-02021 Doc 52 Filed 10/03/17 Entered 10/03/17 10:26:59 Desc Main Document Page 4 of 8 4 right to recover from a creditor any excess payment or transfer made to such creditor. 11 U.S.C.A. § 502. When a court reconsiders a claim, no matter at what juncture in a pending case, the court must weigh the following: a) b) c) the extent and reasonableness of any delay, or prejudice to any party in interest, the effect on efficient court administration, and the moving party’s good faith. Fryer v. Easy Money Title Pawn, Inc. (In re Fryer), 172 B.R. 1020, 1024 (Bankr. S.D. Ga. 1994), citing Sentry Fin. Serv. Corp. v. Pitrat (In re Resources Reclamation Corp. of Am., 34 B.R. 771 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 1983); Johnson v. Farmers Furniture Co. (In re Johnson), No. 87–10284, 1990 WL 605089 (Bankr. S.D. Ga. Aug. 21, 1990). FED. R. BANKR. P. 3008 Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 3008 provides the procedural requirements for reconsideration of the allowance or disallowance of a claim at any point before a case is closed: A party in interest may move for reconsideration of an order allowing or disallowing a claim against the estate. The court after a hearing on notice shall enter an appropriate order. Congress, when considering this rule, emphasized the importance of notice when reversing a previous properly noticed order: Advisory Committee Note 1983 If a motion to reconsider is granted, notice and hearing must be afforded to parties in interest before the previous action in the claim taken in respect to the claim may be vacated or modified. Case 3:13-bk-02021 Doc 52 Filed 10/03/17 Entered 10/03/17 10:26:59 Desc Main Document Page 5 of 8 5 In re Lee In Lee, as in this case, the final distribution had not been made. The court found that § 347(a) did not apply to a check returned prior to the final distribution, only to checks that remain unnegotiated after 90 days following final plan distribution. Lee, 189 B.R. at 696. Therefore, the check did not represent unclaimed funds subject to deposit in the name of the creditor. The Trustee then asserted that the creditor had abandoned its allowed claim by not advising the Trustee or the court of a viable address, thereby making the allowance of the claim reviewable under § 502(j). Judge Paine provided an analysis of two of the three considerations in a § 502(j) review, specifically, efficiency of court administration and the Trustee’s good faith in bringing the motion. Supra p.5. The allowed claim was found to be disallowed because the Trustee asserted efficient court administration as the basis for the motion, and this assertion demonstrated his good faith in bringing the motion. Discussion The Trustee relies solely on the reasoning in Lee, and this Court finds the reasoning in Lee to be flawed. Under the Lee interpretation, § 347(a) is only applicable to the final distribution check under a Chapter 13 plan. Judge Paine defines the final distribution as the final payment made before the Trustee closes the case. No distinction is made between all other distribution checks and the final distribution check. This, of course, begs the question: What makes the final distribution check different than the other distribution checks, if the failure to provide a current address is the basis for disallowance? If Congress intended that all claims wherein a disbursement check is not negotiated should be deemed disallowed except where the final distribution check remains unnegotiated, it would have stated so in the statute. Instead, what Case 3:13-bk-02021 Doc 52 Filed 10/03/17 Entered 10/03/17 10:26:59 Desc Main Document Page 6 of 8 6 Congress said was that any disbursement check remaining unnegotiated 90 days after the final distribution, shall be deposited into the Court’s registry. Thus, the Code provides for this exact situation. Section 347(a) is as straightforward as it gets. If a creditor does not negotiate a check, and that check remains uncashed 90 days after the final distribution, the funds represented by that check are deemed unclaimed funds and are to be deposited into the Court’s registry in trust for the creditor. Period. The funds belong to the claimant holding an allowed claim. Here, the Trustee made payment on Check Holders’ claim because it was an allowed claim. The Trustee issued a check and it was returned for an insufficient address. This is the exact scenario Congress obviously envisioned when enacting § 347(a). The Trustee contends that the return of the disbursement check subjects the underlying allowed claim to reconsideration under § 502(j) pursuant to the reasoning in Lee. Although this contention is misplaced because these are clearly unclaimed funds, Lee is a ruling from this district and distinction is necessary in order to establish a clearer and more current edict going forward in these instances. When a party is urging reconsideration of an order allowing a claim, the court must consider the significance of any delay, or prejudice to any party in interest, the effect on efficient court administration, and the moving party’s good faith. Fryer, 172 B.R. at 1024. In Lee, the court appeared to give no weight to the first factor, instead skipping to a finding that efficient court administration was the most important factor, and the Trustee’s reliance on that factor evidenced the Trustee’s good faith in bringing the motion. Nowhere did the Trustee, or the court, indicate just how the efficiency of the court would be effected by disallowance of the claim for failure to provide a new mailing address. Even if § 502(j) applied in this case, application of the reconsideration factors weigh in favor of the claim remaining allowed. Case 3:13-bk-02021 Doc 52 Filed 10/03/17 Entered 10/03/17 10:26:59 Desc Main Document Page 7 of 8 7 The first factor, and the one that far outweighs the others, is the prejudice to a party. We have established that an unlocated creditor has a property right to the funds distributed under a bankruptcy plan. Elevating the prejudice is the lack of notice. Congress clearly considered notice essential in this process. See Fed. R. Bankr. P. 3008, Advisory Committee Note (1983), supra. Stripping a creditor of an allowed claim with no notice evidences a substantial prejudice to a property right, and the weight of that prejudice is far superior to the other considerations in this analysis. Efficiency of court administration is actually unaffected by the allowance or disallowance of the Check Holders’ claim. The Court does not issue the plan distribution checks. The Court, pursuant to federal law, maintains a registry for the specific purpose of accepting funds from the Chapter 13 Trustee in these instances. The efficiency of court administration would not be affected at all if this claim were to remain as allowed. It would be business as usual. As to the final consideration, there is no doubt the Trustee filed this motion with good intentions and relied on the holding in Lee. Despite that fact, the Court will not find in his favor based on the prejudice to the creditor which would be created by following the reasoning in Lee. Conclusion The Trustee’s motion is denied. The claim of Check Holders remains allowed, and the provisions of § 347(a) apply. This memorandum was signed and entered electronically as indicated at the top of the first page. Case 3:13-bk-02021 Doc 52 Filed 10/03/17 Entered 10/03/17 10:26:59 Desc Main Document Page 8 of 8 8 This Order has been electronically signed. The Judge's signature and Court's seal appear at the top of the first page. United States Bankruptcy Court.

=== In re McDowell, No. 315-06523 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. Oct. 3, 2017) ===

IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE NASHVILLE DIVISION IN RE: JERRICA LASHA MCDOWELL, Debtor. Case No. 3:15-bk-06523 Chapter 13 Judge Charles Walker For the reasons stated in the Memorandum contemporaneously filed ORDER herewith, IT IS ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that the Trustee’s Amended Motion to Disallow Balance of Claim of Parsa Auto Sales, Inc. is denied. The claim of Parsa Auto Sales, Inc. remains allowed, and the provisions of 11 U.S.C. § 347(a) apply. IT IS SO ORDERED. This order was signed and entered electronically as indicated at the top of the first page. Case 3:15-bk-06523 Doc 69 Filed 10/03/17 Entered 10/03/17 10:07:38 Desc Main Document Page 1 of 1 Dated: 10/3/2017This Order has been electronically signed. The Judge's signature and Court's seal appear at the top of the first page. United States Bankruptcy Court. IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE NASHVILLE DIVISION IN RE: JERRICA LASHA MCDOWELL, Debtor. Case No. 3:15-bk-06523 Chapter 13 Judge Charles Walker MEMORANDUM This matter is before the Court on the Trustee’s Motion to Disallow Balance of Claim of Parsa Auto Sales Inc. The Trustee filed his brief in support of the motion, and at the Court’s request the United States Trustee also filed a brief, and for the reasons stated below, the Trustee’s motion will be denied. Factual Background Jerrica Lasha McDowell (“Debtor”) filed for relief under Chapter 131 on September 15, 2015. Schedule D of their petition indicated $10,222.38 in secured debt. Identified as a creditor holding a secured claim was Parsa Auto Sales, Inc. (“Parsa”) in the amount of $9,262.38. The Debtor also filed a Chapter 13 plan indicating she would pay to the Chapter 13 Trustee $51 per week, for a total of $19,095 over a 60-month period. Section 3.3 of the plan provided for monthly plan payments to Parsa of $167.46, and total payment of $10,047.60 reflecting the applicable 3.25% interest. On September 28, 2015, the Debtor filed an amended plan increasing the monthly payment to $72.75 to account for insurance payments, 1 11 U.S.C. § 101 ff. Any reference to “chapter” or “section” or “the Code” is a reference to the Bankruptcy Code unless another reference is stated. 1 Case 3:15-bk-06523 Doc 71 Filed 10/03/17 Entered 10/03/17 11:09:34 Desc Main Document Page 1 of 9 Dated: 10/3/2017 but the amendment did not affect the payment to Parsa, but increased the plan base to $19,500. The order confirming the plan was entered on November 12, 2015 and the Trustee filed a Notice of Confirmation and Plan Terms stating Parsa’s claim would be paid as a secured claim. Notice ECF No. 28. On February 9, 2016, the Debtor filed a proof of claim for Parsa in the amount of $9,262.38, and on April 27, 2016, the Trustee filed a Notice of Intent to Pay Claims indicating Parsa would be paid 100% of its $9,262.38 secured claim plus 3.25% interest. Notice ECF No. 41. On November 11, 2016, the Trustee filed an adversary proceeding against Parsa seeking to avoid a preferential transfer, object to Parsa’s claim, and modify the confirmed plan (No. 16-ap-90323). There, the Trustee alleged that the security instrument on which Parsa’s claim rested was filed more than 30 days after it was executed, thereby making it subject to a § 502(d)2 attack resulting in reclassification to an unsecured claim. The Trustee obtained a default judgment, and Parsa’s claim was reclassified and treated as an unsecured claim to receive a 20% dividend. On June 5, 2017, the Trustee filed a motion to disallow claim number 7 alleging Parsa had abandoned its claim by not providing a current address. On July 12, 2017, the Trustee amended his motion seeking the same relief.3 Amended 2 (d) Notwithstanding subsections (a) and (b) of this section, the court shall disallow any claim of any entity from which property is recoverable under section 542, 543, 550, or 553 of this title or that is a transferee of a transfer avoidable under section 522(f), 522(h), 544, 545, 547, 548, 549, or 724(a) of this title, unless such entity or transferee has paid the amount, or turned over any such property, for which such entity or transferee is liable under section 522(i), 542, 543, 550, or 553 of this title. 11 U.S.C.A. § 502. 3 On July 10, 2017 an order erroneously submitted by the Trustee’s office was entered as resolving the initial motion. The order identified Bell Auto Sales as the claimant. The order has been vacated by an order entered on October 3, 2017. 2 Case 3:15-bk-06523 Doc 71 Filed 10/03/17 Entered 10/03/17 11:09:34 Desc Main Document Page 2 of 9 Motion and Notice. ECF No. 57. The balance of the claim referred to in the motion was the amount of the original allowed claim – $9,262.38. The basis for the “abandonment” alleged in the motion was the return of a check issued to Parsa, and the failure of the Trustee’s office to determine the correct address for the claimant. The motion stated that the Trustee’s office made an inquiry of the debtor’s attorney, the phonebook directory, and directory assistance, and now seeks disallowance of the claim as abandoned after those avenues failed to disclose the correct address for Parsa. No legal authority or basis was referenced in the motion. Statutory Predicate and Legal Standards Although the Trustee fails to mention any legal basis for the relief requested in the motion, his brief in support relied heavily on Judge Paine’s opinion in In re Lee, 189 B.R. 692 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. 1995), wherein the Court analyzed the application of § 347(a) and § 502(j) to a nearly identical set of facts. In this case, as in Lee, the issues revolve around one particular fact: the failure of a creditor to negotiate a distribution check issued by the Chapter 13 Trustee pursuant to a confirmed Chapter 13 plan. 11 U.S.C. § 347(a) Funds held by a court for an owner that has failed to claim the funds, failed to negotiate payment of the funds, or cannot be located, are typically identified as unclaimed funds. A trustee must treat the funds associated with any uncashed checks as unclaimed property under § 347, and deposit them with the court to be held in trust for the party entitled to be paid. In re Gettig Technologies, Inc., No. 1:05-bk-06044-MDF, 2016 WL 836992 (Bankr. M.D. Pa. Mar. 3, 2016). Claim to such funds exists “in perpetuity, and the funds may be claimed at any time by the owner, a successor, or any other petitioner that proves a right to the funds.” Guide to Judiciary Policy, Vol. 13, § 1010.50(a). Case 3:15-bk-06523 Doc 71 Filed 10/03/17 Entered 10/03/17 11:09:34 Desc Main Document Page 3 of 9 3 Section 347(a) identifies and governs deposit and distribution of unclaimed funds in Chapter 13, as well as Chapters 7 and 12, cases: Ninety days after the final distribution under section 726, 1226, or 1326 of this title in a case under chapter 7, 12, or 13 of this title, as the case may be, the trustee shall stop payment on any check remaining unpaid, and any remaining property of the estate shall be paid into the court and disposed of under chapter 129 of title 28. Section 347 is unambiguous and clearly expresses Congress’ intent that unclaimed funds are to be paid into the court to be held in trust for the claimant, and not redistributed to other creditors. Gettig, 2016 WL 836992 at *3. See also In re Transport Group, Inc., No. 93-30015, 2007 WL 734817 (Bankr. W.D. Ky. Mar. 7, 2007). 28 U.S.C.A. § 2041 Because “an unlocated creditor has a property right in his or her distributive share of the funds of a bankruptcy estate,” Chapter 129, combined with due process principles, governs the distribution of unclaimed funds via § 2041. Leider v. United States Treasury Dep’t, 301 F.3d 1290, 1296 (Fed. Cir. 2002). Section 2041 provides as follows: All moneys paid into any court of the United States, or received by the officers thereof, in any case pending or adjudicated in such court, shall be forthwith deposited with the Treasurer of the United States or a designated depositary, in the name and to the credit of such court. This section shall not prevent the delivery of any such money to the rightful owners upon security, according to agreement of parties, under the direction of the court. 28 U.S.C.A. § 2041 The bankruptcy court is charged with the duty of determining that an individual or entity claiming funds held by the Court as unclaimed funds is the Case 3:15-bk-06523 Doc 71 Filed 10/03/17 Entered 10/03/17 11:09:34 Desc Main Document Page 4 of 9 4 rightful owner of the funds. Id., see also In re Scott, 346 B.R. 557, 558 (Bankr. N.D. Ga. 2006). 11 U.S.C.A. § 502 Section 502(j) provides the legal standard for reconsideration of the allowance or disallowance of a claim at any point in a pending bankruptcy case. Section 502 provides, in relevant part: (j) A claim that has been allowed or disallowed may be reconsidered for cause. A reconsidered claim may be allowed or disallowed according to the equities of the case. Reconsideration of a claim under this subsection does not affect the validity of any payment or transfer from the estate made to a holder of an allowed claim on account of such allowed claim that is not reconsidered, but if a reconsidered claim is allowed and is of the same class as such holder's claim, such holder may not receive any additional payment or transfer from the estate on account of such holder's allowed claim until the holder of such reconsidered and allowed claim receives payment on account of such claim proportionate in value to that already received by such other holder. This subsection does not alter or modify the trustee's right to recover from a creditor any excess payment or transfer made to such creditor. 11 U.S.C.A. § 502. When a court reconsiders a claim, no matter at what juncture in a pending case, the court must weigh the following: a) b) c) the extent and reasonableness of any delay, or prejudice to any party in interest, the effect on efficient court administration, and the moving party’s good faith. Fryer v. Easy Money Title Pawn, Inc. (In re Fryer), 172 B.R. 1020, 1024 (Bankr. S.D. Ga. 1994), citing Sentry Fin. Serv. Corp. v. Pitrat (In re Resources Reclamation Corp. of Am., 34 B.R. 771 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 1983); Johnson v. Case 3:15-bk-06523 Doc 71 Filed 10/03/17 Entered 10/03/17 11:09:34 Desc Main Document Page 5 of 9 5 Farmers Furniture Co. (In re Johnson), No. 87–10284, 1990 WL 605089 (Bankr. S.D. Ga. Aug. 21, 1990). FED. R. BANKR. P. 3008 Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 3008 provides the procedural requirements for reconsideration of the allowance or disallowance of a claim at any point before a case is closed: A party in interest may move for reconsideration of an order allowing or disallowing a claim against the estate. The court after a hearing on notice shall enter an appropriate order. Congress, when considering this rule, emphasized the importance of notice when reversing a previous properly noticed order: Advisory Committee Note 1983 If a motion to reconsider is granted, notice and hearing must be afforded to parties in interest before the previous action in the claim taken in respect to the claim may be vacated or modified. In re Lee In Lee, as in this case, the final distribution had not been made. The court found that § 347(a) did not apply to a check returned prior to the final distribution, only to checks that remain unnegotiated after 90 days following final plan distribution. Lee, 189 B.R. at 696. Therefore, the check did not represent unclaimed funds subject to deposit in the name of the creditor. The Trustee then asserted that the creditor had abandoned its allowed claim by not advising the Trustee or the court of a viable address, thereby making the allowance of the claim reviewable under § 502(j). Judge Paine provided an analysis of two of the three considerations in a § 502(j) review, specifically, efficiency of court administration and the Trustee’s good faith in bringing the motion. Supra p.5. The allowed claim was found to be Case 3:15-bk-06523 Doc 71 Filed 10/03/17 Entered 10/03/17 11:09:34 Desc Main Document Page 6 of 9 6 disallowed because the Trustee asserted efficient court administration as the basis for the motion, and this assertion demonstrated his good faith in bringing the motion. Discussion The Trustee relies solely on the reasoning in Lee, and this Court finds the reasoning in Lee to be flawed. Under the Lee interpretation, § 347(a) is only applicable to the final distribution check under a Chapter 13 plan. Judge Paine defines the final distribution as the final payment made before the Trustee closes the case. No distinction is made between all other distribution checks and the final distribution check. This, of course, begs the question: What makes the final distribution check different than the other distribution checks, if the failure to provide a current address is the basis for disallowance? If Congress intended that all claims wherein a disbursement check is not negotiated should be deemed disallowed except where the final distribution check remains unnegotiated, it would have stated so in the statute. Instead, what Congress said was that any disbursement check remaining unnegotiated 90 days after the final distribution, shall be deposited into the Court’s registry. Thus, the Code provides for this exact situation. Section 347(a) is as straightforward as it gets. If a creditor does not negotiate a check, and that check remains uncashed 90 days after the final distribution, the funds represented by that check are deemed unclaimed funds and are to be deposited into the Court’s registry in trust for the creditor. Period. The funds belong to the claimant holding an allowed claim. Here, the Trustee made payment on Parsa’s claim because it was an allowed claim. The Trustee issued a check and it was returned for an insufficient address. This is the exact scenario Congress obviously envisioned when enacting § 347(a). Case 3:15-bk-06523 Doc 71 Filed 10/03/17 Entered 10/03/17 11:09:34 Desc Main Document Page 7 of 9 7 The Trustee contends that the return of the disbursement check subjects the underlying allowed claim to reconsideration under § 502(j) pursuant to the reasoning in Lee. Although this contention is misplaced because these are clearly unclaimed funds, Lee is a ruling from this district and distinction is necessary in order to establish a clearer and more current edict going forward in these instances. When a party is urging reconsideration of an order allowing a claim, the court must consider the significance of any delay, or prejudice to any party in interest, the effect on efficient court administration, and the moving party’s good faith. Fryer, 172 B.R. at 1024. In Lee, the court appeared to give no weight to the first factor, instead skipping to a finding that efficient court administration was the most important factor, and the Trustee’s reliance on that factor evidenced the Trustee’s good faith in bringing the motion. Nowhere did the Trustee, or the court, indicate just how the efficiency of the court would be effected by disallowance of the claim for failure to provide a new mailing address. Even if § 502(j) applied in this case, application of the reconsideration factors weigh in favor of the claim remaining allowed. The first factor, and the one that far outweighs the others, is the prejudice to a party. We have established that an unlocated creditor has a property right to the funds distributed under a bankruptcy plan. Elevating the prejudice is the lack of notice. Congress clearly considered notice essential in this process. See Fed. R. Bankr. P. 3008, Advisory Committee Note (1983), supra. Stripping a creditor of an allowed claim with no notice evidences a substantial prejudice to a property right, and the weight of that prejudice is far superior to the other considerations in this analysis. Efficiency of court administration is actually unaffected by the allowance or disallowance of the Parsa’s claim. The Court does not issue the plan distribution checks. The Court, pursuant to federal law, maintains a registry for the specific Case 3:15-bk-06523 Doc 71 Filed 10/03/17 Entered 10/03/17 11:09:34 Desc Main Document Page 8 of 9 8 purpose of accepting funds from the Chapter 13 Trustee in these instances. The efficiency of court administration would not be affected at all if this claim were to remain as allowed. It would be business as usual. As to the final consideration, there is no doubt the Trustee filed this motion with good intentions and relied on the holding in Lee. Despite that fact, the Court will not find in his favor based on the prejudice to the creditor which would be created by following the reasoning in Lee. Conclusion The Trustee’s motion is denied. The claim of Parsa remains allowed, and the provisions of § 347(a) apply. This memorandum was signed and entered electronically as indicated at the top of the first page. Case 3:15-bk-06523 Doc 71 Filed 10/03/17 Entered 10/03/17 11:09:34 Desc Main Document Page 9 of 9 9 This Order has been electronically signed. The Judge's signature and Court's seal appear at the top of the first page. United States Bankruptcy Court.

=== In re Ward, No. 315-06361 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. Dec. 6, 2017) ===

IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE NASHVILLE DIVISION IN RE: Jennifer Elizabeth Ward, _______________________________) Debtor. Case No: 3:15-bk-06316 Chapter 7 Judge Charles M. Walker MEMORANDUM OPINION This matter is before the Court on the First and Final Motion of Jeanne Ann Burton, PLLC, Attorneys for Trustee (hereinafter “Firm”), for Allowance of Compensation and Reimbursement of Expenses. For the following reasons, the application is granted in part and denied in part. JURISDICTION Jurisdiction over this proceeding is authorized by 28 U.S.C. § 1334. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(A), this is a core proceeding concerning the administration of the bankruptcy estate. FACTUAL BACKGROUND On September 8, 2015, Jennifer Ward (hereinafter “Debtor”) filed her petition for relief under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code.1 Under paragraph 21 of Schedule B listing contingent and unliquidated claims of every nature, the Debtor indicated the following: 1 11 U.S.C. § 101 ff. Any reference to “section” or “the Code” is a reference to the Bankruptcy Code unless another reference is stated. 1 Dated: 12/6/2017 LAWSUIT FILED AGAINST THE CITY OF SPRINGFIELD FOR UNLAWFUL ARREST, MALICIOUS HARASSMENT, DEFAMATION[.] SHE IS REPRESENTED BY PHIL DAVIDSON IN BRENTWOOD, TN. ECF 1. The first meeting of creditors was scheduled for October 5, 2015, and Jeanne Burton was appointed Chapter 7 Trustee (hereinafter “Trustee”). On January 13, 2016, the Trustee filed her Application to Employ Phillip Davidson as special counsel (hereinafter “SC”) to represent the estate in the lawsuit referenced above (hereinafter “Lawsuit”). The Trustee also filed an Application to Employ the Firm to represent the Trustee. Orders were entered granting both applications on February 10, 2016. The Lawsuit was settled as evidenced by the Trustee’s Motion for Compromise and Settlement which was granted on July 12, 2016. When applying for compensation for SC, however, the Trustee found it necessary to amend her request. The Court, upon review of the amended application, entered a “virtual order”2 explaining that the Court required further information and documentation to evidence the fee arrangement justifying the fees requested. At the hearing, the documentation was produced and the Court granted the application. The Trustee then moved for approval of compensation of the Firm as attorneys for the Trustee in the amount of $1,214.00 and expenses in the amount of $337.74. (ECF 51). Again, the Court, after reviewing the application, had concerns about the fees and expenses requested. These concerns, however, could not be addressed with additional documentation. These concerns were in the nature of issues previously addressed by this Court several times over the past 2 In the Middle District of Tennessee, bankruptcy judges often make docket entries stating issues, concerns, and resulting rulings regarding documents filed with the Court. These docket entries are referred to as virtual orders as there is no corresponding document attached to the ruling. 2 year.3 In fact, the Court has addressed these issues at the employment application stage of several cases in the district. The Court’s review of the fee application revealed the following issues: 1) Fees charged to the estate by paralegal staff and attorneys for services associated with the employment of professionals; 2) 3) Fees charged for clerical work; Fees charged to the estate for services associated with requests to compensate professionals; and 4) Fees charged to the estate for review and supervision of special counsel. TRUSTEE COMPENSATION VS. ATTORNEY COMPENSATION The statutory duties of a Chapter 7 trustee are enumerated in § 704, and include such things as collecting and reducing to money the property of the estate, and investigating the financial affairs of the debtor. 11 U.S.C. § 704. Additional or associative duties of the trustee have been clarified by courts far and wide, and include preparing applications for employment of professionals, and acting as liaison with special counsel. In re Peterson, , 190 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. 2017), citing In re Stevens, 407 B.R. 303, 307 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 2009), In re McKenna, 93 B.R. 238, 241 (Bankr. E.D. Cal. 1988). The statutory and associative duties assigned to the trustee are contemplated in the compensation scheme set forth in § 330(a) and § 326. These responsibilities cannot be delegated to other professionals and, therefore compensated separately. Peterson, 566 B.R. at 190 (citations omitted). 3 See In re Peterson, (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. 2017), In re Shinneman Fitness, LLC, No. 15-06065-CW3-7, (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. Apr. 20, 2017) (ECF 82). 3 Compensation for counsel employed as a professional of the estate is judged solely on the criteria set forth in § 330, while fees sought by a trustee’s law firm must meet that same standard, plus that of § 328(b). The more stringent standard is necessary to prevent crossover of services and maintain the integrity of charges to the estate. DISCUSSION The Trustee’s itemization to support her fee application for the Firm raises several concerns. The first, and most obvious, is that the itemization contains services performed by the Trustee and by the Firm. Services performed by entities seeking separate compensation should be provided on separate itemizations. In the instance where a trustee has employed his or her own firm, the fees charged to the estate are subject to heightened scrutiny (see Peterson, 566 B.R. at 191). In order to meet the elevated standards required to establish that these fees are reasonable and necessary, a trustee’s firm must exercise strict measures. At the very least, those measures would include keeping separate records and submitting clear, concise, separate, and distinct documentation to justify the fees, and to assure the Court that the Firm is not billing for crossover services, and the Trustee is carefully administering the estate in the most cost effective manner possible. Second, the application contains the Individual Estate Property Record and Report filed in Asset Cases by the Trustee. That report lists the Trustee’s notations and activities regarding administration of the estate. The report contains all of the services listed on the itemization as having been performed by the Firm, but stated on this report as having been performed by the Trustee. (ECF 51). Again, concise, accurate, and separate documentation is necessary to justify the fees requested by a trustee’s firm, and to assure the Court of the clear and distinct line between the Trustee and the Firm. 4 Third, the application contains requests for compensation for services that are statutory and associative duties of the Trustee. These services cannot be delegated to other professionals, absent substantial support of necessity. No such support has been proffered, and the facts of the case do not support such a delegation of duties. For example, employing professionals is the responsibility of the Chapter 7 trustee. Although there may be instances wherein an application to employ a professional is contested, resulting in a hearing or additional briefing, simply applying to the Court to employ a professional by uploading a form motion, notice and order pursuant to our Local Bankruptcy Rule 9013-1 does not justify legal fees. Employing professionals to assist the trustee is a duty contemplated by the fee structure in § 330(a) and § 326. Fourth, the itemization contains numerous charges for clerical services performed by paraprofessional staff. Filing a motion and serving a motion require no legal expertise. Clerical services are not compensable as legal or paralegal services. Finally, it is clear that the Trustee only hired the Firm to employ and supervise SC. The Trustee’s application to employ SC stated the need for this specific SC’s expertise. To then hire her own Firm to act as a liaison between the Trustee and SC, and to supervise SC’s efforts, is in no way an efficient use of estate resources. In fact, it is a duplication of services. SC was hired to represent the estate as to legal action in state court. To have the Firm review those efforts on behalf of the Trustee is senseless and a waste of estate funds. The Court has, and will, continue to give the panel trustees a great deal of deference with respect to their business judgment, however, the trustee must be able to articulate with specificity the benefit to the estate. In essence, the Court is only requiring the panel trustees to do what happens in the legal world outside of bankruptcy—to 5 justify to their clients that the fees being requested actually met the expectations that the client had when the attorney was engaged. Again, the duty that is owed by the trustee is to the estate and the “clients” in this context include the unsecured creditors who are the intended beneficiaries of the estate and the principal reason that the estate is being administered. When the trustee’s duty is muddied by the fact that the trustee has a monetary interest in the fees being requested, there will be stricter scrutiny on the application for fees. Peterson, 566 B.R. at 200. Here, the Trustee hired an attorney (Firm) to supervise an attorney (SC). The extra layer of representation provided by the Firm was unnecessary, therefore, not compensable. CONCLUSION It is common in this district, for a debtor to list a prepetition state or federal claim in the schedules wherein the debtor has previously engaged counsel. With rare exception, the trustee – or the debtor in a Chapter 13 case – will then file a motion to employ that previously engaged counsel as special counsel to represent the estate in the case. Common also to this district is a request by the Chapter 7 trustee to employ his/her own firm to represent the trustee in cases with assets to be liquidated for the benefit of creditors. However, common practice does not mean proper practice, or even appropriate practice. Although there are instances where a trustee’s firm may have certain expertise that would be valuable to the estate and, therefore, cost effective to employ that firm, the rarity of those instances does not support the frequency with which these requests come before the Court. The facts of this case are common, if not typical. Nothing before the Court justifies the fees requested by the Firm. Therefore, for the reasons stated above, the application is granted in part and denied in part. A separate order will be entered. 6 UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE NASHVILLE DIVISION In Re: Jennifer Elizabeth Ward, ____________________________________) Debtor. Chapter 7 Case No: 3:15-bk-06316 Judge Charles M. Walker Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law and Order Granting in Part and Denying in Part Application for Compensation and Reimbursement of Expenses to Jeanne Ann Burton, PLLC, Attorneys for the Chapter 7 Trustee Total Fees Requested: Fees Disallowed: Total Fees Allowed: $1,214.00 $1,089.00 $ 125.00 Total Costs Requested: Costs Disallowed: Total Costs Allowed: $337.74 $245.02 $ 92.72 Total Fees and Costs Allowed: $ 217.72 THE COURT HAS IDENTIFIED THE NOTED TIME AND EXPENSE ENTRIES THAT HAVE BEEN DISALLOWED IN WHOLE OR IN PART (1) Reimbursement Limited to Actual, Necessary Expenses The Court denies the allowance of reimbursement for expenses that were not actually and necessarily incurred by the applicant. See 11 U.S.C. §§ 330(a)(1)(B) & 331. The expenses requested are all associated with Trustee services and are, therefore, compensable as such. All Expenses sought from 1/13/16 to 10/13/17 $ 337.74 (2) Duplication of Services The Court denies the allowance of compensation for services that duplicate those of another professional or paraprofessional. See 11 U.S.C. § 330(a)(4)(A)(I). In re Pettibone, 74 B.R. 293, 307 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 1987) (“A debtor’s estate should not bear the burden of duplication of services. If found in the record, such duplication shall be disallowed by the court as unnecessary.”): 8/18/17 review and sign state court order for dismissal of lawsuit 8/18/17 review proposed release; make notations re objection of $ 35.00 Trustee to signing release containing provisions for indemnity, verification of certain facts, payment and future cooperation and fact the release was not a mutual release; e-mail to P. Davidson for discussion. 8/18/17 exchange e-mails with P. Davidson and K. Telfeyan, defendants’ counsel re proposed changes to the Release; review two revised releases and e-mail re approval 8/25/17 review the letter and attached agreed order sent to the state court clerk for dismissal of the lawsuit $ 105.00 $ 70.00 $ 35.00 (3) Trustee Work Cannot Be Compensated as Professional Services “The Trustee cannot effectively expand the maximum limits of § 326(a) by hiring other people to perform his duties for him, whether they are paralegals, attorneys, accountants or other professional persons, and utilize the potentially unlimited scope of § 330 as a basis for award of reasonable compensation.” Boldt v. United States Trustee (In re Jenkins), 130 F.3d 1335, 1341 (9th Cir. 1997) (quoting In re Prairie Cent. Ry. Co., 87 B.R. 952, 959 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 1988): All services performed in association with the employment and compensation of professionals $ 650.50 (4) Clerical Work Not Compensable The Court disallows the compensation of clerical or stenographic employees of the professional for the performance of routine clerical or administrative activities in the normal course of the professional’s business, such as photocopying, secretarial work, or routine filing. Such activities are considered overhead of the professional and are built into the professional’s hourly billing rates. See In re Chellino, 209 B.R. 106, 114 (Bankr. C.D. Ill. 1996) (Paralegal, but not “clerk” services entitled to compensation at an hourly rate; clerk activities are overhead of the professional); Souza v. Miguel, 32 F.3d 1370, 1375 (9th Cir. 1994) (Trustee not entitled to reimbursement or compensation of overhead expenses such as secretarial, stenographic, clerical, and routine messenger services). All services for filing and serving motions, orders or correspondence1 $ 89.00 (5) No Benefit to the Estate The Court denies requests for fees relating to services that do not benefit the estate or that are not necessary to the administration of the case. 11 U.S.C. § 330(a)(4)(A). Review of an order that was signed by the Court, when that order was drafted by the attorney, brings no benefit to the estate.2 1 Note: compensation for some services disallowed under other sections of this order contain lumped clerical services (i.e. Prep of motion to pay Accountant; file and serve). These requested fees were denied under the other applicable section. 2 Although these services are subject to denial as trustee services not compensable to professional, the Court denies them under this section in order to emphasize the additional grounds for denial. 2/12/16 Review signed orders to employ Special Counsel and JAB; e-mail order to Special Counsel 7/12/17 Review signed order for comp/settlement 7/12/17 Review signed order to employ Accountant $ 34.50 $ 35.00 $ 35.00 Jeanne Ann Burton, PLLC is hereby awarded an allowance of interim compensation and expenses as set forth above. THIS ORDER WAS SIGNED AND ENTERED ELECTRONICALLY AS INDICATED AT THE TOP OF THIS PAGE This Order has been electronically signed. The Judge's signature and Court's seal appear at the top of the first page. United States Bankruptcy Court.

=== In re Allman, No. 3:17-bk-03085 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. Mar. 13, 2018) ===

IN RE: IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE NASHVILLE DIVISION Case No. 3:17-bk-03085 Chapter 7 Judge Charles M. Walker Debtor. ANDY LAMAR ALLMAN, AGREED ORDER WAIVING DISCHARGE OF DEBTOR AND DISMISSING CASE This matter is before the Court upon the Joint Motion for Entry of Agreed Order Denying Discharge of Debtor and Dismissing Case (the “Joint Motion”) submitted for entry by the Debtor Andy Lamar Allman, the Chapter 7 Trustee over the Debtor’s estate, and Creditors Inge Goodson and Cathy Brown, (along with the U.S. Trustee, collectively, the “Parties”), wherein the Parties request entry of an order dismissing this bankruptcy case and waiving the discharge of the Debtor pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 727 and Fed. R. Bankr. P. 4004. Andy Lamar Allman acknowledges that his attorney has thoroughly explained the consequences of waiving his discharge. Andy Lamar Allman waives all right to appeal the entry of this Agreed Order, and the waiver of his discharge in bankruptcy. The Parties further agree that should the Court reject this Agreed Order for any reason, the Parties shall be free to proceed with the trial of any adversary proceeding. The Parties acknowledge and agree that this Agreed Order contains the entire agreement between the Parties. The Parties further acknowledge that no Party has made, nor has given any other representations, promises, inducements, or rewards to Andy Lamar Allman or anyone else on his behalf as consideration for his waiver of discharge. The Court conducted a hearing on the Joint Motion on February 8, 2018. At the hearing, the Court asserted that, due to the pendency of the Debtor’s appeal of a prior ruling of this Court converting this case from one under chapter 13 to one under chapter 7 (the “Appeal”), this Court Case 3:17-bk-03085 Doc 208 Filed 03/13/18 Entered 03/13/18 15:31:21 Desc Main Document Page 1 of 11 1 Dated: 3/13/2018 lacked jurisdiction to enter the order proposed by the Movants. The Court also informed the Movants at the hearing that before it would enter any order granting the Joint Motion, the order would need to include supplemental information regarding (a) the investigation into the recoverable assets of the Debtor done by the United States Trustee and the Chapter 7 Trustee, and (b) available resources to the various creditors in the case for assisting in claim liquidation and recovery outside of bankruptcy (collectively, the “Supplements”). On February 27, 2018, the Debtor and all other parties to the Appeal filed an Agreed Stipulation of Dismissal pursuant to Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8023. That same day, following submission of the Agreed Stipulation of Dismissal, the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee (the “District Court”) entered an order dismissing the Appeal. The Debtor has filed a notice of filing of the Agreed Stipulation of Dismissal and the District Court’s order dismissing the Appeal. [Docket No. 201]. Accordingly, the Court holds that it has jurisdiction to enter this Order. After consideration of the terms in the Joint Motion and the arguments of counsel at the hearing thereon, and considering the Supplements submitted by the Movants, which are attached to and incorporated into this Order, the Court finds the Joint Motion to be well-taken. Accordingly, it is hereby ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED that the bankruptcy case is hereby DISMISSED, subject to the conditions stated herein: 1. Andy Lamar Allman WAIVES his discharge pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(10) of the Bankruptcy Code. Andy Lamar Allman’s waiver of his discharge is accepted and approved by this Court. Andy Lamar Allman will not receive a bankruptcy discharge in chapter 7 case number 17-03085. Case 3:17-bk-03085 Doc 208 Filed 03/13/18 Entered 03/13/18 15:31:21 Desc Main Document Page 2 of 11 2 2. All pending adversary proceedings in this case shall be dismissed without prejudice, with leave for the plaintiffs to file new actions in a court of appropriate jurisdiction under applicable non-bankruptcy law. 3. Andy Lamar Allman is barred from filing any bankruptcy case under any chapter in any district for two years from the date of entry of this Order. 4. Nothing in this Order shall operate as a final decision regarding any liability that the Debtor may owe to any of his creditors, nor shall it make any determinations regarding the extent or validity of any claims asserted against the Debtor. Rather, this Order merely waives the discharge with respect to any debts owed to any scheduled creditors to the extent such creditors hold valid claims under applicable non-bankruptcy law. Nothing in this Order shall preclude or prevent the Debtor from disputing or challenging the validity or extent of any claim asserted against him. 5. This Order is the result of an agreed negotiation between the Parties. Nothing in this Order shall be construed as an admission of any wrongdoing by the Debtor or of any facts that may give rise to a denial of discharge under 11 U.S.C. § 727. 6. Nothing in this Order shall modify or affect the order of the Chancery Court for Sumner County, Tennessee entered December 22, 2016 in the Matter of Andy Lamar Allman, Chancery Court of Sumner County Case Number 2016-CV-160, appointing Dennis Powers (the “Receiver”) as receiver over certain assets and receivables of the Debtor (the “Receivership Order”), nor shall it affect any of the rights, duties, and obligations of the Receiver under the Receivership Order. 7. Notwithstanding any Bankruptcy Rule or Local Rule to the contrary, this Order shall take effect immediately upon its entry. Case 3:17-bk-03085 Doc 208 Filed 03/13/18 Entered 03/13/18 15:31:21 Desc Main Document Page 3 of 11 3 8. Within seven (7) days of entry of this Order, counsel for the Debtor shall serve a copy of the Order and the attached Supplements on the entire creditor matrix in this case. IT IS SO ORDERED. THIS ORDER WAS SIGNED AND ENTERED ELECTRONICALLY AS INDICATED AT THE TOP OF THIS PAGE. APPROVED FOR ENTRY: /s/ Ned Hildebrand Henry E. (“Ned”) Hildebrand, IV DUNHAM HILDEBRAND, PLLC 1704 Charlotte Avenue, Suite 105 Nashville, TN 37203 615.933.5851 [email protected] Counsel for the Debtor /s/ Steven L. Lefkovitz Steven L. Lefkovitz 618 Church Street, Suite 410 Nashville, TN 37219 615.236.8300 [email protected] Counsel for Cathy Brown and Inge Goodson Samuel K. Crocker U.S. Trustee, Region 8 /s/ Megan Seliber Megan Seliber Assistant U.S. Trustee 701 Broadway, Suite 318 Nashville, TN 37203 615.695.4060 [email protected] Case 3:17-bk-03085 Doc 208 Filed 03/13/18 Entered 03/13/18 15:31:21 Desc Main Document Page 4 of 11 4 /s/ Robert H. Waldschmidt Robert H. Waldschmidt P.O. Box 2828 Brentwood, TN 37024-2828 615.468.1020 [email protected] Chapter 7 Trustee Case 3:17-bk-03085 Doc 208 Filed 03/13/18 Entered 03/13/18 15:31:21 Desc Main Document Page 5 of 11 5 IN RE: IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE NASHVILLE DIVISION Case No. 3:17-bk-03085 Chapter 7 Judge Charles M. Walker Debtor. ANDY LAMAR ALLMAN, SUPPLEMENT 1 TO AGREED ORDER WAIVING DISCHARGE OF DEBTOR AND DISMISSING CASE SUMMARY OF EFFORTS TAKEN BY UNITED STATES TRUSTEE AND CHAPTER 7 TRUSTEE United States Trustee The U.S. Trustee has reviewed Mr. Allman’s Statements and Schedules and has conducted a review of his assets. The U.S. Trustee discussed this bankruptcy with the Chapter 7 Trustee Robert Waldschmidt, Russ Willis, the Disciplinary Counsel for the Litigation Board of Professional Responsibility of the Supreme Court of Tennessee and Dennis Powers, the appointed state court receiver, as well as several of Mr. Allman’s former clients. The U.S. Trustee has compared Mr. Allman’s schedules to an independent search engine review of his assets. The U.S. Trustee has also questioned Mr. Allman at his 341a meeting of creditors. Based on the U.S. Trustee’s review of this case, it appears that some of Mr. Allman’s assets may have been undervalued, but there is no indication that any assets contain any equity for the estate due in part to a large IRS lien on all assets. Given that there are no assets for distribution, the U.S. Trustee believes that the Agreed Order is in the best interest of the estate because the waiver of the discharge and the two-year bar to refiling insures that all creditors have the opportunity to collect any debt owed from Mr. Allman if he makes additional money in the future. Case 3:17-bk-03085 Doc 208 Filed 03/13/18 Entered 03/13/18 15:31:21 Desc Main Document Page 6 of 11 1 Chapter 7 Trustee Upon his appointment as interim trustee, the Chapter 7 Trustee had his paralegal run a real property search, obtained initial evaluations of the two parcels of real property, and check all liens of record in the Sumner County Register’s office. The result of the lien review was as follows: D/T on Bonita Parkway $339,726.00 SWBC Mortgage Corp Book 3867 pg 421 - 11/8/13 D/T on Revere Pkwy $71,550.00 Roger & Lee Bailey Book 4114 pg 104 - 5/18/15 HOA Lien – Bonita Pkwy $599.00 Homeowners Assoc. Book 4225 pg 874 - 12 11 15 Fed Tax Lien Fed Tax Lien Fed Tax Lien Fed Tax Lien $19,001.92 $91,948.19 $11,939.37 $31,166.28 IRS IRS IRS IRS Book 4232 pg 757 - 12/28/15 Book 4236 pg 46 - 1/4/16 Book 4249 pg 619 - 2/2/16 Book 4331 pg 833 - 6/1/16 Judgment Lien $12,429.94 Nat. Ct. Reporters Book 4431 pg 301 - 11/28/16 Judgment Lien $107,062.25 Pinnacle Bank Book 4455 pg 766 - 1/3/17 Judgment Lien *** $3,166.96 Capital One Bank Book 4517 pg 561 - 4/20/17 TN State Tax Lien *** ???? TN Dept Employ. Sec. Book 4539 pg 426 - 5/26/17 The last two liens are probably avoidable, one under 11 U.S.C. §547, and the other under 11 U.S.C. §549. However, the remaining liens appear to be valid and unavoidable. Before the schedules were filed (and within the first few weeks after his appointment) the Chapter 7 Trustee determined that the values of the two parcels of real property would never exceed the liens against the property. The schedules eventually filed by the Debtor in December, 2017 asserted a much lower figure for the value of the real property than the valuations of the Trustee, but the Chapter 7 Trustee did not rely upon those numbers for his conclusions. Case 3:17-bk-03085 Doc 208 Filed 03/13/18 Entered 03/13/18 15:31:21 Desc Main Document Page 7 of 11 2 The Trustee also reached a similar conclusion concerning the personal property of the Debtor. Considering the size and value of the Debtor’s residence, it is likely that the value of the personal property exceeds the amounts listed by the Debtor on his schedules. However, the liens outlined above would make it impossible to ever convey clear title to any property under 11 U.S.C. §363(f). Further, within the first few days after his appointment, the Chapter 7 Trustee met with Dennis Powers, the State Court Receiver for the Debtor’s law practice. They discussed the transactions from the Debtor’s various bank accounts. Mr. Powers had reviewed everything in some depth, and had concluded that there had been no transfers to any hidden account, but that the money had just been spent. He provided the Trustee with the bank account records, and the Trustee personally reviewed all of those bank records as well. That review by the Trustee did not reveal any fund or assets to recover. Further, most transactions took place outside the 90-day preference period to non-insiders, so they would not be preferences, and the other transactions were either fairly small, or clearly appeared to be for consideration, such that they could not be avoided as fraudulent conveyances. The Trustee has also spoken to numerous claimants, all of whom make allegations against the Debtor concerning his law practice. Most of those calls have revealed that the claimants have a difficult time understanding the bankruptcy process; many of them think that the court operates like a criminal enforcement agency which will launch an in-depth investigation of the affairs of Mr. Allman and produce a return of money to them. However, none of these claimants have pointed to or revealed any unencumbered assets which could be administered for their benefit. Further, any recovery would go to the priority non-dischargeable tax claimants, so over $150,000 would have to be recovered before any unsecured claimants could receive a dividend. Case 3:17-bk-03085 Doc 208 Filed 03/13/18 Entered 03/13/18 15:31:21 Desc Main Document Page 8 of 11 3 The Trustee has filed an action under 11 U.S.C. §727 to deny the discharge of the Debtor and has also filed an Objection to the Exemptions claimed under Schedule C. The exemption objection was not intended as any indication that there are assets that can be administered, but rather to preserve the rights of the bankruptcy estate, in case anything is subsequently revealed. Based on the Trustee’ review of the recorded records, his discussions with the State Court Receiver, his discussions with claimants, his review of bank records, his review of the Statements and Schedules, his discussions with various counsel, and his attendance and inquiries at the §341heairng, he is convinced that this bankruptcy proceeding will not produce any meaningful results for the claimants who feel like they have been victimized, and could actually have a negative effect on these claimants, if they do not pursue a §523 action at their own expense. A dismissal of this case with a waiver of discharge prevents any possibility that the Debtor can discharge any valid obligations to his former clients. Further, a dismissal would not allow unencumbered assets to escape administration, since it does not appear that there are any such assets. Therefore, the Trustee believes that a dismissal is in the best interests of the creditors in this case. Case 3:17-bk-03085 Doc 208 Filed 03/13/18 Entered 03/13/18 15:31:21 Desc Main Document Page 9 of 11 4 Samuel K. Crocker U.S. Trustee, Region 8 /s/ Megan Seliber Megan Seliber Assistant U.S. Trustee 701 Broadway, Suite 318 Nashville, TN 37203 615.695.4060 [email protected] /s/ Robert H. Waldschmidt Robert H. Waldschmidt P.O. Box 2828 Brentwood, TN 37024-2828 615.468.1020 [email protected] Chapter 7 Trustee Case 3:17-bk-03085 Doc 208 Filed 03/13/18 Entered 03/13/18 15:31:21 Desc Main Document Page 10 of 11 5 IN RE: IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE NASHVILLE DIVISION Case No. 3:17-bk-03085 Chapter 7 Judge Charles M. Walker Debtor. ANDY LAMAR ALLMAN, SUPPLEMENT 2 TO AGREED ORDER WAIVING DISCHARGE OF DEBTOR AND DISMISSING CASE NOTICE OF RESOURCES AVAILABLE TO CREDITORS OF THE DEBTOR IF YOU ARE RECEIVING THIS NOTICE, PLEASE BE ADVISED THAT YOU MAY HAVE A CLAIM, DEBT, LIABILITY, OR DAMAGE AGAINST DEBTOR ANDY LAMAR ALLMAN AND MAY BE ENTITLED TO A MONEY JUDGMENT FROM MR. ALLMAN. YOU ARE ADVISED TO CONTACT AN ATTORNEY TO DETERMINE WHAT RIGHTS YOU MAY HAVE AGAINST MR. ALLMAN AND HOW BEST TO EXERCISE THOSE RIGHTS. THIS NOTICE HEREBY PROVIDES CONTACT INFORMATION FOR THE LEGAL AID SOCIETY OF MIDDLE TENNESSEE AND THE CUMBERLANDS AND THE TENNESSEE BAR ASSOCIATION. THESE RESOURCES MAY HELP YOU FIND AN ATTORNEY TO ADVISE YOU AS TO YOUR RIGHTS. Legal Aid Society of Middle Tennessee and the Cumberlands 300 Deaderick Street Nashville, TN 37201 615-244-6610 www.las.org Tennessee Bar Association 221 4th Avenue North, Suite 400 Nashville, TN 37219 615-383-7421 www.tba.org Case 3:17-bk-03085 Doc 208 Filed 03/13/18 Entered 03/13/18 15:31:21 Desc Main Document Page 11 of 11 1 This Order has been electronically signed. The Judge's signature and Court's seal appear at the top of the first page. United States Bankruptcy Court. IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE NASHVILLE DIVISION IN RE: ANDY LAMAR ALLMAN, Debtor. Case No: 3:17-03085 Chapter 7 Honorable Charles M. Walker MEMORANDUM OPINION ACCOMPANYING AGREED ORDER WAIVING DEBTOR’S DISCHARGE AND DISMISSING CASE THIS MATTER is before the Court on the Joint Motion to Dismiss Case and Waive Discharge of Debtor (“Motion”). The entry of the Agreed Order will dismiss the case on the request of the Debtor, the Chapter 7 Trustee, and two of the main creditors in the case. On July 27, 2017, this Court entered an Order1 wherein it ruled that this Debtor did not have the right to dismiss his case voluntarily because he was a bad faith filer. This Opinion is to clarify for the parties and for the record that the Agreed Order does not in any way overturn, overrule, reverse, or terminate that Order. Although the Debtor appealed that Order, the appeal was dismissed by stipulation2 as part of the terms of the agreement that is the basis of the Agreed Order. The Court undertakes this task in the interest of transparency and clarity given the number of pro se parties in interest. 1 Order Denying Motion to Stay Proceedings, Granting Motion for Contempt, Granting Motion to Convert to Chapter 7, Denying Debtor’s Motion to Dismiss, and Rendering Trustee’s Motion to Dismiss Moot (ECF No. 49) (“Order”). 2 Agreed Stipulation of Dismissal (ECF No. 203). 1 Case 3:17-bk-03085 Doc 209 Filed 03/13/18 Entered 03/13/18 15:41:57 Desc Main Document Page 1 of 5 Dated: 3/13/2018 Background The Debtor filed his “bare bones”3 petition for relief under Chapter 13 of the Bankruptcy Code4 on May 3, 2017. The Debtor, an attorney whose disbarment resulted in the appointment of a state court receiver and a criminal indictment, did not file any schedules, Statement of Financial Affairs, credit counseling certification,5 or creditor matrix with his original filing. When he failed to do so within the time frame required by the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure,6 the Chapter 13 Trustee filed a Motion to Dismiss for Unreasonable Delay Prejudicial to Creditors (ECF No. 6). Creditor Inga Goodson (“Goodson”) objected to the Trustee’s motion and filed a Motion for Conversion to Chapter 7 (ECF No. 8), alleging bad faith on the part of the Debtor in filing the petition in an attempt “to curtail the efforts of the duly appointed state court receiver.” The Chapter 13 Trustee joined in Goodson’s motion. The Debtor responded by filing a Motion to Voluntarily Dismiss (ECF No. 13) under § 1307(b), followed by a Motion to Stay Proceedings, wherein he expressed his concern that further proceedings would infringe upon his Constitutional Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. (ECF No. 42). The Court held a hearing on July 5, 2017 on the Trustee’s motion to dismiss and Goodson’s motion to convert. The Debtor appeared and requested a continuance to allow him to retain counsel. The Court continued the hearing until July 26, 2017, and ordered the Debtor to file his schedules and statements on or before July 19, 2017. When the Debtor failed to comply with the order, Goodson filed a Motion for Contempt (ECF No. 38). At the hearing on July 26, 2017, the Court entered the Order, and the case was converted to a Chapter 7. The Debtor appealed the Order to the District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee, asserting his right to dismiss under § 1307(b). We are now eight months down the road from the filing of that appeal, during which time no progress was made to resolve this unpleasant situation. After asserting his Fifth Amendment rights, failing to file complete schedules and statements (see ECF No. 152), two continuances of the meeting of creditors due to his failure to file a mailing matrix, numerous motions that 3 Term of art used to describe a bankruptcy filing to initiate a case with the barest of documentation – typically, just the first eight pages of the petition. 4 11 U.S.C. § 101 ff. Any reference to “section” or “the Code” is a reference to the Bankruptcy Code unless another reference is stated. 5 11 U.S.C. § 109(h)(1). 6 FED. R. BANKR. P. 1007(c), in relevant part provides: Time Limits. In a voluntary case, the schedules, statements, and other documents . . . shall be filed with the petition or within 14 days thereafter . . . [.] 2 Case 3:17-bk-03085 Doc 209 Filed 03/13/18 Entered 03/13/18 15:41:57 Desc Main Document Page 2 of 5 delayed all proceedings (i.e. Motion to Stay Proceedings, Motion to Stay Pending Appeal, Motion to file the Creditor Matrix under seal), a resolution is now in sight. The Joint Motion and Agreed Order The Motion was filed by the Debtor, the Chapter 7 Trustee (“Trustee”), and creditors Cathy Brown (“Brown”) and Inge Goodson (“Goodson”) (collectively “Creditors”7). The United States Trustee has no objection to the Motion, however, twelve parties filed pro se objections. These parties are all former clients of the Debtor who each assert in their objection that they may have a claim against the Debtor (“Clients). Although the Agreed Order will provide for dismissal of the case, it will do so with sanction to the Debtor. First, the Debtor will waive his discharge and any right to appeal the Agreed Order. Second, the Debtor will be barred from filing for relief under the Code in any court in any jurisdiction for a period of two years. Attached to the Agreed Order is a Supplement containing a Summary of Efforts taken by the United States Trustee and the Chapter 7 Trustee. The supplement outlines the actions taken to investigate the assets of the Debtor, and the conclusion that there are no assets to be administered for the benefit of creditors. Given the “no asset” status of the case, this appears to be the best outcome for the Creditors, the Objectors, and any other parties in interest. Prior Ruling The Court denied the Debtor’s motion to dismiss under § 1307(b), instead granting Goodson’s motions for contempt and conversion based on its finding that the Debtor filed the motion in bad faith as part of a scheme to hinder and delay his creditors. In doing so, the Court held: The debtor’s motion to dismiss the case is DENIED as having been filed in bad faith to further the debtor’s scheme to hinder his creditor’s in abuse of the bankruptcy system. The totality of the circumstances in this case, coupled with the Debtor’s stipulation on the record that the petition was filed in bad faith, and the Court’s responsibility to maintain the integrity of the bankruptcy system, require this Court to follow the line of cases holding that a debtor filing a motion to dismiss in the face of a motion to convert and for sanctions, does not have an absolute right to dismissal. In re Youngblood, No. 13-71071, 2013 WL 5592904 (Bankr. C.D. Ill. 2013), citing Jacobsen v. Mosser (In re Jacobsen), 609 F. 3d 647 (5th Cir. 2010); Rosson v. Fitzgerald (In re Rosson), 545 F. 3d 764 (9th Cir. 2008); In re Kotche, 457 B.R. 434 (Bankr. D. Md. 7 Note: Brown and Goodson are also former clients of the Debtor. Case 3:17-bk-03085 Doc 209 Filed 03/13/18 Entered 03/13/18 15:41:57 Desc Main Document Page 3 of 5 3 2011). “If good faith is a condition of eligibility to be a Chapter 13 debtor— and Marrama says that it is—then a debtor who has acted in bad faith, both before filing and with respect to the actual filing, is not eligible to be a Chapter 13 debtor. And, a debtor who is not eligible to be a Chapter 13 debtor is not entitled to the protections of Chapter 13 such as the absolute right to dismiss.” Youngblood, 2013 WL 5592904, at *7 referencing Marrama v. Citizens Bank of Massachusetts, 549 U.S. 365, 127 S. Ct. 1105, 166 L. Ed. 2d 956 (2007). The Court held that the Debtor, as a bad faith filer of a case under Chapter 13, was not entitled to the rights, privileges, and benefits afforded a Debtor seeking relief in good faith. As such, the Debtor was not entitled to voluntarily dismiss his Chapter 13 case in the face of a Motion to Convert. The Order and the findings contained therein stand. The Debtor has dismissed his appeal of the Order. Nothing in the record, nor anything in the Agreed Order changes the findings made by the Court in that Order. Current Status Why, then, is this bad faith Debtor now permitted to voluntarily dismiss his case? Herein lies the point of this opinion: to provide explanation to the parties – specifically the pro se Clients – as to why dismissal at the Debtor’s request is appropriate now when it was not before. The first dismissal motion was brought by the Chapter 13 Debtor who was found to have filed his petition in bad faith. Granting that motion would have permitted him to have the benefit of the automatic stay, resulting in “holding off” his creditors – particularly the Clients – without having complied with the provisions of the Code. The Code requires full disclosure of assets and liabilities, as well as attendance at a meeting of creditors to address questions by the Chapter 13 Trustee and interested parties. Had the Debtor complied with the Code, the disclosed information may have been beneficial to his Creditors and Clients in protecting their interests. The required disclosures are designed to provide the poor but unfortunate debtor with a fresh start by disclosing to the world the debts that are to be discharged, as well as any assets that may be liquidated for the benefit of creditors. This Debtor, however, disclosed nothing upon his initial filing except his name and address. He failed to provide any information in compliance with the Code8 for over eight months. 8 See 11 U.S.C. §§ 521 and 341, FED. R. BANKR. P. 1007. Case 3:17-bk-03085 Doc 209 Filed 03/13/18 Entered 03/13/18 15:41:57 Desc Main Document Page 4 of 5 4 Until now, the Debtor was the only one to benefit from the filing. The moment he filed his Chapter 13 petition, the automatic stay prohibited his creditors from pursuing any collection actions against him.9 That stay has remained in full force and effect since the date of filing some ten months ago.10 The Debtor has had the benefit of the stay without paying price – compliance with the Code. He then sought to exit the bankruptcy process unscathed while having stalled the Creditors and Clients to their detriment.11 Now, the Debtor is a Chapter 7 Debtor. This subjected him to the scrutiny of a Chapter 7 Trustee, who investigated the possibility of administering assets for the benefit of creditors. Additionally, in order to obtain the dismissal, the Debtor is waiving his discharge and ability to appeal the Agreed Order. What this means is that there is no discharge available to him for any debt for which he is liable on the petition date. No discharge – now or in the future – for any debt for which he is responsible on the date of filing. Additionally, he is barred from seeking relief from this or any other bankruptcy court in the country for a period of two years. The waiver of discharge and the bar to refiling are sanctions to which the Debtor has agreed, with advice of counsel. These sanctions are appropriate in this situation in that they address the concerns of the Creditors and the Objectors directly. See In re Cusano, 431 B.R. 726, 738 (6th Cir. 2010) citing In re Greenburg, 200 B.R. 763, 769-70 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1996) (sanctions “should fit the situation, remedying the abuse and protecting the party most directly affected by the wrongful conduct.”). Conclusion The Court’s finding that the Debtor filed his Chapter 13 petition in bad faith is not contradicted by the entry of the Agreed Order dismissing the Debtor’s Chapter 7 case without a discharge and with a bar to refiling. This appears to be the best result in light of the Court’s previous findings and the interests of the Creditors and Objectors. The Joint Motion is GRANTED. The Agreed Order will be entered. 9 11 U.S.C. § 362. 10 With the exception of one creditor who obtained relief from the stay. 11 i.e. one Client represented to the Court at the hearing on February 27, 2018 that the statute of limitations had run on the claim for which she had retained the Debtor to represent her. 5 Case 3:17-bk-03085 Doc 209 Filed 03/13/18 Entered 03/13/18 15:41:57 Desc Main Document Page 5 of 5 This Order has been electronically signed. The Judge's signature and Court's seal appear at the top of the first page. United States Bankruptcy Court.

=== Jackson Masonry, LLC v. Ritzen Group, Inc. (In re Jackson Masonry), No. 17-90157 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. Apr. 3, 2018) ===

IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE NASHVILLE DIVISION IN RE: Debtor-in-Possession. JACKSON MASONRY, LLC., JACKSON MASONRY, LLC., __________________________________________ __________________________________________) RITZEN GROUP, INC., Defendant. Plaintiff, v. Case No: 3:16-bk-2065 Chapter 11 Honorable Charles M. Walker Adversary No: 17-90157 ORDER This matter was before the Court for hearing wherein the parties addressed the allegations in the complaint, as well as the jurisdictional issues raised in the defendant’s motion to dismiss. The parties submitted briefs, presented evidence, and oral argument, with the Court taking the matter under advisement. The plaintiff argued that provisions of the Bankruptcy Code bestow jurisdiction upon this Court to remove the lis pendens, or effectuate the removal of the lis pendens, from the register of the state. The plaintiff reasoned that provisions of the Bankruptcy Code that empowered this Court to enforce the confirmation order, authorized this Court to order the Defendant to remove the lis pendens. The defendant disputed the subject matter jurisdiction of this Court in that Tennessee state law controls, and the dispute that was the basis for the state action was continuing through proceedings in federal court. Case 3:17-ap-90157 Doc 42 Filed 04/03/18 Entered 04/03/18 15:19:42 Desc Main Document Page 1 of 2 1 Dated: 4/3/2018 For the reasons stated in the Memorandum Opinion contemporaneously filed herewith, the plaintiff’s arguments are not well-taken, and the defendant’s argument that Tennessee state law controls is correct, however, its contention that the federal court proceedings provide a basis for the continued existence of the lis pendens is wholly erroneous. Tennessee state law authorizes the imposition of a lis pendens, and sets forth the parameters for removal of a lis pendens, all of which occur in the state court setting pursuant to state law. Therefore, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that (1) Jurisdiction is not conferred on this Court by any provision of the Bankruptcy Code. (2) Jurisdiction is not conferred on this Court by any provision of Tennessee state law; and (3) The Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED. This Order was signed and entered electronically as indicated at the top of the page. Case 3:17-ap-90157 Doc 42 Filed 04/03/18 Entered 04/03/18 15:19:42 Desc Main Document Page 2 of 2 2 This Order has been electronically signed. The Judge's signature and Court's seal appear at the top of the first page. United States Bankruptcy Court. IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE NASHVILLE DIVISION IN RE: Debtor-in-Possession. JACKSON MASONRY, LLC., JACKSON MASONRY, LLC., __________________________________________ __________________________________________) RITZEN GROUP, INC., Defendant. Plaintiff, v. Case No: 3:16-bk-02065 Chapter 11 Honorable Charles M. Walker Adversary No: 17-90157 MEMORANDUM OPINION The parties came before this Court over a year ago locked in battle over a parcel of real estate in Nashville, Tennessee. The saga continues here where the conflict rests on the validity of a lis pendens, under Tennessee state law and federal bankruptcy law. BACKGROUND Jackson, as the seller, and Ritzen, as the buyer, entered into a sales contract for a parcel of land located at 1200 49th Avenue North, Nashville, TN (“Property”). Ritzen filed suit (“Suit”) in Chancery Court for Davidson County, Tennessee, when the sale failed to close. Based on the Suit, Ritzen recorded a lien lis pendens (“lis pendens”) against the Property pursuant to Tennessee state law. Case 3:17-ap-90157 Doc 41 Filed 04/03/18 Entered 04/03/18 15:14:25 Desc Main Document Page 1 of 10 1 Dated: 4/3/2018 The Suit was stayed when Jackson filed for relief under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code.1 When Ritzen failed to prosecute or take any action to preserve the suit for over ten months, the Chancery Court entered an order dismissing the case. Meanwhile, Jackson challenged Ritzen’s proof of claim,2 and this Court found in favor of Jackson, entering judgment with damages of $248,311.83 for Ritzen’s inability to close the sale. The order included two provisions regarding the lis pendens: (1) the terms of the Plan did not affect the lis pendens, and (2) Jackson reserved all rights to challenge the validity of the lis pendens, including through the filing of a motion to compel the removal of the lis pendens, if Ritzen fails to post a sufficient supersedeas bond. After confirmation of its plan of reorganization, Jackson sought a line of credit (“LOC”) to fund its operations and meet its obligations under the Plan. The financing was contingent on the removal of the lis pendens, or at least its subordination to the LOC. Ritzen refused to remove the lis pendens, resulting in the filing of this action. A hearing was conducted wherein the parties addressed the allegations in the complaint, as well as the jurisdictional issues in the motion to dismiss. In support of its position, Jackson called Roger Jackson to testify. Mr. Jackson is the principal and sole owner of Jackson Masonry. Mr. Jackson testified as to the operation of Jackson, and his efforts to obtain the LOC. The Complaint REQUESTED RELIEF Jackson seeks relief under three provisions of the Code: §§ 506(d), 1142(b), and 105(a). By invoking the avoidance provisions of § 506(d), Jackson seeks to have this Court declare the lis pendens void. This argument rests on the fact that Ritzen’s secured claim was disallowed, and that applicable Tennessee law renders the lis pendens void at the dismissal of the underlying state court action. Second, and alternatively, Jackson requests the Court order Ritzen to cause the lis pendens to be removed as provided under Tennessee state law. This request draws on the Court’s powers under § 1142(b), to direct any party to perform in any way necessary for the 1 11 U.S.C. § 101 ff. Any reference to “section” or “the Code” is a reference to the Bankruptcy Code unless another reference is stated. 2 See Adversary No. 3:16-ap-90263; ECF No. 118. 2 Case 3:17-ap-90157 Doc 41 Filed 04/03/18 Entered 04/03/18 15:14:25 Desc Main Document Page 2 of 10 consummation of the plan. Jackson couples this with the inherent powers under § 105(a) for an order requiring removal of the lis pendens because it creates a cloud on the title of the Property. This “cloud” is preventing Jackson from consummating its reorganization because it cannot obtain the LOC. The Motion to Dismiss Ritzen argues for dismissal under two main theories: (1) lack of subject matter jurisdiction; and (2) failure to state a cause of action. (1) FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(1).3 Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction. A challenge to the Court’s subject matter jurisdiction can come in two forms: a facial attack that challenges the pleading’s sufficiency, and a factual attack that contests subject matter jurisdiction based on the factual allegations. United States v. Ritchie, 15 F.3d 592, 598 (6th Cir.), cert denied, 513 U.S. 868, 115 S. Ct. 188, 130 L. Ed. 2d 121 (1994). A facial challenge disputes the existence of alleged facts in the complaint that establish the court’s ability to hear the case. Crawford v. United States Dep’t of Justice, 123 F. Supp. 2d 1012, 1013-14 (S.D. Miss. 2000). A facial attack requires the court to take the material allegations of the petition as true and construe them in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Ritchie citing Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 235-37, 94 S. Ct. 1683, 1686-87, 40 L. Ed. 2d 90 (1974). A factual attack requires no presumption as to the truthfulness of the allegations. This is because the court is considering the allegations strictly to determine jurisdiction. Id. citing Ohio Nat’l Life Ins. Co. v. United States, 922 F.2d 320, 325 (6th Cir. 1990); Charles A. Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1350 at 225 (1990); and Shaw v. Merritt- Chapman & Scott Corp, 554 F.2d 786, 789 (6th Cir. 1977) The burden in establishing subject matter jurisdiction lies with the plaintiff when the jurisdictional facts are challenged. Ohio Nat’l Life, 922 F.2d at 324; see also Rogers v. Stratton Indus., Inc., 798 F.2d 913, 915 (6th Cir. 1986) (per curiam). (2) FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(6) – Failure to State a Claim A 12(b)(6) challenge is one that tests the sufficiency of the complaint. Smith v. Bank of Am. Corp., 485 F. App’x 749, 751 (6th Cir. 2012). The unexceptional standard requires that the complaint contain sufficient facts that, when “accepted as true, state a claim to relief that is 3 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12 is made applicable here by Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 7012. 3 Case 3:17-ap-90157 Doc 41 Filed 04/03/18 Entered 04/03/18 15:14:25 Desc Main Document Page 3 of 10 plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 173 L. Ed. 2d 868 (2009) citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S. Ct. 1955, 1974, 167 L. Ed. 2d 929 (2007). Plausibility is “when the plaintiff pleads factually content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. Tennessee State Law STATUTORY PREDICATE The authorization of a lis pendens is governed by Tennessee state law. The applicable provisions provide: (a) When any person, in any court of record, by declaration, petition, bill or cross bill, seeks to fix a lien lis pendens on real estate, or any interest in real estate, situated in the county of suit, in furtherance of the setting aside of a fraudulent conveyance, of subjection of property under return of nulla bona, tracing a trust fund, enforcing an equitable vendor’s lien, or otherwise, that person shall file for record in the register’s office of the county an abstract, certified by the clerk, containing the names of the parties to the suit, a description of the real estate affected, its ownership and a brief statement of the nature and amount of the lien sought to be fixed. TENN. CODE ANN. § 20-3-101 (West). Termination and removal of a lis pendens, however, is governed by the following provision: (a) Where the suit, abstract of the claimed lien in which has been filed and recorded, finally terminates, whether on the merits or otherwise, the court may direct the entry on the lien book in the registry of an order respecting the suit made by it, which order, certified by the clerk, shall be presented to the register, who shall immediately note its date and record it on the lien book at the proper place. (b) Should no such order be entered by the court, it is the duty of the plaintiff or complainant who filed the notice abstract to cause to be noted of record the fact of termination, or, if the claim is satisfied, the satisfaction of the claim, such notation to be attested in writing by the register or the register’s deputy. TENN. CODE ANN. § 20-3-103 (West). Case 3:17-ap-90157 Doc 41 Filed 04/03/18 Entered 04/03/18 15:14:25 Desc Main Document Page 4 of 10 4 Code Provisions Jackson asserts jurisdiction in this Court under three provisions of the Code. First, under § 506, Jackson seeks an order deeming the lis pendens void. The relevant provision under that section provides: (d) To the extent that a lien secures a claim against the debtor that is not an allowed secured claim, such lien is void, unless-- (1) such claim was disallowed only under section 502(b)(5) or 502(e) of this title; or (2) such claim is not an allowed secured claim due only to the failure of any entity to file a proof of such claim under section 501 of this title. 11 U.S.C.A. § 506 (West). Second, Jackson claims that this Court has post-confirmation jurisdiction because § 1142 provides in relevant part: (b) The court may direct the debtor and any other necessary party to execute or deliver or to join in the execution or delivery of any instrument required to effect a transfer of property dealt with by a confirmed plan, and to perform any other act, including the satisfaction of any lien, that is necessary for the consummation of the plan. 11 U.S.C.A. § 1142 (West). Jackson implores the Court to draw on its powers to enforce the confirmation order by requiring Ritzen to remove the lis pendens. The Court is afforded those powers in § 105: (a) The court may issue any order, process, or judgment that is necessary or appropriate to carry out the provisions of this title. No provision of this title providing for the raising of an issue by a party in interest shall be construed to preclude the court from, sua sponte, taking any action or making any determination necessary or appropriate to enforce or implement court orders or rules, or to prevent an abuse of process. 11 U.S.C.A. § 105 (West). Voiding the Lis Pendens under § 506 DISCUSSION Jackson relies on its assertion that the lis pendens is a lien, and this Court’s Order (ECF No. 375), and related Bench Decision (ECF No. 423), disallowing Ritzen’s claims in their entirety for the premise that this Court has jurisdiction to declare the lis pendens void. Ritzen asserts (1) the lis pendens is not a lien for purposes of § 506(d); and (2) Ritzen’s claim has not Case 3:17-ap-90157 Doc 41 Filed 04/03/18 Entered 04/03/18 15:14:25 Desc Main Document Page 5 of 10 5 been disallowed because an appeal of this Court’s decision is pending. Ritzen is correct on both counts. First, the lis pendens is not a lien for purposes of § 506(d) because it does not create a lien supported by a property interest. In re Mundy Ranch, Inc., 484 B.R. 416, 424 (Bankr. D.N.M. 2012). The nature of a lis pendens is that of notice. A party to an action records a lis pendens with the property register in order to serve notice to all that an action is pending, and that action has the potential to affect the title of the subject property. Oliver v. Upton, No. 01A01-9705-CH-00197, 1998 WL 151388, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 3, 1998), citing Figlio v. Shelley Ford, Inc., No. 88 15 II, 1988 WL 63497 at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 22, 1988); see also Beefy King Int’l, Inc. v. Veigle, 464 F. 2d 1102, 1104 (5th Cir. 1972) (“The purpose of a lis pendens is to notify prospective purchasers and encumbrancers that any interest acquired by them in the property in litigation is subject to the decree of the court.”) The filing of a lis pendens does not create a lien for bankruptcy purposes. See Wells Fargo Funding v. Gold, 432 B.R. 216, 224 (E.D. Va. 2009). Bankruptcy courts recognize that a lis pendens is not a lien in the context of the Code. In re Adamson, 312 B.R. 16, 20 (Bankr. D. Mass. 2004) (in approving a sale under §363, the court held that the debtor-in-possession could not invoke § 363(f) to extinguish a notice of lis pendens because a lis pendens is not an interest in, nor a lien against estate property for the purpose of § 363.) Consequently, it follows that if the broad strokes authorized by § 363 to erase “liens, claims and encumbrances” cannot remove a lis pendens, the more restricted provisions of § 506(d) cannot be extended to do so either. As for the disallowance of Ritzen’s claim, the pending appeal of this Court’s order disallowing the claim means that the question of the allowance of Ritzen’s claim has not been resolved. The plan itself refers to a “final order” as one that is not subject to appeal. (ECF No. 388). The appeal pending in the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals4 has not been resolved by either final disposition from that court, nor the expiration of the time to seek certiorari. Therefore, the allowance or disallowance of Ritzen’s claim remains unresolved. Accordingly, Jackson cannot utilize § 506(d) to void the lis pendens. 4 Ritzen Group, Inc. v. Jackson Masonry, LLC, 0:2018bk05161 (6th Cir. 2018). 6 Case 3:17-ap-90157 Doc 41 Filed 04/03/18 Entered 04/03/18 15:14:25 Desc Main Document Page 6 of 10 Post-Confirmation Jurisdiction Jackson asserts that jurisdiction extends post-confirmation when a matter has such a close nexus to the bankruptcy plan that it affects “the interpretation, implementation consummation, execution, or administration of the confirmed plan[.]” Thickstun Bros. Equip. Co., Inc. v. Encompass Servs. Corp. (In re Thickstun Bros. Equip. Co., Inc.), 344 B.R. 515, 521 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2006) quoting Bender v. Price Waterhouse & Co., LLP (In re Resorts Int’l, Inc.), 372 F.3d 154, 166-67 (3d Cir. 2004). Jackson further argues that the Court should exercise its powers under § 1142(b) to command the removal of the lis pendens in facilitation of the confirmed plan by allowing Jackson to obtain a LOC. Additionally, Jackson argues that the release of the lis pendens is crucial to enforcement of the confirmation order and, therefore, this Court has jurisdiction to order the release of the lis pendens, or its subordination, under §§ 1142(b) and 105. Ritzen disputes the Court’s jurisdiction to assist Jackson at this juncture of its bankruptcy case because the protections of the Code are not available to Jackson who has exited the bankruptcy process. Relying on Pettibone Corp. v. Easley, 935 F.2d 120 (7th Cir. 1991), Ritzen maintains that given the post-confirmation status of Jackson’s bankruptcy case, Jackson is now outside the range of protections afforded by the Code. Once the bankruptcy court confirms a plan of reorganization, the debtor may go about its business without further supervision or approval. the [debtor] also is without the protection of the bankruptcy court. It may not come running to the bankruptcy judge every time something unpleasant happens. Formerly a ward of the court, the debtor is emancipated by the plan of reorganization. Id. at 122 (emphasis added). Ritzen further argues that the plan does not confer jurisdiction because it does not contain any provision that would grant jurisdiction to this Court for this cause of action. Specifically, nothing in the plan or the disclosure statement contemplates the Debtor obtaining a LOC to fund the plan. Nor did any term of any agreement between the parties require Ritzen to remove the lis pendens. Ritzen’s argument is well taken. The terms of the plan specifically state that the plan is to be funded by cash generated by the ongoing operations of Jackson. See Plan, ECF No. 388, at Case 3:17-ap-90157 Doc 41 Filed 04/03/18 Entered 04/03/18 15:14:25 Desc Main Document Page 7 of 10 7 Article VI § C and section XII.c of the Disclosure Statement (ECF No. 388 & 389). It does not include a LOC as part of the funding scheme. Moreover, Mr. Jackson testified that the LOC was not something he obtained in the normal course of operating the business. In fact, he stated that the last time he took out a LOC to assist with operation of the business was in 2009. He further stated that the LOC was not necessary for operations, but would be nice to have as a safety net. These statements clearly indicate that Jackson’s efforts to obtain a LOC are not within the jurisdiction of this Court, and are not sheltered by the protections afforded under § 1142. Section 1142 limits this Court’s jurisdiction to matters concerning the implementation, execution, or enforcement of provisions contained in a confirmed plan. Here, no provision of the plan anticipates Jackson obtaining a LOC in order to operate the business and fund the plan. Further, there is no mention of a LOC in the Disclosure Statement either. Since § 105 cannot be used to create bankruptcy court jurisdiction where it does not already exist, Jackson cannot invoke § 1142(b) and/or § 105 to have the lis pendens removed or subordinated. Tennessee State Law Tennessee law provides for the filing of a lis pendens when an action is commenced that may affect the title of property. The lis pendens serves as notice of a claim against property, but does not itself serve as an encumbrance on title. David Leonard Assocs., P.C. v. Airport-81 Nursing Care, Inc. (In re Airport-81 Nursing Care, Inc.), 32 B.R. 960, 964 (Bankr. E.D.Tenn. 1983). By filing the lis pendens, the plaintiff is using a procedural step to attach a notice provision to the property, and is not creating a lien. “There must be some other authority, equitable or otherwise, providing the basis for a lien right. Id. citing 10A G. Thompson, Commentaries on the Modern Law of Real Property § 5304 (Repl. 1957). “It simply gives notice that the plaintiff in the pending action has a claim that would adversely effect the title of the prospective purchaser if the plaintiff is successful in the litigation.” Figlio, 1988 WL 63497 at *3. The Tennessee statute also provides the proper procedure for removal of a lis pendens. Supra at 5. The statute is clear as to the circumstances necessary to terminate the lis pendens: Case 3:17-ap-90157 Doc 41 Filed 04/03/18 Entered 04/03/18 15:14:25 Desc Main Document Page 8 of 10 8 Where the suit on which the notice is based finally terminates, the right to subject subsequent purchasers and encumbrancers to the claims described in the action on which the lis pendens is based comes to an end. The statute provides that if the court does not so order it is the duty of the plaintiff to note the fact of termination in the register’s office where the notice is filed. Figlio, 1988 WL 63497, at *4. Ritzen contends that the Suit is not terminated because Ritzen’s claim in that action “transformed” into the claims process in this court and is, therefore ongoing in the appeal. Ritzen cites to no authority for this “transformation” premise, and for good reason: there is none. The only possible way for the Suit to have continued in federal court, and be subject to the appeal process here, is if Ritzen had sought and obtained removal of the Suit to federal court. Ritzen made no such move. The record reflects that the Suit was dismissed by the state court. Upon dismissal, the legitimacy of the lis pendens was extinguished under the Tennessee statute, the same law that authorized it: [T]he suit out of which the original lis pendens arose did “finally” terminate when the plaintiff did not appeal or move to alter or amend the judgment or move for a new trial within thirty days after the order of dismissal was entered. The claim described in that action was no longer a pending lawsuit. Id. Ritzen’s last ditch effort is to argue that the lis pendens did not terminate on the dismissal of the Suit because the dismissal was not on the merits. Again, Ritzen’s argument fails. The statute does not discern under what circumstances the underlying case was dismissed. In fact, the statute uses the broadest language to describe the requisite circumstances of the dismissal: “whether on the merits or otherwise.” (Supra at 5). Figlio, 1988 WL 63497, at *4. Therefore, it appears that, pursuant to the Tennessee statute, the lis pendens’ legality terminated upon the dismissal of the Suit. This is a cautionary tale for Chapter 11 debtors-in-possession. This relief could and should have been sought through the plan and confirmation process. Waiting until post- confirmation brought its challenges, and legitimate challenges they were. Post-confirmation jurisdiction is not a given, and there are many instances where the challenges to that jurisdiction are, as here, well founded. This Court is not willing to stretch the bounds of its jurisdiction when the answer is obvious: the status of the legitimacy of the lis pendens is not properly a determination for this Case 3:17-ap-90157 Doc 41 Filed 04/03/18 Entered 04/03/18 15:14:25 Desc Main Document Page 9 of 10 9 Court. That question is one for the state court. To expand its jurisdiction in this instance would encourage reorganized debtors to come running to bankruptcy court to seek enforcement of “wishful” provisions, or to stretch actual plan provisions to something unrecognizable by the parties bound by the plan. CONCLUSION Tennessee state law provides the authorization for a lis pendens. That statute provides the procedural steps to be taken in the state court to file a lis pendens, and to remove one. No Code provision bestows jurisdiction on this Court to affect those procedural steps, or issue an order regarding the requirements of the state court concerning matters governing its register. Therefore, Ritzen’s Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED. A separate Order will issue. Case 3:17-ap-90157 Doc 41 Filed 04/03/18 Entered 04/03/18 15:14:25 Desc Main Document Page 10 of 10 10 This Order has been electronically signed. The Judge's signature and Court's seal appear at the top of the first page. United States Bankruptcy Court.

=== In re Bush, 593 B.R. 600 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. Oct. 2, 2018) ===

In re Bush, --- B.R. ---- (2018) 2018 WL 4791087 2018 WL 4791087 Only the Westlaw citation is currently available. United States Bankruptcy Court, M.D. Tennessee, Nashville Division. IN RE: Marlon Cecil BUSH, Debtor. Case No: 18-bk-02532 | Signed October 2, 2018 Synopsis Background: Chapter 7 trustee objected to enhanced Tennessee homestead exemption claimed by debtor based on his alleged “custody” of his wife’s granddaughter. The Bankruptcy Court, Charles M. Walker, J., held that debtor had “custody” of child and was accordingly entitled to enhanced Tennessee homestead exemption available to debtors having custody of minor child. Objection overruled. Attorneys and Law Firms Rodney Lewis Caldwell, Flexer Law, PLLC, Murfreesboro, TN, Daniel Castagna, Flexer Law, PLLC, Nashville, TN, for Debtor. Denis Graham (Gray) Waldron, Niarhos & Waldron, PLC, Nashville, TN, for Trustee. MEMORANDUM OPINION Charles M. Walker, U.S. Bankruptcy Judge the value of *1 Chapter 7 bankruptcy trustees are charged with the duty of, among other things, maximizing a bankruptcy estate.1 An essential part of that process is an investigation into the legality of the Debtor’s claimed exemptions. An objection to a claimed exemption can work to “free-up” an asset for liquidation for the benefit of creditors. Here, the Debtor has claimed an enhanced exemption of $25,000 under Tennessee homestead exemption law based on his custody of a minor child. The Trustee has challenged the Debtor’s claim of custody as a basis for his objection to the claimed exemption. The Court conducted an evidentiary hearing, and the matter was fully briefed. For the reasons stated below, the Court finds that the Debtor has properly claimed his exemption, and the Trustee’s objection is overruled. 1 11 U.S.C. § 704; 11 U.S.C. § 101 ff. Any reference to the “section” or “the Code” Bankruptcy Code unless another reference is stated (i.e. Tenn. Code Ann.) is a reference to © 2018 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. 1 BACKGROUND In re Bush, --- B.R. ---- (2018) 2018 WL 4791087 Marlon Cecil Bush (herein “Debtor”) filed for relief under Chapter 7 of the Code on April 13, 2018. On schedule C, the Debtor claimed a $25,000 exemption pursuant to Tennessee state law. Tenn. Code Ann. § 26-2-301(f)2. The Debtor asserts custody of his granddaughter as a basis for the claimed exemption. The Trustee objects to the claim because the Debtor does not have custody of his granddaughter as the term custody is defined under Tennessee law. The Court conducted an evidentiary hearing, and the the admission of to parties stipulated evidence, including two state court orders. 2 All references to the Tennessee Code Annotated are current through the 2018 Legislative Session. The first order was entered on December 29, 2004. In that order, the Juvenile Court of Rutherford County, Tennessee awarded temporary custody of the granddaughter to Sue Jackson,3 the grandmother of the child. The Debtor testified that the child’s mother sought entry of this order as she was terminally ill and the child’s father was incarcerated at the time. 3 Sue Jackson married the Debtor sometime after the order was entered, and changed her name to Sue Bush. (“Sue”) as guardians of The second order was entered on December 13, 2017 by the same court (“Second Order”), and appointed the Debtor and Sue Bush the granddaughter. The Debtor testified that he and Sue sought this order after Sue’s daughter passed away, and Sue herself was diagnosed with a terminal disease. They the wanted granddaughter in the home and with the Debtor in light of Sue’s health issues. the security of to ensure At the hearing, the Debtor testified that the granddaughter lived in his home with him and Sue for approximately thirteen years, and continues to reside with them. He stated that while the granddaughter resides with them, they are responsible for providing food, shelter, medical care, emotional the support, necessities that go along with raising a child. The granddaughter’s father does not exercise visitation, has not been ordered to - nor does he - pay child support, and does not provide for the child in any way. The Trustee did not challenge the Debtor’s assertions on cross-examination. transportation, and all and, therefore, *2 The Trustee argues that this is a matter of law, and that the statute is clear with no ambiguity as to the definition of the term “custody,” statutory interpretation is not appropriate. Applying the definition of the term “custody” stated in the Tennessee Code, the Trustee concedes that the granddaughter, but contends it is not the Debtor. Alternatively, he urges this Court to certify the question of defining the term “custody” to the Tennessee Supreme Court if this ruling is to be based on a finding of ambiguity in the definition of the term in Tennessee statutes. someone custody has of The Debtor argues that because the term “custody” is not defined in the applicable exemption statute, it is appropriate for this Court to look to other Tennessee statutes, and those statutes, to determine the meaning of the term “custody” in the exemption statute. The Debtor points to provisions in Tennessee that define custody, and domestic intent behind legislative law the © 2018 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. 2 In re Bush, --- B.R. ---- (2018) 2018 WL 4791087 the with asserts that the same definition is used interchangeably term “guardianship” throughout the Tennessee statutes. This, coupled with the legislative intent of protecting families and providing security for minor children, parents and guardians, means the Debtor meets the requirements of the enhancement by having custody of a minor child. STATUTORY PREDICATE The meaning of the word “custody” as it is used in Tennessee’s enhanced homestead exemption for an individual with custody of a minor child is a term undefined in that statute, and is the issue before this Court. Homestead exemption statutes have been enacted with the purpose of protecting the value of homes of certain owners in certain circumstances. “Homestead” is the primary residence of a person, and exemption laws regarding residential residences protect values from such things as property taxes and forced sales for the benefit of creditors, as well as securing housing for a surviving homeowner spouse. Under the Code, a debtor may claim exemptions as authorized by state law. 11 U.S.C. 522(b)(2). The state of Tennessee does not authorize the use of the federal exemption scheme, but instead has enacted its own required homestead exemption statute that expands the protections provided under the Code: (f) Notwithstanding subsection (a) to the contrary, an individual who has one (1) or more minor children in the individual’s custody shall be entitled to a homestead twenty-five exemption not exceeding real thousand dollars property that is owned by the individual and used by the individual as a principal place of residence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 26-2-301 (West) ($25,000) on The term “custody” is not defined in the exemption statute itself, therefore, the Court must turn to other provisions contained in the Tennessee Code for the definition of “custody.” Title 37 of the Tennessee Code relates to juvenile courts and proceedings. This section provides a definition of the word “custody” with regard to minors: rights and (b)(9) “Custody” means the control of actual physical care of the child and includes the right and responsibility to provide for the physical, mental, moral and emotional well-being of the child. “Custody,” as herein defined, relates to those responsibilities as exercised either by the parents or by a person or organization granted custody by a jurisdiction. competent “Custody” shall not be construed as the termination of parental rights set forth in § 37-1-147. “Custody” does not exist by virtue of mere physical possession of the child[.] Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-102 (West) court of The Debtor, pursuant to the Second Order, has been appointed guardian of his granddaughter. Title 34 of the Tennessee © 2018 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. 3 In re Bush, --- B.R. ---- (2018) 2018 WL 4791087 those relating Code contains generally and to conservatorships4. The definition of the term guardian applicable therein is as follows: guardianships statutes *3 (9) “Guardian” or “coguardian” means a person or persons appointed by the court to provide partial or full supervision, protection and assistance of the person or property, or both, of a minor[.] Tenn. Code Ann. § 34-1-101 (West) 4 “Guardian” means, for purposes of adoptions and terminations of parental rights, the meanings set forth in § 36-1-102 and, for all other purposes, the meaning set forth in § 34-1-101[.] Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-5-103. to provide Title 36 of the Tennessee Code contains the domestic relations statutes. The purpose of the is these provisions “procedures for the adoption of children” and generally to ensure the best interests of the child are secured. Tenn. Code Ann. § title does not 36-1-101. Although explicitly provide a definition for the word “custody,” it does define what it means to be a guardian. In relevant part, it states: this (24)(A) “Guardian” ... means a person ... other than the parent of a child, appointed by a court or defined by law specifically as “guardian” ... to provide supervision, protection for and care for the person or property, or both, of a child or adult. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102 (West) “Guardianship” or (25)(A) “co-guardianship” means, for purposes of subdivision (24), a person or entity having the status of being a guardian or co-guardian who or which is responsible supervision, for provision the of protection, and assistance to the person of a child under this part or under other law of this or any other jurisdiction. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102 (West) (25)(C)(ii) Complete guardianship ... pursuant to the entry of an order of guardianship as provided in this part, shall entitle the person or entity to the right to care for the child as provided under § 37-1-140 or as otherwise provided by the court order ...[.] Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102 (West) This last provision refers to a section titled “Legal Custodian – Duties”, defining the rights of a guardian by referencing the duties of a legal custodian: (a) A custodian to whom legal custody has been given by the court under this part has the right to the physical custody of the child, the right to determine the nature of the care and treatment of the child, including ordinary medical care and the right and duty to provide for the care, protection, training and education, and the physical, mental and moral welfare of the the conditions and child, subject limitations of the remaining rights and duties of the child’s parents or guardian. Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-140 (West) to the order and to DISCUSSION © 2018 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. 4 In re Bush, --- B.R. ---- (2018) 2018 WL 4791087 The Trustee is correct in his argument that if this Court finds ambiguity in the Tennessee statute as to the definition of the term “custody,” it must turn to legislative history to resolve the conflict, or certify the question to the Supreme Court of the State of Tennessee. Thankfully, no ambiguity exists here. the inquiry when determining Ambiguity exists where two or more enacted provisions or statutes are inconsistent. The context of the statutory language at issue, along with the context of the entire statute form if statutory ambiguity exists. U.S. v. Chafin, 808 F.3d 1263, 1271 (11th Cir. 2015), citing U.S. Steel Mining Co. v. Director, OWCP, 719 F.3d 1275, 1281 (11th Cir. 2013) (quoting Robinson v. Shell Oil, Co., 519 U.S. 337, 340, 117 S.Ct. 843, 846, 136 L.Ed.2d 808 (1997 . *4 Just because parties support different interpretations of statutory language does not mean the language is ambiguous. In re American Home Mortg. Holdings, Inc., 637 F.3d 246, 256 (3rd Cir. 2011). In this instance, the court chooses, determining which asserted interpretation is persuasive. Id. Here, the Trustee urges this Court to read the applicable exemption statute in the limited view of term “custody” in the statute, and the phrase in the Second Order: “This Order does not effect custody of the minor child(ren), only possession of the child(ren).” the undefined The Debtor advocates for an interpretation of the undefined term “custody” in context with other Tennessee statutes that define the to adopt intentions, measure those definitions and term, legislative those conclusions against the objectives of the Code, and rule as a Court of equity. The Debtor’s approach will win the day. Tennessee State Law The Debtor compels this Court to view the term “custody” by looking to Tennessee statutes in pari materia relating to the common subject matter of custody of minor children. These statutes, construed together, share a common purpose: to ensure the safety and security of minor children. In re Lawrence, 219 B.R. 786, 794 (E.D. Tenn. 1998)(“... statutes in pari materia relating to a common subject matter ... should be construed together and harmonized.”) the The Tennessee provisions regarding custody lie in several different sections of the Tennessee Code. Supra at 4-5. Those sections define term “custody” (§ 37-1-102(b)(9 , “guardian” (§ 34-1-101 and § 36-1-102(24)(A , and “guardianship” (§ 36-1-102(25)(A , as well as setting forth the rights and responsibilities of guardians. (§ 36-1-102(25)(C)(ii) is well established that ‘words and phrases used in an act should be read in context with the entire act and assigned such meanings as to harmonize with the act as a whole.’ ” Perlin v. Time, Inc., 237 F.Supp.3d 623, 632 (E.D. Mich. 2017) (quoting People v. Couzens, 480 Mich. 240, 249, 747 N.W.2d 849 (2008); see also Dean v. Byerley, 354 F.3d 540, 547 (6th Cir. 2004) (“When construing a statute, we must look at the whole law and ). “It © 2018 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. 5 In re Bush, --- B.R. ---- (2018) 2018 WL 4791087 the legislature’s effectuate intent.”). “[R]easonable statutory interpretation must account for both the specific context in which ... language is used and the broader context of the statute as a whole.” Utility Air Regulatory Group v. E.P.A., 573 U.S. 302, 134 S.Ct. 2427, 189 L.Ed.2d 372 (2014), (internal citations omitted). “A statutory ‘provision that may seem ambiguous in isolation is often clarified by the remainder of the statutory scheme ... because only one of the permissible meanings produces a substantive effect that is compatible with the rest of the law.’ ” Consumer Fin. Prot. Bureau v. The Mortg. Law Grp., LLP, 157 F.Supp.3d 813, 824 (W.D. Wis. 2016), quoting United Savings Association of Texas v. Timbers of Inwood Forest Associates, Ltd., 484 U.S. 365, 371, 108 S.Ct. 626, 98 L.Ed.2d 740 (1988). Here, we look at all of those provisions previously identified as addressing a common subject: the custody of minor children and the protection of their best interests. First up is § 37-1-102 is (b)(9), which states: “ ‘Custody’ means the control of actual physical care of the child and includes the right and responsibility to provide for the physical, mental, moral and emotional well-being of the child.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-102(b)(9). This is the definition of the term “custody.” Proceeding to the next sentence of is a that section, description of the circumstances in which “custody” is legally recognized. “ ‘Custody,’ as herein defined, relates to those rights and responsibilities as exercised either by the parents or by a person or organization granted custody by a court of competent jurisdiction.” Id. Therefore, the rights and first responsibilities described there the in sentence apply to parents or non-parents authorized by court order. *5 Next, is provision (9) of § 34-1-101 which defines the term “guardian.” The Debtor, pursuant to entry of the Second Order, became a person appointed by a court to provide supervision, protection, and care for the granddaughter, and is, therefore, a guardian under Tennessee state law. Tenn. Code Ann.§ 34-1-101(9). that in status. section The Debtor’s status as a guardian having been established, we look to provisions “Complete relating to (25)(C)(ii) guardianship” describes the Debtor’s right to care for the granddaughter as a Legal Custodian upon entry of the Second Order. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(25)(C)(ii). The articulated rights of the Debtor as a legal custodian are referred to in this section, and include the physical custody of the granddaughter, as well as the right to make determinations necessary for her care and well-being. The testimony unchallenged Debtor’s authenticates his “complete guardianship” of the granddaughter, and thereby his rights as a legal custodian. The analysis of Tennessee law regarding the definition of the term “custody” reveals no ambiguity within the provisions relating to the custody of minor children and the protection of their interests. The Debtor has been appointed by a court of proper jurisdiction to perform all of the duties and responsibilities, and exercise all of the rights of one with custody of the granddaughter under Tennessee law. © 2018 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. 6 In re Bush, --- B.R. ---- (2018) 2018 WL 4791087 Bankruptcy Code and Policy The public policy behind the Code is to afford the poor but unfortunate debtor with a fresh start. Homestead exemption statutes preserve the value of residences in certain circumstances. The circumstances vary by state, but the underlying policy is to afford support to those facing challenges that may affect the security of their homes, with specific emphasis in some states on minor children and the elderly. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 26-2-301 in Tennessee laws are that It is well settled homestead exemption to be liberally construed in favor of the claimant. White v. Fulghum, 87 Tenn. 281, 10 S.W. 501, 502-03 (Tenn. 1889); Legg v. St. John (In re Legg ), 76 F.2d 841, 843 (6th Cir. 1935). That being said, Congress has set forth the extent to which state exemption statutes are applied in § 522(b). In re Lawrence, 219 B.R. 786, 791 (E.D. Tenn. 1998) (citing In re Butcher, 189 B.R. 357, 371-72 (Bankr.D.Md. 1995), affd, 125 F.3d 238 (4th Cir. 1997). “The laws of the state of Tennessee must be applied in a manner consistent with the goals and policies of the federal BANKRUPTCY CODE. When a conflict occurs between Tennessee law and the federal bankruptcy statutes, bankruptcy policy prevails.” Id. citing In re McCafferty, 96 F.3d 192, 196 (6th Cir. 1996); In re Omegas Group, Inc., 16 F.3d 1443, 1450-51 (6th Cir. 1994). No conflict exists here between Debtor’s claimed enhancement under the Tennessee homestead exemption statute, and the policy behind § 522. Furthermore, the claimed exemption in no way offends Tennessee public policy to afford relief and support to homeowners in certain circumstances, as in this case, providing all necessities for the care, protection, and security of the minor granddaughter. CONCLUSION to Sue secure sought and Sue. By In pursuing the Second Order, the Debtor the and granddaughter’s residence in the home with the Debtor seeking guardianship, the Debtor obtained complete guardianship, and all rights and responsibilities that go along with it. The statute clearly states what is included in the rights of custody, and the record indicates that the Debtor exercises the full gamut of those rights. Those rights are directly in line with the intentions of the Debtor, and all of the statutory provisions in play here: the security of the minor child. the included *6 Furthermore, the asserted position of the Trustee would result in a ludicrous result. the The Trustee’s argument assertion that someone has custody of the granddaughter, it is just not the Debtor. Analyzing the potential parties who could claim the enhanced exemption under this position, it appears that the absentee father of the granddaughter is the only proper claimant. If the Debtor and Sue do not have custody because the Second Order does not “effect custody,” the state has not been © 2018 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. 7 In re Bush, --- B.R. ---- (2018) 2018 WL 4791087 exemption awarded custody, and the mother is dead, that leaves the father as the only party left, under the definition of the term “custody,” who could potentially claim custody and the homestead enhancement. Undoubtedly this was not the intent of the legislature. The statute serves to afford relief and security to those who have legal status and provide for a minor child. The father provides nothing for the child – no financial, medical, emotional, psychological, or physical support. To award the enhancement to the father by biological default renders the purpose of the statute meaningless. To apply the statute as the Trustee urges would intent behind legislative not serve Tennessee law or the Code, and would result in a reward of relief offensive to the purpose of the statute and to this Court – a ridiculous outcome and not one that this Court of equity is willing to support. the Therefore, to clarify the Court’s position: this Debtor, a non-parent exercising control of actual physical care of his granddaughter pursuant to the Second Order, and his actual exercise of the rights and responsibilities associated with guardianship and custody as defined under Tennessee law, in the absence of any other party exercising those rights, is found to have established his custody of the granddaughter for the limited purpose of the enhanced as applicable under the Code. homestead exemption RULING under Tennessee The Debtor has established his eligibility for an enhanced homestead exemption of homestead $25,000 exemption law. Tenn. Code Ann. § 26-2-301. Therefore, the Trustee’s objection is the Debtor’s claimed exemption to OVERRULED. A separate order will issue. All Citations --- B.R. ----, 2018 WL 4791087 End of Document © 2018 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. © 2018 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. 8

=== In re Faria, No. 3:17-bk-04384 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. Oct. 4, 2017) ===

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(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:70) (cid:4)(cid:35)(cid:40)(cid:59)(cid:62)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:3)(cid:9)(cid:59)(cid:47)(cid:63)(cid:37)(cid:43)(cid:44)(cid:66)(cid:37)(cid:35) (cid:15)(cid:29)(cid:34)(cid:42)(cid:38)(cid:37)(cid:52)(cid:3)(cid:44)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:5)(cid:37)(cid:42)(cid:35)(cid:62)(cid:3)(cid:6)(cid:28)(cid:3)(cid:5)(cid:43)(cid:52)(cid:41)(cid:37)(cid:39)(cid:35)(cid:40)(cid:42)(cid:41)(cid:26)(cid:3)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1) (cid:15)(cid:47)(cid:40)(cid:48)(cid:44)(cid:37)(cid:35)(cid:3)(cid:49)(cid:50)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:35)(cid:34)(cid:38)(cid:44)(cid:37)(cid:37) (cid:30) Case 3:17-bk-04384 Doc 57 Filed 10/05/17 Entered 10/05/17 09:10:41 Desc Main Document Page 2 of 2 This Order has been electronically signed. The Judge's signature and Court's seal appear at the top of the first page. United States Bankruptcy Court.

=== reh’g denied, (Nov. 27, 2017) ===

IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE NASHVILLE DIVISION IN RE: Edward George Faria, ____________________________________) Debtor. CASE NO: 17-04384 Chapter 13 Honorable Charles M. Walker ORDER DENYING DEBTOR’S MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION This matter was before the Court on the pro se Debtor’s Motion for Reconsideration (Motion).1 The Debtor sought reconsideration of the Court’s denial of confirmation and dismissal of the Chapter 13 case, as evidenced in the Order Dismissing Case and Denying Confirmation entered October 5, 2017(Order). The matter was set for hearing on November 22, 2017, with Pretrial statements, exhibits, and witness lists due no later than 5:00 p.m. on November 17, 2017. The Court heard argument from the pro se Debtor, counsel for the Chapter 13 trustee (Trustee), and counsel for Select Portfolio Servicing (SPS). The Court being duly advised, finds as follows: A. The Debtor offered no new evidence, argument, or circumstance to support reconsideration of the Order; B. This Debtor’s failure to provide for the secured debt on his residence in his plan despite the instruction from the secured lender, the Trustee, and this Court is evidence of the Debtor’s bad faith; C. The Debtor’s failure to maintain plan payments, and requests to extend his payment obligations with no supporting circumstance or reasoning, is evidence of the Debtor’s bad faith; D. The Debtor’s refusal to inform this Court of the date of his last mortgage payment, coupled with the representations of SPS counsel that the last payment was made prior to August 2010, is evidence of the Debtor’s bad faith. 1 The Debtor filed an Objection and Rebuttal to Order Denying Confirmation and Dismissing Case (ECF 62). The Court deemed this to be a Motion for Reconsideration and entered an Order to that effect scheduling the motion for hearing. Case 3:17-bk-04384 Doc 102 Filed 11/27/17 Entered 11/27/17 11:53:21 Desc Main Document Page 1 of 2 Dated: 11/27/2017 THEREFORE, the following findings made from the original hearing on Confirmation and the Trustee’s Motion to Dismiss are affirmed and adopted herein: a. b. The plan does not properly address the secured debt on the Debtor’s residence; The Debtor is in default of plan payments.2 IT IS, THEREFORE, ORDERED that 1. 2. The Debtor has failed to provide any basis for the Motion; The Motion is DENIED. THIS ORDER WAS SIGNED AND ENTERED ELECTRONICALLY AS INDICATED AT THE TOP OF THIS PAGE 2 The Trustee could not determine the specific amount, however, it appears to be in excess of $2800 (this is calculated by the Debtor’s proposal to increase his plan payment to $1000 at the last hearing, and the Debtor’s payment obligations triggered by the filing date.) Case 3:17-bk-04384 Doc 102 Filed 11/27/17 Entered 11/27/17 11:53:21 Desc Main Document Page 2 of 2 This Order has been electronically signed. The Judge's signature and Court's seal appear at the top of the first page. United States Bankruptcy Court.

=== aff’d, No. 317-cv-01383, 2018 WL 3157072 (M.D. Tenn. June 27, 2018) (Crenshaw) ===

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE NASHVILLE DIVISION EDWARD GEORGE FARIA, Appellant, v. HENRY E. HILDEBRAND, III, Appellee. NO. 3:17-cv-01383 CHIEF JUDGE CRENSHAW ORDER Before the Court is Debtor-Appellant Edward George Faria’s appeal of the October 5, 2017 Order Denying Confirmation and Dismissing Case, entered by the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Middle District of Tennessee in In re Edward George Faria, Case No. 3:17-bk-04384. For the reasons set forth in the accompanying Memorandum Opinion, the Bankruptcy Court’s order of dismissal is AFFIRMED, and this case is DISMISSED. Faria’s “Notice for Sanctions” (Doc. No. 14), which is actually a motion requesting sanctions against individuals who are not parties to this appeal, is DENIED as moot and as filed inappropriately in this case. IT IS SO ORDERED. This is the final order in this case for purposes of Fed. R. Civ. P. 58. ____________________________________ ____________________________ WAVERLY D. CRENSHAW, JR. VERLY D. CRENSHAW, JR. CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE S A S C S Case 3:17-bk-04384 Doc 108 Filed 06/28/18 Entered 06/28/18 08:28:45 Desc Main Case 3:17-cv-01383 Document 17 Filed 06/27/18 Page 1 of 1 PageID #: 219 Document Page 1 of 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE NASHVILLE DIVISION EDWARD GEORGE FARIA, Appellant, v. HENRY E. HILDEBRAND, III, Appellee. NO. 3:17-cv-01383 CHIEF JUDGE CRENSHAW MEMORANDUM OPINION Debtor-Appellant Edward George Faria, proceeding pro se, appeals the October 5, 2017 Order Denying Confirmation and Dismissing Case, entered by the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Middle District of Tennessee (the “Bankruptcy Court”) in the Chapter 13 case, In re Edward George Faria, Case No. 3:17-bk-04384. The appeal has been fully briefed by both parties. For the reasons set forth below, the order of dismissal will be affirmed and this case dismissed. I. Background and Procedural History Appellant filed a voluntary petition under Chapter 13. (Bankr. No. 1.1) On Schedule A/B, Appellant listed an ownership interest in real property located at 5145 West Oak Highland Drive, Antioch, TN 37013 (the “Property”). (Bankr. No. 9 at 3.) Appellant valued the Property at $264,000. (Id.) He also disclosed that he has a potential lawsuit against Rubin Lublin TN, PLLC valued at $278,514.51 for violation of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (“FDCPA”). (Id. at 1 Documents filed in Case No. 3:17-bk-04384 will be referred to herein by their docket number in that case, denoted as “Bankr. Doc. No. ___.” Documents filed in the case before this court are referred to simply by docket number (“Doc. No. ___”). Case 3:17-bk-04384 Doc 108 Filed 06/28/18 Entered 06/28/18 08:28:45 Desc Main Case 3:17-cv-01383 Document 16 Filed 06/27/18 Page 1 of 6 PageID #: 213 Document Page 2 of 7 10.) Amended Schedule E/F lists Select Portfolio Services, Inc. (“SPS”) as having a nonpriority unsecured claim for $191,755 based on a deed of trust. (Bankr. Doc. No. 36 at 2.) Schedule I reflects that Appellant has gross monthly income of $384.62 from his employment with Raiser, LLC, and anticipated rental income of $1,500 per month. (Bankr. Doc. No. 9 at 23–23.) Schedule J reflects that Appellant has monthly expenses totaling $1,323 for a monthly net income of $561.62. (Bankr. Doc. No. 9 at 24–26.) Appellant filed an amended Chapter 13 plan on September 19, 2017, proposing a monthly plan payment of $1,000 and a 36-month plan term. (Bankr. Doc. No. 48 at 2.) The amended plan did not provide for any payment to secured creditors. The plan classified SPS separately as a classified nonpriority unsecured creditor and provided for SPS to be paid $0.00 for its failure to file a proof of claim. (Id. at 7.) SPS objected to confirmation of the plan because it did not provide adequate protection to SPS relative to the Property, in violation of 11 U.S.C. § 362. Specifically, the plan did not list the mortgage serviced by SPS pertaining to the Property and failed to address the arrears owed on the mortgage or determine a disbursement agent for ongoing payments. (Id.) SPS’s objection stated that it would file a Proof of Claim listing arrearages of approximately $104,065.87 as of July 1, 2017 and showing ongoing monthly mortgage payments due in the amount of $1,331.29. (Bankr. Doc. No. 17 at 2.)2 The Chapter 13 Trustee also objected to confirmation of the proposed plan on the basis that it is not feasible and violates 11 U.S.C. § 1325(b). The Trustee requested dismissal of the case in the event the Bankruptcy Court did not confirm the plan. (Bankr. Doc. No. 40.) A hearing on confirmation of the plan, SPS’s objection, and the Trustee’s objection and request for dismissal was conducted on September 27, 2017. At the hearing, the Bankruptcy 2 The deadline for filing proofs of claim was November 13, 2017. (Bankr. Doc. No. 6 at 2.) SPS had not filed a proof of claim by the time of the confirmation hearing in September 2017. 2 Case 3:17-bk-04384 Doc 108 Filed 06/28/18 Entered 06/28/18 08:28:45 Desc Main Case 3:17-cv-01383 Document 16 Filed 06/27/18 Page 2 of 6 PageID #: 214 Document Page 3 of 7 Court made findings from the bench including that the Appellant had failed to make any plan payments and that the proposed plan failed to deal with the mortgage arrearage or for ongoing mortgage payments and therefore was not feasible. (Bankr. Doc. No. 101 at 23.) The Bankruptcy Court further found that “in the absence of any proposal being made by the debtor that would indicate that there’s some amendment that could be made that would fix this problem on a timely basis,” dismissal was appropriate. (Id.) The written order denying confirmation and dismissing the case was entered on October 4, 2017. (Bankr. Doc. No. 57.) Appellant filed a Motion to Reconsider the order of dismissal on October 13, 2017. (Bankr. Doc. No. 62.) A hearing on the Motion to Reconsider was held November 22, 2017. The Bankruptcy Court denied the motion because Appellant failed to offer “new evidence, argument or circumstance to support reconsideration of the Order” dismissing his case. In addition, it reaffirmed that the proposed plan did not properly address the secured debt on the Appellant’s residence and that Appellant was in default of plan payments. (Bankr. Doc. No. 102 at 1–2.) The Bankruptcy Court also concluded that Appellant’s “failure to provide for the secured debt on his residence in his plan, despite the instruction from the secured lender, the Trustee, and [the Bankruptcy] Court,” failure to maintain plan payments, requests to extend payment obligations without explanation, and refusal to inform the Bankruptcy Court of his last mortgage payments all constituted evidence of Appellant’s bad faith. (Id. at 1.) Appellant filed a Notice of Appeal on October 17, 2017 seeking review of the order of dismissal. II. Standard of Review of Bankruptcy Court Order “The district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction to hear appeals . . . from final judgments, orders, and decrees . . . of bankruptcy judges entered in cases and proceedings 3 Case 3:17-bk-04384 Doc 108 Filed 06/28/18 Entered 06/28/18 08:28:45 Desc Main Case 3:17-cv-01383 Document 16 Filed 06/27/18 Page 3 of 6 PageID #: 215 Document Page 4 of 7 referred to the bankruptcy judges under section 157 of this title.” 28 U.S.C. § 158(a). An order denying confirmation with prejudice and dismissing the case is an immediately appealable final order. See Bullard v. Blue Hills Bank, 135 S. Ct. 1686, 1692–93 (2015) (distinguishing between dismissal with and without leave to amend). On appeal, the district court reviews the bankruptcy court’s findings of fact for clear error and its conclusions of law de novo. MNBA America Bank, N.A. v. Meoli (In re Wells), 561 F.3d 633, 634 (6th Cir. 2009); In re Rembert, 141 F.3d 277, 280 (6th Cir. 1998); see also Cluxton v. Fifth Third Bank (In re Cluxton), 327 B.R. 612, 613 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2005) (“The determination whether a plan provision violates the Bankruptcy Code is a legal conclusion reviewed de novo.”). III. Issues on Appeal In his Statement of Issues on appeal, Appellant identifies two “issues”: 1. There has been no Consumer/Administrator’s declarations. rebuttal signed under penalty of perjury to 2. Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc. and/or its agents and assigns are debt collectors according to the [FDCPA]. (Doc. No. 9 at 2.) In his Brief , Appellant identifies the issues as follows: Whether the Bankruptcy Court erred in allowing Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc. to enter this matter as a creditor without IRS Form 410 signed under penalty of perjury. Whether the Bankruptcy Court erred in allowing Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc. to present hearsay evidence and testimony. (Doc. No. 12 at 4.) IV. Analysis While a party objecting to confirmation bears the burden of producing evidence in support of denial of confirmation, the debtor has the ultimate burden to prove compliance with 4 Case 3:17-bk-04384 Doc 108 Filed 06/28/18 Entered 06/28/18 08:28:45 Desc Main Case 3:17-cv-01383 Document 16 Filed 06/27/18 Page 4 of 6 PageID #: 216 Document Page 5 of 7 11 U.S.C. § 1325. As particularly relevant here, subsection 1325(a)(5) pertains to the treatment of secured claims as set forth in § 1325(a)(5); subsection (a)(6) requires that the debtor be able to make all payments under the plan and otherwise comply with the plan. Although SPS failed to present to the Bankruptcy Court actual evidence of its claim and the amount thereof, Appellant acknowledged a debt to SPS and identified the “type” as “Deed of Trust” in his Amended Schedule E/F. (Bankr. Doc. No. 36 at 2.) He does not actually dispute the debt except to claim that he is a “Consumer/Administrator” under the FDCPA and not a “Debtor” (Bankr. Doc. Nos. 32 ¶ 5, 46 ¶ 5) and to insist that Rubin Lublin TN, PLLC and SPS are “debt collectors” under the FDCPA, rather than creditors. He admitted at the confirmation hearing that there was an outstanding mortgage on the Property but refused to answer direct questions about when he had last made payments on the mortgage and whether it was paid off. (See, e.g., Doc. No. 101 at 13 (“THE COURT: So I ask you again, do you know approximately when was the last time you made any mortgage payments? MR. FARIA: I do not – under my – from what I know, it might have been discharged, form what – for all I know.”).) When asked what his intention was and whether he planned to live in his residence for free, going forward, without paying anything to the mortgage holder, the Appellant responded only that he was “waiting for the true creditor to come forward so we can make arrangements.” (Bankr. Doc. No. 101 at 16.) The Court finds, under these circumstances, that the Bankruptcy Court did not err in determining that Appellant had not adequately explained why his proposed plan did not take the mortgage on his residence into account, as required by § 1325(a)(5). The Court noted that the question of whether the precise terms offered by counsel for the mortgage holder were correct “is not really critical to a determination of the motion to dismiss, because the current plan provides for nothing.” (Bankr. Doc. No. 101 at 23.) In addition, the Bankruptcy Court did not err in 5 Case 3:17-bk-04384 Doc 108 Filed 06/28/18 Entered 06/28/18 08:28:45 Desc Main Case 3:17-cv-01383 Document 16 Filed 06/27/18 Page 5 of 6 PageID #: 217 Document Page 6 of 7 finding that the proposed plan did not comply with § 1325(a)(6) either, as Appellant had failed to make payments in the amount he proposed in the plan as originally submitted or as amended and failed to offer any suggestion for modifying the plan to meet his obligations. In sum, this Court has reviewed the underlying record in its entirety and finds no error in the Bankruptcy Court’s findings of fact or conclusions of law. Appellant’s arguments based on his being a “Consumer/Administrator” under the FDCPA are frivolous and have no bearing on the bankruptcy proceedings. His arguments regarding the lack of actual proof of SPS’s claims at the time of the hearing on its objection are beside the point in light of Appellant’s concession that he had a mortgage on the Property which was not accounted for in the proposed plan, and in light of his demonstrate inability to make payments in accordance with the plan. V. Conclusion For the reasons set forth herein, the Bankruptcy Court’s October 5, 2017 Order Denying Confirmation and Dismissing Case will be affirmed and this case dismissed. An appropriate order will enter. ___________________________ ____________________________________ VERLY D. CRENSHAW, JR. WAVERLY D. CRENSHAW, JR. CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 6 Case 3:17-bk-04384 Doc 108 Filed 06/28/18 Entered 06/28/18 08:28:45 Desc Main Case 3:17-cv-01383 Document 16 Filed 06/27/18 Page 6 of 6 PageID #: 218 Document Page 7 of 7

=== aff’d, No. 18-5780, 2019 WL 366938 (6th Cir. Jan. 17, 2019) (Norris, Sutton, Cook) ===

Case: 18-5780 Document: 12-1 Filed: 01/17/2019 Page: 1 (1 of 3) (cid:56)(cid:49)(cid:44)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:39)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:55)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:54)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:50)(cid:56)(cid:53)(cid:55)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:41)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:51)(cid:51)(cid:40)(cid:36)(cid:47)(cid:54)(cid:3) (cid:41)(cid:50)(cid:53)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:43)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:44)(cid:59)(cid:55)(cid:43)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:44)(cid:53)(cid:38)(cid:56)(cid:44)(cid:55)(cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:20)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:3)(cid:40)(cid:36)(cid:54)(cid:55)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:44)(cid:41)(cid:55)(cid:43)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:55)(cid:53)(cid:40)(cid:40)(cid:55)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:50)(cid:50)(cid:48)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:23)(cid:19)(cid:3) (cid:51)(cid:50)(cid:55)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:58)(cid:36)(cid:53)(cid:55)(cid:3)(cid:56)(cid:17)(cid:54)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:50)(cid:56)(cid:53)(cid:55)(cid:43)(cid:50)(cid:56)(cid:54)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:38)(cid:44)(cid:49)(cid:38)(cid:44)(cid:49)(cid:49)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:44)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:43)(cid:44)(cid:50)(cid:3)(cid:23)(cid:24)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:16)(cid:22)(cid:28)(cid:27)(cid:27)(cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:55)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:24)(cid:20)(cid:22)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:25)(cid:23)(cid:16)(cid:26)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:3) (cid:90)(cid:90)(cid:90)(cid:17)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:25)(cid:17)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:17)(cid:74)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:3) (cid:41)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:45)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:88)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:26)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:3) (cid:39)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:43)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3) (cid:38)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:78)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:48)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:40)(cid:71)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:3) (cid:21)(cid:23)(cid:26)(cid:28)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:73)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:69)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:82)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:3) (cid:56)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:19)(cid:26)(cid:3) (cid:49)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:49)(cid:3)(cid:22)(cid:26)(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:26)(cid:3) (cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:53)(cid:72)(cid:29)(cid:3) (cid:38)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:49)(cid:82)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:24)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:19), In re: Edward Faria v. 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3:17-bk-04384 Doc 111 Filed 01/18/19 Entered 01/18/19 07:47:13 Desc Main Case 3:17-cv-01383 Document 23 Filed 01/17/19 Page 1 of 3 PageID #: 242 Document Page 1 of 3 Case: 18-5780 Document: 12-2 Filed: 01/17/2019 Page: 1 (2 of 3) (cid:49)(cid:50)(cid:55)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:40)(cid:38)(cid:50)(cid:48)(cid:48)(cid:40)(cid:49)(cid:39)(cid:40)(cid:39)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:50)(cid:53)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:56)(cid:47)(cid:47)(cid:16)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:59)(cid:55)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:56)(cid:37)(cid:47)(cid:44)(cid:38)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:44)(cid:50)(cid:49)(cid:3) (cid:49)(cid:82)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:24)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:19)(cid:3) (cid:56)(cid:49)(cid:44)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:39)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:55)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:54)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:50)(cid:56)(cid:53)(cid:55)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:41)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:51)(cid:51)(cid:40)(cid:36)(cid:47)(cid:54)(cid:3) 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(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:69)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:70)(cid:92)(cid:3) (cid:77)(cid:88)(cid:71)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3) (cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3) (cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3) (cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:3) (cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3) Case 3:17-bk-04384 Doc 111 Filed 01/18/19 Entered 01/18/19 07:47:13 Desc Main Case 3:17-cv-01383 Document 23 Filed 01/17/19 Page 2 of 3 PageID #: 243 Document Page 2 of 3 Case: 18-5780 Document: 12-2 Filed: 01/17/2019 Page: 2 (3 of 3) (cid:49)(cid:82)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:24)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:19)(cid:3) (cid:16) (cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:16) (cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:70)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:73)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3) (cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:44)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3) (cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:41)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3) (cid:39)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:3) (cid:38)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3) (cid:51)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3) (cid:36)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:3) (cid:11)(cid:41)(cid:39)(cid:38)(cid:51)(cid:36)(cid:12)(cid:3) (cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3) (cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3) (cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3) (cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3) (cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3) (cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3) (cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3) (cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:69)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:58)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:70)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:182)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:3) (cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:82)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)See In re Gibson Grp., Inc.(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:25)(cid:25)(cid:3) (cid:41)(cid:17)(cid:22)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:23)(cid:22)(cid:25)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:23)(cid:23)(cid:19)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:25)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:28)(cid:24)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:70)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87) (cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3) (cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:85)(cid:3) (cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3) (cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3) (cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3) (cid:41)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:182)(cid:86)(cid:3) (cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:3) (cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3) (cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3) (cid:73)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3) (cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3) (cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3) (cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72) (cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3) (cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:92)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3) (cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3) (cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3) (cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:3) (cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:3) (cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3) (cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3) (cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:92)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3) (cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3) (cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3) (cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72) (cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:88)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:92)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:70)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:88)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:71) (cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)See(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:56)(cid:17)(cid:54)(cid:17)(cid:38)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:134)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:22)(cid:21)(cid:24)(cid:11)(cid:68)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:24)(cid:12)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:25)(cid:12)(cid:17) (cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:182)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:43)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3) 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(cid:40)(cid:49)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:40)(cid:39)(cid:3)(cid:37)(cid:60)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:53)(cid:39)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:41)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:43)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:50)(cid:56)(cid:53)(cid:55)(cid:3) (cid:39)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:43)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:78)(cid:3) Case 3:17-bk-04384 Doc 111 Filed 01/18/19 Entered 01/18/19 07:47:13 Desc Main Case 3:17-cv-01383 Document 23 Filed 01/17/19 Page 3 of 3 PageID #: 244 Document Page 3 of 3

=== In re Faria, No. 3:18-bk-07493 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. Apr. 19, 2019), appeal to M.D. Tenn. pending ===

IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE NASHVILLE DIVISION IN RE: Edward George Faria, ____________________________________) Debtor. Case No: 3:18-bk-07493 Chapter 13 Honorable Charles M. Walker ORDER DENYING RELIEF REQUESTED IN DEBTOR’S AFFIDAVIT AND OBJECTION TO ORDER DENYING CONFIRMATION AND DISMISSING CASE WITH SANCTIONS THIS MATTER is before the Court on the Debtor’s filing docketed as an Affidavit and Objection (“Objection”) (ECF No. 50) to the Order Denying Confirmation and Dismissing Case with Sanctions (“Order”) (ECF No. 40). Although an affidavit and objection to an order do not require a ruling from the Court, as explained below, and in an abundance of caution given the Debtor’s history in the Bankruptcy System, this Court will issue the following ruling according to Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 8002(b)(1). BACKGROUND Mr. Faria first came under the jurisdiction of this Court on April 19, 2011 when he caused to be filed a voluntary petition for relief under Chapter 131 and he has since worn out his welcome several times over. He filed that first bankruptcy case with the assistance of counsel, but the representation did not last long.2 Seven days after the filing, counsel moved to withdraw as 1 11 U.S.C. § 704; 11 U.S.C. § 101 ff. Any reference to “section,” “the Code,” or “the Chapter” is a reference to the Bankruptcy Code unless another reference is stated. 2 Case No. 3:11-bk-04019. Case 3:18-bk-07493 Doc 59 Filed 04/19/19 Entered 04/19/19 16:01:51 Desc Main Document Page 1 of 13 1 Dated: 4/19/2019 attorney for the debtor due to a conflict of interest. While that motion was pending, Mr. Faria filed the first of the 84 documents and pleadings he would record with this Court over the next eight years, in five different bankruptcy cases – actually, I should say five separate bankruptcy cases, because they were not at all different from each other in what Mr. Faria sought to accomplish with each and every case. The first document Mr. Faria filed was an expedited motion to withdraw his Chapter 13 bankruptcy filing. (ECF No. 22). In the motion, Mr. Faria properly cites to the Local Rules of this Court,3 and two cases from the Tennessee Appellate Court.4 He followed with a Notice of Voluntary Dismissal (ECF No. 26), properly citing the same case law regarding his pro se litigant status and treatment. The plan in this case sought to provide $0 to the secured creditor, the mortgage company. In his second petition for relief under Chapter 13, filed October 26, 2012, 5 Mr. Faria, acting pro se, filed a “bare bones” petition6 followed 12 days later by a Motion for Extension of Time (ECF No. 8) to file his schedules, statement of financial affairs, and plan. The Motion for Extension was filed and noticed properly pursuant to LBR 9013-17, and included a proper citation to § 521(i)(3). When the Motion for Extension was denied on December 10, 2012 (ECF No. 16), Mr. Faria filed a Motion for Reconsideration on December 20, 2012 (ECF No. 22) which contained a Brief in Support (“Brief”) as an attachment. The Brief contained sections identified as 3 LBR 9075-1 regarding expedited motions (Case No. 3:11-bk-04019, ECF No. 22, p.1). 4 Whitaker v. Whirlpool Corp., 32 S.W.3d 222, 227 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000), and Paehler v. Union Planters Nat’l Bank, Inc., 971 S.W.2d 393, 396 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997), for the premise that “pro se litigants are entitled to fair and equal treatment by the courts.” (Case No. 3:11-bk-04019, ECF No. 22, p.1). 5 Case No. 3:12-bk-09850. 6 “Bare bones” filing is a term of art referring to a bankruptcy filing wherein only the petition for relief is filed. 7 LBR 9013-1 governs motion practice and requires a proper form of notice, a deadline to respond, and a hearing date if a timely response is filed. Case 3:18-bk-07493 Doc 59 Filed 04/19/19 Entered 04/19/19 16:01:51 Desc Main Document Page 2 of 13 2 Definitions, Statement of Facts, Argument and Points of Authority, and Conclusion. In the Brief, he cited8 to a case from the Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Texas for the reconsideration requirement that one of the grounds set forth in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b) be asserted in the motion, as well as a U.S. Supreme Court case regarding due process.9 In the Motion for Reconsideration, Mr. Faria also correctly referred to a U.S. Supreme Court case regarding his pro se litigant status,10 and cited to § 521(i)(3) in support of his request for an extension to file required documents under § 521(a)(1). Mr. Faria was seeking an extension to January 13, 2013 to file his schedules – 79 days after the filing of the petition. His motion was denied. Upon the Trustee’s motion, the case was dismissed for unreasonable delay for failing to comply with the filing requirements of Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 1007 and 3015. Mr. Faria responded with an Objection to the Order Dismissing (ECF No. 40) wherein he cited to 11 cases in his argument that he established excusable neglect and therefore, his case should not be dismissed. FED. R. CIV. P. 60(b)(1). The Court dismissed the case on January 18, 2013. The proposed plan in the case provided for $0 to the mortgage company. Mr. Faria filed his third pro se petition for relief under Chapter 13 with this Court on June 27, 2017.11 In his rebuttal to Select Portfolio’s12 objection to confirmation (ECF No. 44), and 8 Any reference to “cited” or “citing” is a description regarding the use of format used to identify authority in legal pleadings, and in no way indicates or refers to the legitimacy of Mr. Faria’s position. 9 In re Gonzalez, 372 B.R. 837 (Bankr. W.D. Tex. 2007) citing In re Rankin, 141 B.R. 315, 319 (Bankr. W.D. Tex. 1992); and Brock, Secretary of Labor v. Roadway Express, Inc., ___ U.S.___, 107 S. Ct. 1740, 1747, 95 L. Ed. 2d 239 (1987), respectively. 10 “Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 92 S. Ct. 594, 30 L. Ed. 2d 652 (1972) stating wherein the court has directed that those who are unschooled in law making pleadings shall have the court look to the substance of the pleadings rather than the form.” (Case No. 3:12-bk-09850, ECF No. 22, p.1). 11 Case No. 3:17-bk-04384. 12 Select Portfolio is the secured creditor holding a mortgage on Mr. Faria’s residence. Case 3:18-bk-07493 Doc 59 Filed 04/19/19 Entered 04/19/19 16:01:51 Desc Main Document Page 3 of 13 3 his supporting Memorandum of Law (ECF No. 45), Mr. Faria cited to Title 15 of the U.S. Code in asserting allegations under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (“FDCPA”).13 When his case was dismissed on the Trustee’s motion for failure to comply with § 1325(b) by not providing for the secured creditor, Mr. Faria filed an objection to the dismissal (ECF No. 40) and cited to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 52 seeking an amendment to the Court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law, as well as citing to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59 seeking a new trial. In his 40-page pre-hearing statement (ECF No. 97), Mr. Faria included a copy of the FDCPA to support his position, and in his 34-page supplemental filing he included exhibits wherein he properly cited to and quoted federal case law regarding fraud under the FDCPA (ECF No. 100). Just as in the current case, Mr. Faria filed his Notice of Appeal of the Order Denying Confirmation and Dismissing the Case while his Motion for Reconsideration was pending. Mr. Faria represented himself on appeal to the Middle District of Tennessee, and when the bankruptcy order was affirmed, he again appeared pro se in his appeal to the Sixth Circuit.14 In both matters, Mr. Faria prosecuted his appeal according to the applicable rules, and filed briefs in support of his position. The plan in this case provided for $0 to the mortgage company. This was the basis for dismissal and the issue on appeal, concerning the feasibility of a plan that does not comply with § 1325(b) by failing to provide for the secured creditor. While the appeal was pending, Mr. Faria filed his fourth pro se petition for relief under Chapter 13 on May 2, 2018.15 Again, he filed a plan (ECF No. 4) and an amended plan (ECF No. 13 15 U.S.C. § 1692. 14 See Faria v. Hildebrand, No. 3:17-cv-01383, 2018 WL 3157072 (M.D. Tenn. June 27, 2018), and Faria v. Hildebrand (In re Faria), No. 18-5780, 2019 WL 366938 (6th Cir. Jan. 17, 2019), respectively. 15 Case No. 3:18-bk-03010. Case 3:18-bk-07493 Doc 59 Filed 04/19/19 Entered 04/19/19 16:01:51 Desc Main Document Page 4 of 13 4 19) that did not provide for the secured creditor. When the Trustee moved to convert the case to one under Chapter 7 wherein Mr. Faria’s assets would be liquidated, Mr. Faria voluntarily dismissed the case in the face of the Trustee’s motion and retained his property. This brings us to the current case, Mr. Faria’s fifth bankruptcy filing – also filed while the appeal in his third case was pending, also filed pro se, and also proposing a plan that does not provide for the secured creditor. In this case, Mr. Faria objected to the claims of Select Portfolio and the Internal Revenue Service (ECF No. 35). He also filed a Notice of Payment Under Protest, citing to a U.S. Supreme Court case and to Title 15 of the United States Code, and stating that he made a payment to the Trustee “under protest” and the Trustee failed to make “a counter offer to the payment.” (ECF No. 38). The Trustee moved to dismiss for failure to confirm a plan. When Mr. Faria did not amend his plan after the Sixth Circuit ruling in his third case,16 and sought to confirm the plan in violation of that ruling, this Court granted the motion to dismiss with sanctions. In its discretion and based on its finding that Mr. Faria acted in bad faith in prosecuting a plan in violation of the Sixth Circuit ruling, this Court imposed a five-year bar to refiling as a sanction. (ECF No. 40). Mr. Faria filed the Objection that is the subject of this ruling. In his Objection, Mr. Faria cited to and quoted sections of Title 15 several times, as well as a U.S. Supreme Court case regarding his pro se status. Noteworthy here is his conclusion wherein he moves this Court to rule on his Objection and set aside the order denying confirmation and dismissing the case with sanctions. Noteworthy because he capitalizes and bolds the words MOVES, RULE, and SET ASIDE (emphasis included) – the four words that transform the 16 Faria v. Hildebrand (In re Faria), No. 18-5780, 2019 WL 366938 (6th Cir. Jan. 17, 2019) (affirming that a plan that does not provide for his secured creditor is not feasible). Case 3:18-bk-07493 Doc 59 Filed 04/19/19 Entered 04/19/19 16:01:51 Desc Main Document Page 5 of 13 5 Objection into a motion under Rule 60(b). Absent those four words, this is merely an objection to an order that contains no basis for relief and would require no action by this Court. Nothing else in the Objection even remotely approaches such a motion. This is questionable because Mr. Faria is so experienced in motions for reconsideration and appeals. Nevertheless, in an attempt to address any possible issues that may further offer Mr. Faria opportunity to hinder and delay his creditors, the Court will consider the Objection as a motion under Rule 60(b) made applicable here by Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 9024. Statutory Predicate As noted above, the four words emphasized in the conclusion of Mr. Faria’s Objection transform it into a motion under Rule 60(b), which provides: (b) Grounds for Relief from a Final Judgment, Order, or Proceeding. On motion and just terms, the court may relieve a party or its legal representative from a final judgment, order, or proceeding for the following reasons: (1) mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect; (2) newly discovered evidence that, with reasonable diligence, could not have been discovered in time to move for a new trial under Rule 59(b); (3) fraud (whether previously called intrinsic or extrinsic), misrepresentation, or misconduct by an opposing party; (4) the judgment is void; (5) the judgment has been satisfied, released, or discharged; it is based on an earlier judgment that has been reversed or vacated; or applying it prospectively is no longer equitable; or (6) any other reason that justifies relief. FED. R. CIV. P. 60(b). Bankruptcy judges exercise broad discretion when considering Rule 60(b) motions and such relief is appropriate only in extraordinary circumstances. Ryt v. Peace (In re Peace), 581 B.R. 856, 858 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2018) citing Bavely v. Powell (In re Baskett), 219 B.R. 754, 757 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 1998). Case 3:18-bk-07493 Doc 59 Filed 04/19/19 Entered 04/19/19 16:01:51 Desc Main Document Page 6 of 13 6 Rule 60(b) lists the reasons a party may seek relief from a judgment, and in order to obtain that relief, the movant must demonstrate the timeliness of the request, exceptional circumstances that would warrant such relief, and lack of prejudice to the opposing party. In re Gibson and Epps, L.L.C., 468 B.R. 279, 290 (Bankr. E.D. Tenn. 2012). The relief afforded under Rule 60(b) is appropriate in only two circumstances: when a party makes an excusable litigation mistake or when a mistake of law or fact is contained in the final ruling. Id. Rule 9024 incorporates Rule 60, making it applicable in bankruptcy proceedings, with some exceptions not relevant to this case. FED. R. BANKR. P. 9024. Significant to this matter is Rule 8002, specifically sections (a)(1) and (b)(1): (a) In general (1) Fourteen-day period Except as provided in subdivisions (b) and (c), a notice of appeal must be filed with the bankruptcy clerk within 14 days after entry of the judgment, order, or decree being appealed. . . . (b) Effect of a motion on the time to appeal (1) In general If a party files in the bankruptcy court any of the following motions and does so within the time allowed by these rules, the time to file an appeal runs for all parties from the entry of the order disposing of the last such remaining motion: (A) to amend or make additional findings under Rule 7052, whether or not granting the motion would alter the judgment; (B) to alter or amend the judgment under Rule 9023; (C) for a new trial under Rule 9023; or (D) for relief under Rule 9024 if the motion is filed within 14 days after the judgment is entered. FED. R. BANKR. P. 8002. The significance of this rule will be addressed below, but it is important to note at this juncture that 8002(b)(1)(D) imposes a strict jurisdictional deadline. See Allen v. Loveridge, 223 F. App’x 770 (10th Cir. 2007); see also In re Caterbone, 640 F.3d 108 (3d Cir. 2011); Abraham v. Aguilar (In re Aguilar), 861 F.2d 873, 874 (5th Cir. 1988). Case 3:18-bk-07493 Doc 59 Filed 04/19/19 Entered 04/19/19 16:01:51 Desc Main Document Page 7 of 13 7 Bad Faith: Pro Se DISCUSSION As a preliminary matter, courts should apply “less stringent standards to filings by pro se litigants.” Cusano v. Klein (In re Cusano), 431 B.R. 726, 736 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2010). However, this sympathy has limits, and courts should not lower standards for litigants due to their pro se status in the presence of bad faith. Id. While it is true that Mr. Faria is a pro se litigant, his record in this Court indicates that he has a grasp of the law far above the typical pro se litigant, and his actions within the Bankruptcy System have only served to further his obvious intent to abuse the protections provided by the Code. As one example, Mr. Faria filed five Chapter 13 cases all proposing a plan that violates the same section of the Code.17 Even after the appellate courts ruled in his own case that this was a violation of the Code, he still sought to proceed with no chance of confirmation and no distribution to his creditors. As this Court previously found, Mr. Faria is neither a good-faith debtor nor a typical pro se litigant. Even setting aside Mr. Faria’s continuous ploys to abuse the Bankruptcy System, this Court must still uphold the law and apply procedural rules equally to all, even pro se litigants. In re Linder, 215 B.R. 826, 831 (6th Cir. 1998) citing Jourdan v. Jabe, 951 F.2d 108, 109 (6th Cir. 1991) (affirming dismissal of appeal where pro se appellant failed to comply with Rule 8002), Owens v. United States Bankruptcy Court (In re Owens), 129 F.3d 1264 (6th Cir. 1997) (relying on Jourdan in affirming a district court’s dismissal of a pro se appeal where the appellant failed to timely file the appeal under Rule 8002); Jones v. Phipps, 39 F.3d 158, 163 (7th Cir. 1994) (“[P]ro se litigants are not entitled to a general dispensation from the rules of procedure or court imposed deadlines.”). 17 § 1325(a). Case 3:18-bk-07493 Doc 59 Filed 04/19/19 Entered 04/19/19 16:01:51 Desc Main Document Page 8 of 13 8 Bad Faith: Factors A debtor’s intent to abuse the bankruptcy process is a key factor in determining the existence of bad faith. In re Cusano, 431 B.R. at 735 (citing Alt v. United States (In re Alt), 305 F.3d 413, 419 (6th Cir. 2002 . Determining the existence or absence of good faith is fact specific and the Sixth Circuit has instructed the bankruptcy courts to consider the totality of the facts. Id. Similarly, in the context of § 1307(b), that inquiry includes factors such as the timing of the Chapter 13 petition, the debtor’s motive in filing the petition, the effects on creditors of the debtor’s actions, and the debtor’s treatment of the creditors before and after the petition was filed. Id. A debtor’s intent to abuse the bankruptcy process heavily implicates a finding of bad faith. And while the bad faith inquiry is largely seen in the context of §§ 1112 and 1307, the finding of bad faith plays a role in the determination of whether a motion under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11(b) is objectively unreasonable. Blachy v. Butcher, 129 F. App’x 173, 180-81 (6th Cir. 2005) (affirming the district court’s finding that filing a meritless Rule 60(b) motion that has largely been used to vex and unreasonably multiply litigation proceedings lacked a good-faith basis). Accordingly, provisions have been enshrined under both Rule 11(b) and Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 38 to sanction such bad actors. See B & H Med., L.L.C. v. ABP Admin., Inc., 526 F.3d 257, 271 (6th Cir. 2008). The Debtor’s history provides the facts to be considered in a bad faith determination. Mr. Faria has a long history in the Middle District of Tennessee. He has filed numerous bankruptcy petitions and several appeals to the higher courts – each time finding nothing but failure and accomplishing nothing but delay. Of course, numerous filings do not necessarily imply a lack of good faith. Yet, as this Court has found previously, his treatment of his creditors and his continued proposal of plans that Case 3:18-bk-07493 Doc 59 Filed 04/19/19 Entered 04/19/19 16:01:51 Desc Main Document Page 9 of 13 9 this Court and the appellate courts have found to be not feasible and a violation of the Code, make it hard to find a shred of good faith. Rather, Mr. Faria continues to delay and vex his creditors in a currently successful attempt to avoid paying what is rightfully due. In this objection, Mr. Faria indicates he seeks the relief afforded under Rule 60(b), but he does not assert any of the grounds for relief as articulated in subsections (b)(1), (2), or (3) – curious given his experience in filing a motion for reconsideration in his second case citing 11 cases in support of his “excusable neglect” assertion. FED. R. CIV. P. 60(b)(1). Subsections (4) and (5) are not applicable here, and even if this Court were to consider his Objection as a motion under the Rule 60 “catch-all” in (b)(6) of “any other reason justifying relief,” he must have articulated an extraordinary circumstance. Mr. Faria’s only assertion is that he is a pro se debtor. This does not rise to the level required for the exceptional relief requested. Pro se debtors are not all that uncommon. Furthermore, Mr. Faria’s status as a pro se debtor has not deterred or hampered his abilities to champion his interests in this Court – as evidenced by his abundant filings and ability to remain in his residence some nine years after his last mortgage payment was tendered. Assertions for Rule 60(b) relief must be made within a reasonable time. FED. R. CIV. P. 60(c)(1) (emphasis added). A determination as to what constitutes “reasonable time” is a fact- specific determination subject to the discretion of this Court. In re Teligent, Inc., 303 B.R. 728 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2004). This is a bad-faith serial filer, that history has shown has only sought to wreak havoc with federal law in this Court at the expense of his creditors. “Reasonable” is not a finding that will be made in any context as it relates to this Objection. There is no reasonable time for a bad faith filing. Case 3:18-bk-07493 Doc 59 Filed 04/19/19 Entered 04/19/19 16:01:51 Desc Main Document Page 10 of 13 10 Moreover, in his latest Objection, Mr. Faria specifically emphasized “MOVES,” “RULE,” and “SET ASIDE,” indicating to this Court that he was seeking calculated relief. Why would a pro se litigant file such an Objection? Why emphasize those particular words? History indicates it is because he believes that the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure 4(a) would provide him with additional time to file an appeal in the district court while relief sought in the Objection is pending. Additional time that results in the delay and aggravation of his creditors. And if this were a purely civil matter, Mr. Faria would have been successful, but this in fact is a fatal misstep in his continued objective to prolong proceedings and further hinder his creditors. Mr. Faria has forgotten that this is the Bankruptcy Court, and here the Federal Bankruptcy Rules apply. Bad Faith: Further Attempts at Abuse While the appellate procedural rules might give Mr. Faria 28 days to file a Rule 60(b) motion in order to toll his appeals time frame under Appellate Rule 4(a)(4)(A)(vi), in this Court Rule 9024 and Rule 8002, respectively, apply. To illustrate Mr. Faria’s grasp of the procedural rules and laws of this Court, this Court provides an analysis of how such a motion could have continued Mr. Faria’s exploitations had this been a federal civil matter instead of a bankruptcy matter: First, while a debtor may file a motion to set aside a bankruptcy court’s decision within a year (in some cases), the debtor only has 14 days to file a “timely” appeal of the order. FED. R. BANKR. P. 8002, 9024. This stricter requirement comes from the legislature’s recognition of the quick and time-sensitive nature of bankruptcy proceedings. Some circuits have interpreted this rule to be jurisdictional, depriving appellate courts of subject matter jurisdiction over non-compliant appellants. In re Caterbone, 640 F.3d 108 (3d Cir. 2011); Patmon v. Mumina, 997 F.2d 596 (10th Cir. 1992); Abraham v. Aguilar (In re Case 3:18-bk-07493 Doc 59 Filed 04/19/19 Entered 04/19/19 16:01:51 Desc Main Document Page 11 of 13 11 Aguilar), 861 F.2d 873, 874 (5th Cir. 1988); Williams v. Samson Resources Corp. (In re Samson Resources Corp.), Civ. No. 16-1124 RGA, 2017 WL 3763999 78, at *4 (D. Del. Aug. 30, 2017).18 However, if the movant timely files one of four motions, the time to file an appeal is tolled. FED. R. BANKR. P. 8002(b). Under Rule 8002(b)(1)(D), one such motion with a tolling effect is relief under Rule 9024. Rule 9024 is the Bankruptcy Code’s equivalent of Rule 60. Under Rule 60(b), the court may, on motion or sua sponte, relieve a party of a final judgment or order for six reasons. However, to exercise the tolling effect on the appeals deadline, a Rule 9024 motion must be timely filed within 14 days. FED. R. BANKR. P. 8002(b)(1)(D) (emphasis added). If this were in federal civil court, the deadline would increase to 28 days, thereby making Mr. Faria’s appeal notice timely. Therefore, absent the applicable bankruptcy rules, Mr. Faria would have succeeded in his further abuse of the Federal court system. It is obvious to this Court, given its experience with this debtor, that this was Mr. Faria’s plan all along in filing the Objection: to further delay his creditors by tolling the appeal deadline. As has been evident in his numerous motions and appeals, Mr. Faria is not seeking the relief to which honest, but unfortunate debtors are entitled. Rather, Mr. Faria has one goal – to extend litigation as long as possible so that he may continue defrauding his creditors. If not for this misstep, Mr. Faria would have continued his abuse of the Code, avoiding any semblance of good faith. However, his fatal mistake has caused his untimeliness and stopped him in his disreputable pursuits. 18 Although revisions have been made to Rule 8002, the Advisory Committee notes that changes to the former rule are stylistic, and so should not affect the jurisdictional and tolling effects of the Rule. FED. R. BANKR. P. 8002, Advisory Committee Note (2014). Case 3:18-bk-07493 Doc 59 Filed 04/19/19 Entered 04/19/19 16:01:51 Desc Main Document Page 12 of 13 12 CONCLUSION Given Mr. Faria’s extensive history with this Court, his ability to negotiate the Bankruptcy System, the bad faith he exhibits in his filings, his clear intent to defraud his creditors, and his unrelenting abuse of this system in his continued ploy to dodge his creditors only goes to show that this Court’s initial decision in the Order was the right one. The bar imposed in the Order will prevent Mr. Faria from seeking to have the Bankruptcy Court assist him in his endeavors to abuse the Bankruptcy System to the detriment of his creditors – eight years is long enough. This Objection is found to have been filed in bad faith. Any relief sought in the Objection is DENIED on that basis. This order was signed and entered electronically as indicated at the top of this page. Case 3:18-bk-07493 Doc 59 Filed 04/19/19 Entered 04/19/19 16:01:51 Desc Main Document Page 13 of 13 13 This Order has been electronically signed. The Judge's signature and Court's seal appear at the top of the first page. United States Bankruptcy Court.

=== In re Bagsby, Nos. 3:19-bk-01810, 3:18-bk-01762, 3:16-bk-08631 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. July 2, 2019) ===

IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE NASHVILLE DIVISION IN RE: Debtor. GAYLE H. BAGSBY, GAYLE H. BAGSBY, ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________) GAYLE H. BAGSBY, Debtor. Debtor. Case No: 3:19-bk-01810 Chapter 13 Case No: 3:16-bk-08631 Chapter 13 Case No: 3:18-bk-01762 Chapter 13 ORDER GRANTING MOTION DISMISS, DENYING REQUEST TO VOLUNTARILY DISMISS, AND GRANTING MOTION TO IMPOSE SANCTIONS THIS MATTER came before the Court1 on May 1, 2019 on the Trustee’s Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 10)2, the Trustee’s Motion for Sanctions Against the Debtor and the Debtor’s Administratrix (ECF No. 11), the Motion to Voluntarily Dismiss Chapter 13 Case for Debtor 1 3:19-bk-01810 came before Judge Charles M. Walker when he sat for the collective Chapter 13 docket. In order to adjudicate all matters before the Court, 3:16-bk-08631 and 3:18-bk-01762 were reopened and the three cases were transferred to Judge Walker. 2 All “ECF” designations refer to 3:19-bk-01810, unless otherwise noted. Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 1 of 83 1 Dated: 7/2/2019 (ECF No. 19), and the Court’s Order Scheduling Rule to Show Cause, Requiring Appearances, and Referring the Matter to the U.S. Trustee for Investigation (ECF No. 21).3 SUMMARY On April 8, 2011, the Chancery Court for Williamson County, Tennessee, issued Letters of Administration appointing Elizabeth Bagsby (aka Elizabeth Pace Bagsby Dish, Elizabeth Dish) (referred to here as “Elizabeth”) as Administratrix of Sharon Gayle Bagsby (“Gayle”), a deceased person. (ECF No. 1, p.9). Since that time, Elizabeth caused to be filed five bankruptcy petitions in Gayle’s name seeking relief under Chapter 13.4 The first two cases were filed in 2016 and 20185 by attorney E. Covington Johnston (“Mr. Johnston”). Both cases were filed with bare-bones6 petitions for relief and contained a conformed signature7 for Gayle. No plan or schedules were ever filed in the cases, and they were dismissed prior to confirmation – the 2016 case on the Trustee’s motion for failure to file schedules and plan, and the 2018 case voluntarily by the Debtor. The last three cases were all filed pro se in Gayle’s name with the petition signed as follows: “Gayle Bagsby by Elizabeth Bagsby, Administratrix.” The first two of these cases8 were dismissed on the Trustee’s motion for failure to file schedules and a plan. The third case is the present case, before this Court on the Trustee’s motions and the Debtor’s notice, as referenced above. 3 The Court sua sponte raised the issues regarding E. Covington Johnston’s actions in the first two bankruptcy cases filed in Sharon Gayle Bagsby’s name. 4 11 U.S.C. § 704; 11 U.S.C. § 101 ff. Any reference to “section” or “Chapter” is a reference to the Bankruptcy Code unless another reference is stated. 5 3:16-bk-08631 and 3:18-bk-01762. 6 “Bare bones” filing is a term of art referring to a bankruptcy filing wherein only the petition for relief is filed. 7 Electronic signature as follows: /s/ Gayle Bagsby. 8 3:18-bk-05563 and 3:19-bk-00910. Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 2 of 83 2 It is of grave concern to this Court that five bankruptcy petitions have been filed in this district on behalf of a deceased person. As there is no provision in the Code that provides for debt relief on behalf of a probate estate, and there are several provisions regarding a Debtor’s intentions, good faith, disclosure, and duties, some of the issues raised by the filings include fraud and abuse on the part of the filer, serious questions regarding the representation of the attorney in the first two cases, and the immediate need to deter Elizabeth and Mr. Johnston from similar troublesome acts in the future. EVIDENTIARY HEARING The Court held an evidentiary hearing wherein Elizabeth and Mr. Johnston appeared and testified, each on their own behalf. Mr. Johnston was represented by attorney Timothy Niarhos. Elizabeth appeared pro se. On the Court’s inquiry, Mr. Niarhos agreed that no attorney-client privilege attached to Mr. Johnston’s testimony as the Debtor’s attorney because the Debtor, Gayle, was deceased at all relevant times. (Exhibit A. L142-154).9 The U.S. Trustee (“UST”) and the Chapter 13 Trustee (“Trustee”) examined Elizabeth and Mr. Johnston, as did Mr. Niarhos, with the Court also posing questions to both witnesses. Entered into evidence were documents tendered by Mr. Niarhos – they are attached hereto as Exhibit B. The documents attached to the UST’s Statement regarding Order to Show Cause (ECF No. 24) are of particular interest and relevance, and are attached hereto as Exhibit C. PRE-BANKRUPTCY BACKGROUND Gayle died on February 28, 2006. She was survived by Elizabeth, her only child. Prior to Gayle’s death, mother and daughter lived together at 708 Red Fox Court, Franklin, Tennessee 9 The transcript of the hearing is attached hereto as Exhibit A. Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 3 of 83 3 (the “Property”). Elizabeth continued to reside at that address after her mother’s death, and it remains her residence to this day. (Exhibit A. L507-533). Five years after Gayle’s death, Elizabeth filed a petition in the Chancery Court for Williamson County, Tennessee seeking her appointment as administratrix of Gayle’s estate, and on April 8, 2011, the Order of Appointment was entered. As administratrix of the estate, Elizabeth filed an estate inventory (“Inventory”) and executed a sworn statement attesting that the following was a true and complete account of the assets of Gayle’s estate: Bank of America Checking Account 1991 Pontiac Bonneville (approximate) Furniture, appliances and household furnishings (approximate) $ 510.00 $ 750.00 $8,000.00 It appears that, based on these filings, an Order to Close Estate Without Detailed Accounting was entered on October 13, 2011. See Exhibit C. MR. JOHNSTON The First Case Elizabeth consulted with Mr. Johnston sometime in 2016 and hired him to file a bankruptcy case on the eve of a foreclosure proceeding concerning the Property. (Exhibit A. L1069-1073). She paid him $1,500, plus the $310 filing fee. (Exhibit A. L1126-1131). She did not provide the required information to prepare the schedules and statements. (Exhibit A. L1071-1073). He then filed the first case in Gayle’s name, aka Sharon Gayle Bagsby, by affixing her electronic signature to the petition, as well as his own.10 He attached to the petition 10 3:16-bk-08631. Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 4 of 83 4 a mailing matrix that included Gayle as a notice recipient at the Property address. He did not file any statements or schedules, nor did he file Form 2030 disclosing any compensation he received. Although he testified that he thought he was filing the petition in the name of Gayle’s probate estate (Exhibit A. L1056-1057), he did not attach any documentation to that effect. (3:18-bk-01762 at ECF No. 1). He also filed on that same day Official Form 121, again with Gayle’s electronic signature affixed, attesting to her Social Security number. (Id. at ECF No. 2). Two months later, an order was entered dismissing the case on the Trustee’s motion for failure to file required documents. FED. R. BANKR. P. 1007. The Second Case The second Chapter 13 petition was filed in Gayle’s name on March 14, 201811 to stop another foreclosure attempt on the Property. (Exhibit A. L1136-1138). Again, the petition was electronically signed by Mr. Johnston on behalf of Gayle. He did, however, include “Estate of Gayle H. Bagsby” as an also-known-as designation. Again, he filed no statements, schedules, or Form 2030.12 A credit counseling certificate was obtained in Elizabeth’s name, not in Gayle’s name as the Debtor, and was filed by Mr. Johnston. Although Elizabeth did not provide the information necessary to prepare statements and schedules, Mr. Johnston prepared a proposed plan. Nine days after filing the petition, Mr. Johnston filed the plan on behalf of Gayle which professed that she would make a monthly payment of $2,230 to the Trustee for a period of 60 months. The plan provided for payment to Deutsche Bank for the first mortgage, with an arrearage of $45,000. It also provided for payment of attorney fees in the amount of $2,810 prior to any payment made on the mortgage 11 3:18-bk-01762. 12 Disclosure of Compensation of Attorney for Debtor. Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 5 of 83 5 arrearage. The plan contained Mr. Johnston’s signature as attorney for the debtor, and no signature for the debtor. In response to the Trustee’s motion to dismiss,13 Mr. Johnston filed a motion to voluntarily dismiss the case, and an order was entered dismissing the case the next day. LBR 1017-2(d). Discussion The record and Mr. Johnston’s testimony at the evidentiary hearing constitute the circumstances by which the Court will make its determinations – and those circumstances are tremendously disturbing. Mr. Johnston testified that he didn’t know a probate estate was not eligible for relief under Title 11, that he thought he was filing both cases on behalf of Gayle’s probate estate, and that he did no research and conducted no due diligence in either case. His actions as Debtor’s counsel were tremendously distressing, and his testimony cast a dark shadow on his veracity, as well as his competence as an attorney. Not only did these statements do nothing to quell the Court’s already grave concerns, but his answers were so alarming that they raised serious questions as to his motivations and competence. Looking at the facts and his testimony, we start off with the first petition for relief under Chapter 13 filed in Gayle’s name 10 years after her death. Although Mr. Johnston insisted that he thought he was filing on behalf of the probate estate, the petition was signed and filed by Mr. Johnston as attorney for Gayle, the debtor. Nowhere in any of the filings is there any indication that Gayle was deceased at the time of filing, that a probate estate even existed, or that the case 13 Basis for the motion was the Debtor’s failure to file schedules, statement of financial affairs, Form 22C, and a certificate of credit counseling in the Debtor’s name. Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 6 of 83 6 was filed on behalf of her probate estate. Nowhere is there any indication that someone else besides Gayle authorized the petition or signed it. Mr. Johnston affixed Gayle’s electronic signature to the petition and the Social Security statement. Although he testified that he did so because he did not know how to upload the wet signature of Elizabeth, this contradicts his actions in that the plan filed in the second case contains his wet signature as Debtor’s attorney. The facts and Mr. Johnston’s testimony answer few questions, and raise many: 1. If Mr. Johnston truly believed he was filing a petition for relief on behalf of the probate estate, why didn’t he have Elizabeth sign the petition as the estate’s administratrix? 2. Why was Gayle listed on the mailing matrix as a notice recipient five years after her death? 3. 4. How did Mr. Johnston plan on conducting the meeting of creditors? What tax returns and pay advices would be submitted to support income sufficient to fund a plan? 5. Whose income would fund the plan – the probate estate with less than $10,000 in assets and none that generate income? It obviously couldn’t come from Gayle. So what entity or individual would fund a Chapter 13 plan? 6. How did Mr. Johnston draft a plan in the second case without any documentation providing the necessary and required information? And the deeper questions regarding Mr. Johnston’s competence to practice in this Court: 7. How does Mr. Johnston determine his client’s eligibility for relief under the Code? Is eligibility ascertained at the front end – prior to filing a petition for relief, or at the back end – when a Trustee or party-in-interest files a Motion to Dismiss? Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 7 of 83 7 8. If he, in fact, had doubts as to Gayle’s eligibility as a Debtor, why didn’t Mr. Johnston consult with another bankruptcy attorney, or one of the attorney’s associated with his firm specializing in probate law? 9. Why, if he was uncertain regarding Debtor’s eligibility, would he file a second case under the same circumstances? 10. How could Mr. Johnson, an attorney with decades of experience, truly believe Gayle was eligible for relief under the Code? Primarily, pure logic excludes Gayle and her estate from eligibility for several reasons. First, because the central purpose of the Code is to give debtors a fresh start, unburdened in future endeavors by old debts. Spencer v. Bogdanovich (In re Bogdanovich), 292 F. 3d 104, 107 (2d Cir. 2002). Gayle would never obtain a fresh start or pursue future endeavors. Death has already unburdened her from the trials and tribulations of life, including personal liabilities. Therefore, the policy of the Code would not be furthered by a decedent as debtor. See In re Jarrett, 19 B.R. 413, 414 (Bankr. M.D.N.C. 1982); cf. In re Estate of Hiller, 240 F. Supp. 504, 504 (N.D. Cal. 1965) (interpreting 1898 Bankruptcy Act); Adams v. Terrell, 4 F. 796, 801 (W.D. Tex. 1880) (in the case of an insolvent decedent’s estate, “death has already discharged [the decedent] of all personal liability”). Additionally, beyond the requirements of verifying the schedules and statements provided as part of the petition for relief, Gayle and/or her estate could not provide required information such as tax returns and pay advices to the Trustee. These are essential in advance of the meeting of creditors, which brings us to another logical reason Gayle and her estate could not be debtors: the inability to appear and be subject to examination pursuant to § 341. And lastly, Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 8 of 83 8 neither Gayle nor her estate could fund a plan because Gayle had no income and the estate had no ability to generate income. Let’s not forget, at the time of filing the first case, Mr. Johnston had been practicing in the bankruptcy court for 37 years and had filed in excess of 1,000 cases on behalf of consumer debtors. He also confirmed that his firm – consisting of three attorneys – included probate matters in their practice. Therefore, it is not unreasonable to charge Mr. Johnston with the knowledge that Tennessee, like all other states, has instituted its own probate system to deal with the assets and liabilities of decedents, and that the bankruptcy system particularly excluded probate estates in light of the state system, despite his testimony to the contrary. (Exhibit A. L1143-1147). All of the circumstances, the statute, and good old fashion logic compel the conclusion that Mr. Johnston did not believe he could file a Chapter 13 case on behalf of Gayle or her probate estate, or that he even did file for Gayle or her probate estate. The facts do not support a conclusion that Mr. Johnston could have possibly thought that – in a stretch that boggles the mind – Gayle or her probate estate were eligible for relief and would perform under Chapter 13. No, Mr. Johnston filed the Chapter 13 in Gayle’s name at Elizabeth’s request, and after accepting payment of attorney fees and court costs – a fact he failed to disclose – with the sole intention of delaying the foreclosure. To aggravate matters, he did it TWICE. Standard of Representation Attorneys representing parties and appearing in this Court are held to the canons of the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct and the Tennessee Rules of Professional Conduct, as well as the Code, the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, and the Local Rules of this Court. It is the duty of this Court to implement those rules and provisions to ensure parties are receiving Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 9 of 83 9 competent representation when navigating the bankruptcy system. In re Moncier, 550 F.Supp.2d 768 (E.D. Tenn. 2008); see also Wolters Kluwer Fin. Servs. v. Scivantage, 525 F.Supp.2d 448, 449-50 (S.D.N.Y. 2007). This Court is only as good as its standards, and those standards are the business of this Court. The obligation is one I take to heart and I intend to shine a very bright light on circumstances that indicate an attorney is providing representation that is not in line with the expectations, requirements, and standards of this Court. The ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct (“MPRC”) lay the foundation by which Courts determine the standard of practice implemented in their jurisdiction.14 The MPRC are mirrored in the Tennessee Rules of Professional Conduct,15 and provide in relevant part: A lawyer shall provide competent representation to a client. Competent representation requires the legal knowledge, skill, thoroughness and preparation reasonably necessary for the representation. RULE 1.1 – COMPETENCE, MODEL RULES OF PROF’L CONDUCT 1.1. As an attorney practicing in this Court, Mr. Johnston is also held to the Code and Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure. Relevant here is § 707(b)(4)(C) and (D): (C) The signature of an attorney on a petition, pleading, or written motion shall constitute a certification that the attorney has-- (i) performed a reasonable investigation into the circumstances that gave rise to the petition, pleading, or written motion; and (ii) determined that the petition, pleading, or written motion-- (I) is well grounded in fact; and (II) is warranted by existing law or a good faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law and does not constitute an abuse under paragraph (1). 14 [10] The legal profession is largely self-governing. Although other professions also have been granted powers of self-government, the legal profession is unique in this respect because of the close relationship between the profession and the processes of government and law enforcement. This connection is manifested in the fact that ultimate authority over the legal profession is vested largely in the courts. PREAMBLE: A LAWYER’S RESPONSIBILITIES, MODEL RULES OF PROF’L CONDUCT § 10 (emphasis added). 15 Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 8, RPC 1.1. Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 10 of 83 10 (D) The signature of an attorney on the petition shall constitute a certification that the attorney has no knowledge after an inquiry that the information in the schedules filed with such petition is incorrect. 11 U.S.C.A. § 707(b)(4)(C) and (D) (West). The fees paid to Mr. Johnston in the first two cases are subject to the reviewing powers of this Court and the requirements of § 329, as well as Rule 2016(b), respectively providing in relevant part: (a) Any attorney representing a debtor in a case under this title, or in connection with such a case, whether or not such attorney applies for compensation under this title, shall file with the court a statement of the compensation paid or agreed to be paid, if such payment or agreement was made after one year before the date of the filing of the petition, for services rendered or to be rendered in contemplation of or in connection with the case by such attorney, and the source of such compensation. 11 U.S.C.A. § 329 (West). _____________ (b) Disclosure of compensation paid or promised to attorney for debtor Every attorney for a debtor, whether or not the attorney applies for compensation, shall file and transmit to the United States trustee within 14 days after the order for relief, or at another time as the court may direct, the statement required by § 329 of the Code including whether the attorney has shared or agreed to share the compensation with any other entity. The statement shall include the particulars of any such sharing or agreement to share by the attorney, but the details of any agreement for the sharing of the compensation with a member or regular associate of the attorney's law firm shall not be required. A supplemental statement shall be filed and transmitted to the United States trustee within 14 days after any payment or agreement not previously disclosed FED. R. BANKR. P. 2016. Significantly applicable here is Rule 9011: Rule 9011. Signing of Papers; Representations to the Court; Sanctions; Verification and Copies of Papers (a) Signature Every petition, pleading, written motion, and other paper, except a list, schedule, or statement, or amendments thereto, shall be signed by at least one Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 11 of 83 11 attorney of record in the attorney’s individual name. A party who is not represented by an attorney shall sign all papers. Each paper shall state the signer’s address and telephone number, if any. An unsigned paper shall be stricken unless omission of the signature is corrected promptly after being called to the attention of the attorney or party. (b) Representations to the court By presenting to the court (whether by signing, filing, submitting, or later advocating) a petition, pleading, written motion, or other paper, an attorney or unrepresented party is certifying that to the best of the person’s knowledge, information, and belief, formed after an inquiry reasonable under the circumstances, (1) it is not being presented for any improper purpose, such as to harass or to cause unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation; (2) the claims, defenses, and other legal contentions therein are warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law or the establishment of new law; (3) the allegations and other factual contentions have evidentiary support or, if specifically so identified, are likely to have evidentiary support after a reasonable opportunity for further investigation or discovery; and (4) the denials of factual contentions are warranted on the evidence or, if specifically so identified, are reasonably based on a lack of information or belief. (c) Sanctions If, after notice and a reasonable opportunity to respond, the court determines that subdivision (b) has been violated, the court may, subject to the conditions stated below, impose an appropriate sanction upon the attorneys, law firms, or parties that have violated subdivision (b) or are responsible for the violation. FED. R. BANKR. P. 9011. Mr. Johnston’s violations begin with his filing of the 2016 petition and Official Form 121,16 both with Gayle’s electronic signature as the Debtor. Page 7 of the petition includes a statement signed by Mr. Johnston attesting that he informed the debtor about eligibility to proceed under Chapter 13. (ECF No. 1). 16 Official Form 121: Statement About Your Social Security Numbers. Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 12 of 83 12 Mr. Johnston affixed Gayle’s electronic signature attesting to the information contained in the petition, and thereby, representing to the Court that Gayle, as the debtor, was informed as to the requirements and consequences of filing for relief under Chapter 13, and was able to perform the requirements for such relief. Mr. Johnston’s signature on the petition was a representation to the Court that the following were true and correct: 1) The information contained thereon was true and correct to the best of his knowledge. 2) 3) 4) He represented Gayle as the debtor in the case. He provided the required disclosures to Gayle. He conducted an inquiry to determine Gayle’s eligibility for relief under Title 11 and particularly, Chapter 13. 5) 6) 7) He determined that Gayle was eligible for relief under Chapter 13. Gayle signed the petition and Official Form 121. The filings were in furtherance of a valid bankruptcy purpose and not merely to avoid foreclosure. See In re Bailey, 321 B.R. 169, 183 (Bankr. E.D. Pa. 2005). All of these representations were false and in violation of Rule 9011. Misrepresentations can also come in the form of omissions in disclosures. Here, Mr. Johnston failed to disclose the fees he received from Elizabeth in connection with the filing of the first two cases. (Exhibit A. L1126-1131 and 1201-1202, respectively). As the Code and Rules require an attorney to disclose whether or not the attorney intends to file a fee application, Mr. Johnston violated § 329 and Rule 2016(b) when he chose to retain the funds tendered by Elizabeth prior to filing those two cases without complying with the disclosure requirements. Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 13 of 83 13 Mr. Johnston’s representations to this Court, both in the two bankruptcy petitions and in his testimony at the evidentiary hearing, demonstrate a lack of competence and candor as required by this Court. See Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 8, RPC 1.1 and LBR 2090-2. When Mr. Johnston filed the 2016 case, Gayle had been dead for 10 years, and Mr. Johnston had been practicing bankruptcy for 37 years. The math just doesn’t add up to the ignorance that Mr. Johnston sought to convey from the stand. Given that (1) Mr. Johnston made no inquiries and conducted no research before filing either bankruptcy case in Gayle’s name, (2) there was no basis in existing law to support a reasonable possibility that a Chapter 13 case would be successful, and (3) the cases were filed for the express purpose of delaying foreclosure actions, Mr. Johnson’s conduct was not reasonable under the circumstances. See Mapother & Mapother, P.S.C. v. Cooper (In re Downs), 103 F.3d 472, 481 (6th Cir. 1996). Therefore, Mr. Johnston’s actions in these cases constitutes a violation of ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct and the Tennessee Rules of Professional Conduct, as well as the Code, the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, and the Local Rules of this Court. These violations, particularly that of Rule 9011, amounts to abuse of the bankruptcy system and subject him to sanctions in accordance with those findings. ELIZABETH BAGSBY Elizabeth is not a trustworthy person. She is not a law-abiding person. She is definitely not an honorable person. As her actions and testimony reflect, Elizabeth perpetrated a scheme to defraud the company holding the mortgage on her mother’s house17 (“Mortgagee”) and stay in that house free of charge indefinitely following her mother’s death. She purposefully 17 Deutsche Bank was the original Mortgagee. Carrington Mortgage is the Mortgagee via transfer. 14 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 14 of 83 misinformed two courts in her plot, obtaining orders from both through her deceit, and fraudulently obtained relief from both. The Chancery Court for Williamson County, Tennessee appears to have been her first stop in advancing her illicit goal. There, she petitioned the court for appointment as administratrix of Gayle’s estate five years after Gayle’s death. As administratrix, Elizabeth filed the Inventory necessary to account for all of the assets of the estate. (Exhibit C). However, her failure to include the Property in the inventory resulted in no notice to the Mortgagee. Without notice, the Mortgagee could not protect its interests and file a claim against the estate. Elizabeth then filed a Statement in Lieu of Final Accounting (“Statement”) wherein she stated under oath that she notified all creditors of the Estate and all claims against the estate had been settled or paid. (Exhibit C). Based on the Statement, the Chancery Court entered an Order to Close Estate without Detailed Accounting which stated that the estate was solvent, no claims were filed against the estate, and all state inheritance tax obligations had been addressed, (Exhibit C). Elizabeth testified that she then provided the Order to the Mortgagee numerous times, along with her request for a refinance of the Property into her name. She provided no documentation to support this assertion and could not explain why she did not account for the Property in the probate estate. Moreover, she could not state with any degree of certainty when she had last made a mortgage payment to the Mortgagee (Exhibit A. L914-946), but the jumbled facts from her testimony and the amount of the mortgage arrearage indicate that it could have been in 2014 but was more likely never. Although Elizabeth stated she obtained a loan modification of the mortgage in the name of the Estate, she could not state when that was or any details of the agreement. She also Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 15 of 83 15 neglected to explain how the Estate obtained a loan modification when the Property was not listed as an asset of the Estate. Directly contradicting her testimony is the fact that the foreclosure notice that inspired the last case was in Gayle’s name, not that of her estate. (Exhibit C). Moreover, if the loan modification was obtained to put the mortgage on the Property in the name of Gayle’s probate estate, why did Elizabeth file for bankruptcy protection in Gayle’s name to stop foreclosure proceedings? The record reflects that Elizabeth met with Mr. Johnston to file the first two cases but failed to provide any required documentation or appear for the meeting of creditors in either case. After the first case was filed, Mr. Johnston sent her a letter stating that he was going to file a Voluntary Dismissal of the case because his research indicated that they could not proceed in the name of the Gayle H. Bagsby Estate. (Exhibit B). Elizabeth did not heed Mr. Johnston’s word that Gayle’s estate could not proceed in a Chapter 13 bankruptcy, and instead filed three more cases in her mother’s name to avoid foreclosure on the Property and remain there without making payments on the mortgage. She had no intention of complying with Code, beginning with filing a petition in her mother’s name and continuing by failing to file statements and schedules, or appear for examination at the meeting of creditors or the 2004 examination ordered by this Court. This makes Elizabeth a serial filer acting in bad faith to abuse the bankruptcy system; and supports an imposition of sanctions against Elizabeth. Cusano v. Klein (In re Cusano), 431 B.R. 726, 736 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2010) (“We cannot excuse a lack of good faith based upon a debtor’s pro se status, particularly when the debtor was in fact represented by counsel or had retained counsel during the vast majority of his time in the bankruptcy court, but failed to follow counsel’s advice.”); In re Grischkan, 320 B.R. 654, 658 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 2005) (“‘The key inquiry . . . is whether the Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 16 of 83 16 debtor is seeking to abuse the bankruptcy process.’” Alt v. United States, (In re Alt), 305 F.3d 413, 419 (6th Cir. 2002). “‘Stated somewhat differently, a Chapter 13 case is illicit if its pendency is fundamentally unfair to creditors in a manner that contravenes the spirit of the Code.’” Chase Manhattan Mortgage Corp. v. Rodriguez (In re Rodriguez), 248 B.R. 16, 19 (Bankr. D. Conn. 1999 . See also In re Herrera, 194 B.R. 178 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 1996). Elizabeth’s testimony was rife with inconsistencies and untruths. For example, she testified that she did not receive notice of the Motion for 2004 Examination because of trouble with the U.S. Mail, but she did receive emails from the UST regarding the evidentiary hearing. If Elizabeth was in receipt of email transmissions, then as a pro se filer, she would receive notices regarding the bankruptcy cases she filed. Consequently, she would have received notice of the Motion for 2004 Examination and the Order requiring her appearance. So, to review, Elizabeth petitioned the probate court for an Order based on her misrepresentation that the Property was not part of the probate estate, filed five bankruptcy petitions in her mother’s name, failed to comply with § 52118 in any of the cases, did not appear for five § 341 meetings, ignored an order of this Court by failing to appear for a Rule 2004 examination, and offered testimony under oath that calls into question her truthfulness. One of the challenges in determining the appropriate sanction for Elizabeth is the fact that she filed all of the cases in her mother’s name. To hide behind her deceased mother’s good name to advance her own immoral interests is a repugnant act of cowardice and offends this Court immeasurably. Unfortunately, the record is the record and Gayle’s name unfittingly remains on these five cases and the foreclosure actions of the Mortgagee thanks to her own daughter. 18 Section 521 is titled “Debtor’s duties” and sets forth the filing, disclosure, and appearance requirements of Debtors seeking relief under Title 11. 17 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 17 of 83 Fortunately, this Court possesses the power to punitively sanction Elizabeth for her abhorrent actions, and by doing so, deter her from further bad acts. Cusano, 431 B.R. at 737 (“Where there is sufficient cause, bankruptcy courts have the authority pursuant to 11 U.S.C. §§ 105(a) and 349(a) to prohibit bankruptcy filings in excess of 180 days.”). See also Grischkan, 320 B.R. at 660 (“Additionally, §§ 105(a) and 349(a) give the bankruptcy court authority to prohibit a debtor from making future bankruptcy filings. See Casse v. Key Bank Nat'l Assoc. (In re Casse), 198 F.3d 327, 337–339 (2d Cir. 1999) (collecting cases which hold that bankruptcy courts derive the power from §§ 105(a) and 349(a), in an appropriate case, to prohibit a serial filer from filing petitions for periods of time exceeding 180 days.)”). See also In re Price, 304 B.R. 769, 773 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 2004) (“In rem relief is used in serial filing situations because it will not be affected by subsequent bankruptcy filings by the debtor or third-party transferees.”), citing In re Graham, No. 98-11990DWS, 1998 WL 473051, at *1 (Bankr. E.D. Pa. Aug. 3, 1998). RULING Based on the foregoing findings, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that, for his actions as Debtor’s attorney in the first two bankruptcy cases filed in the name of Gayle H. Bagsby, the Court imposes the following sanctions on Mr. Johnston: 1. E. Covington Johnston is suspended from filing any new bankruptcy cases for 90 days from the date of this Order. 2. E. Covington Johnston must complete 10 hours of ethics education within 90 days from the date of this order and provide certification of that completion to the U.S. Trustee. 3. E. Covington Johnston is to pay to the Chapter 13 Trustee $374 representing the Trustee’s costs in administering the first two bankruptcy cases. Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 18 of 83 18 4. E. Covington Johnston must tender to the U.S. Trustee a cashier’s check in the amount of $2,190, representing the fees he was paid in the first two cases minus the filing fees paid to the Court. The cashier’s check is to be made payable to The Legal Aid Society of Middle Tennessee and The Cumberlands. 5. E. Covington Johnston shall self-report his conduct in the two cases he filed in the name of Gayle Bagsby to the Tennessee Board of Professional Responsibility no later than August 1, 2019. He shall include in that report a copy of this Order and its Exhibits and provide proof of such submission to the U.S. Trustee. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that, based on the foregoing findings for her acts as a bad faith serial filer, and her abuse of the bankruptcy system, the Court imposes the following sanctions on Elizabeth (aka Elizabeth Pace Bagsby Dish, Elizabeth P. Bagsby, Elizabeth Dish): 6. Elizabeth Bagsby is barred from filing bankruptcy in her name for a period of five (5) years from the date of this Order. 7. All debts of Elizabeth Bagsby as of the date of this Order are deemed excepted from discharge under any Code provision. 8. Elizabeth Bagsby is to provide her Social Security number to the U.S. Trustee within five days of the entry of this Order. 9. Elizabeth Bagsby is to tender a cashier’s check in the amount of $1,000 to the U.S. Trustee. Such check is to be made payable to the Legal Aid Society of Middle Tennessee and The Cumberlands. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that: 10. The U.S. Trustee shall effectuate service upon Elizabeth Bagsby and E. Covington Johnston via personal service and file a certificate of that service in these cases. Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 19 of 83 19 11. Upon receipt pursuant to paragraph (7) above, the U.S. Trustee shall provide Elizabeth Bagsby’s Social Security number to the Clerk of the Bankruptcy Court for the Middle District of Tennessee to impose the bar to refiling. 12. For the purpose of paragraph (5) above, the Clerk of the Court is directed to place Elizabeth Bagsby’s Social Security number under seal for a period of five years and one day from the date of this Order, at which time it will be purged as appropriate. 13. Pursuant to paragraphs (4) and (8) above, upon receipt the U.S. Trustee shall forward those cashiers’ checks to Legal Aid Society of Middle Tennessee and The Cumberlands. 14. The U.S. Trustee shall provide the requisite information to Elizabeth Bagsby to facilitate compliance with paragraphs (7) and (8). 15. The U.S. Trustee shall provide a copy of this Order to the Williamson County, Tennessee Chancery Court Clerk & Master. 16. The filing of a future bankruptcy petition by any individual or entity will not extend the protection of the automatic stay of 11 U.S.C. § 362(a) to the property located at 708 Red Fox Court, Franklin, Tennessee. Such in rem relief will be in full force and effect for a period of 360 days from the entry of this order. 17. The U.S. Trustee is to prosecute any failure on the part of the sanctioned parties to comply with any and all provisions of this Order. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that 18. The Trustee’s Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 10) is GRANTED. 19. The Trustee’s Motion for Sanctions (ECF No. 11) as against Elizabeth Bagsby is GRANTED, with those sanctions as set forth in paragraphs (6) through (9), above. 20. The Motion to Voluntarily Dismiss (ECF No. 19) is DENIED. Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 20 of 83 20 21. These cases are hereby closed, and this Court retains jurisdiction for purposes of enforcing the provisions of this Order. THIS ORDER WAS SIGNED AND ENTERED ELECTRONICALLY AS INDICATED AT THE TOP OF THE FIRST PAGE. Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 21 of 83 21 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 22 of 83 EXHIBIT A Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 23 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 24 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 25 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 26 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 27 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 28 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 29 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 30 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 31 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 32 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 33 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 34 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 35 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 36 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 37 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 38 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 39 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 40 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 41 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 42 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 43 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 44 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 45 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 46 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 47 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 48 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 49 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 50 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 51 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 52 of 83 EXHIBIT B Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 53 of 83 Fill in this information to identify your case:United States Bankruptcy Court for the:MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEECase number (if known)Chapter you are filing under:(cid:134) Chapter 7(cid:134) Chapter 11(cid:134) Chapter 12(cid:132) Chapter 13(cid:134)Check if this anamended filingOfficial Form 101Voluntary Petition for Individuals Filing for Bankruptcy12/15The bankruptcy forms use you and Debtor 1 to refer to a debtor filing alone. A married couple may file a bankruptcy case together—called a jointcase—and in joint cases, these forms use you to ask for information from both debtors. For example, if a form asks, “Do you own a car,” the answerwould be yes if either debtor owns a car. When information is needed about the spouses separately, the form uses Debtor 1 and Debtor 2 to distinguishbetween them. In joint cases, one of the spouses must report information as Debtor 1 and the other as Debtor 2. The same person must be Debtor 1 inall of the forms.Be as complete and accurate as possible. If two married people are filing together, both are equally responsible for supplying correct information. Ifmore space is needed, attach a separate sheet to this form. On the top of any additional pages, write your name and case number (if known). Answerevery question.Part 1:Identify YourselfAbout Debtor 1:About Debtor 2 (Spouse Only in a Joint Case):1.Your full nameWrite the name that is onyour government-issuedpicture identification (forexample, your driver'slicense or passport).Bring your pictureidentification to yourmeeting with the trustee.GAYLEFirst nameFirst nameH.Middle nameMiddle nameBAGSBYLast name and Suffix (Sr., Jr., II, III)Last name and Suffix (Sr., Jr., II, III)2.All other names you haveused in the last 8yearsInclude your married ormaiden names.SHARON GAYLE BAGSBY3.Only the last 4 digits ofyour Social Securitynumber or federalIndividual TaxpayerIdentification number(ITIN)xxx-xx-3469Official Form 101Voluntary Petition for Individuals Filing for Bankruptcypage 1 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 54 of 83 Debtor 1GAYLE H. BAGSBYCase number (if known)About Debtor 1:About Debtor 2 (Spouse Only in a Joint Case):4.Any business names andEmployerIdentificationNumbers(EIN) you haveused inthe last 8 years(cid:132) I have not used any business name or EINs.(cid:134) I have not used any business name or EINs.Include trade names anddoing business as namesBusiness name(s)Business name(s)EINsEINs5.Where you liveIf Debtor 2 lives at a different address:708 Red Fox CtFranklin, TN 37064Number, Street, City, State & ZIP CodeNumber, Street, City, State & ZIP CodeWilliamsonCountyCountyIf your mailing address is different from the oneabove, fill it in here. Note that the court will send anynotices to you at this mailing address.If Debtor 2's mailing address is different from yours, fill itin here. Note that the court will send any notices to thismailing address.Number, P.O. Box, Street, City, State & ZIP CodeNumber, P.O. Box, Street, City, State & ZIP Code6.Why you are choosingthis district to file forbankruptcyCheck one:(cid:134)Over the last 180 days before filing this petition,I have lived in this district longer than in anyother district.(cid:132)I have another reason.Explain. (See 28 U.S.C. § 1408.)Check one:(cid:134)Over the last 180 days before filing this petition, Ihave lived in this district longer than in any otherdistrict.(cid:134)I have another reason.Explain. (See 28 U.S.C. § 1408.)Official Form 101Voluntary Petition for Individuals Filing for Bankruptcypage 2 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 55 of 83 Debtor 1GAYLE H. BAGSBYCase number (if known)Part 2:Tell the Court About Your Bankruptcy Case7.The chapter of theBankruptcy Code you arechoosing to file underCheck one. (For a brief description of each, see Notice Requiredby 11 U.S.C. § 342(b)for Individuals Filing for Bankruptcy(Form 2010 . Also, go to the top of page 1 and check the appropriate box.(cid:134) Chapter 7(cid:134) Chapter 11(cid:134) Chapter 12(cid:132) Chapter 138.How you will pay the fee(cid:132)I will pay the entire fee when I file my petition. Please check with the clerk’s office in your local court for more detailsabout how you may pay. Typically, if you are paying the fee yourself, you may pay with cash, cashier’s check, or moneyorder. If your attorney is submitting your payment on your behalf, your attorney may pay with a credit card or check witha pre-printed address.(cid:134)I need to pay the fee in installments. If you choose this option, sign and attach the Application for Individuals to PayThe Filing Fee in Installments (Official Form 103A).(cid:134)I request that my fee be waived (You may request this option only if you are filing for Chapter 7. By law, a judge may,but is not required to, waive your fee, and may do so only if your income is less than 150% of the official poverty line thatapplies to your family size and you are unable to pay the fee in installments). If you choose this option, you must fill outthe Application to Have the Chapter 7 Filing Fee Waived (Official Form 103B) and file it with your petition.9.Have you filed forbankruptcy within thelast 8 years?(cid:132) No.(cid:134) Yes.DistrictWhenCase numberDistrictWhenCase numberDistrictWhenCase number10.Are any bankruptcycases pending or beingfiled by a spouse who isnot filing this case withyou, or by a businesspartner, or by anaffiliate?(cid:132) No(cid:134) Yes.DebtorRelationship to youDistrictWhenCase number, if knownDebtorRelationship to youDistrictWhenCase number, if known11.Do you rent yourresidence?(cid:132) No.Go to line 12.(cid:134) Yes.Has your landlord obtained an eviction judgment against you and do you want to stay in your residence?(cid:134)No. Go to line 12.(cid:134)Yes. Fill out Initial Statement About an Eviction Judgment Against You (Form 101A) and file it with thisbankruptcy petition.Official Form 101Voluntary Petition for Individuals Filing for Bankruptcypage 3 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 56 of 83 Debtor 1GAYLE H. BAGSBYCase number (if known)Part 3:Report About Any Businesses You Own as a Sole Proprietor12.Are you a sole proprietorof any full- or part-timebusiness?(cid:132) No.Go to Part 4.(cid:134)Yes.Name and location of businessA sole proprietorship is abusiness you operate asan individual, and is not aseparate legal entity suchas a corporation,partnership, or LLC.Name of business, if anyIf you have more than onesole proprietorship, use aseparate sheet and attachit to this petition.Number, Street, City, State & ZIP CodeCheck the appropriate box to describe your business:(cid:134)Health Care Business (as defined in 11 U.S.C. § 101(27A (cid:134)Single Asset Real Estate (as defined in 11 U.S.C. § 101(51B (cid:134)Stockbroker (as defined in 11 U.S.C. § 101(53A (cid:134)Commodity Broker (as defined in 11 U.S.C. § 101(6 (cid:134)None of the above13.Are you filing underChapter 11 of theBankruptcy Code and areyou a small businessdebtor?If you are filing under Chapter 11, the court must know whether you are a small business debtor so that it can set appropriatedeadlines. If you indicate that you are a small business debtor, you must attach your most recent balance sheet, statement ofoperations, cash-flow statement, and federal income tax return or if any of these documents do not exist, follow the procedurein 11 U.S.C. 1116(1)(B).For a definition of smallbusiness debtor, see 11U.S.C. § 101(51D).(cid:132) No.I am not filing under Chapter 11.(cid:134) No.I am filing under Chapter 11, but I am NOT a small business debtor according to the definition in the BankruptcyCode.(cid:134) Yes.I am filing under Chapter 11 and I am a small business debtor according to the definition in the Bankruptcy Code.Part 4:Report if You Own or Have Any Hazardous Property or Any Property That Needs Immediate Attention14.Do you own or have anyproperty that poses or isalleged to pose a threatof imminent andidentifiable hazard topublic health or safety?Or do you own anyproperty that needsimmediate attention?(cid:132) No.(cid:134) Yes.What is the hazard?If immediate attention isneeded, why is it needed?For example, do you ownperishable goods, orlivestock that must be fed,or a building that needsurgent repairs?Where is the property?Number, Street, City, State & Zip CodeOfficial Form 101Voluntary Petition for Individuals Filing for Bankruptcypage 4 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 57 of 83 Debtor 1GAYLE H. BAGSBYCase number (if known)Part 5:Explain Your Efforts to Receive a Briefing About Credit CounselingAbout Debtor 1:About Debtor 2 (Spouse Only in a Joint Case):15.Tell the court whetheryou have received abriefing about creditcounseling.The law requires that youreceive a briefing aboutcredit counseling beforeyou file for bankruptcy.You must truthfully checkone of the followingchoices. If you cannot doso, you are not eligible tofile.If you file anyway, the courtcan dismiss your case, youwill lose whatever filing feeyou paid, and yourcreditors can begincollection activities again.You must check one:You must check one:(cid:134)I received a briefing from an approved creditcounseling agency within the 180 days before Ifiled this bankruptcy petition, and I received acertificate of completion.Attach a copy of the certificate and the paymentplan, if any, that you developed with the agency.(cid:134)I received a briefing from an approved creditcounseling agency within the 180 days before I filedthis bankruptcy petition, and I received a certificate ofcompletion.Attach a copy of the certificate and the payment plan, ifany, that you developed with the agency.(cid:134)I received a briefing from an approved creditcounseling agency within the 180 days before Ifiled this bankruptcy petition, but I do not havea certificate of completion.Within 14 days after you file this bankruptcypetition, you MUST file a copy of the certificate andpayment plan, if any.(cid:134)I received a briefing from an approved creditcounseling agency within the 180 days before I filedthis bankruptcy petition, but I do not have a certificateof completion.Within 14 days after you file this bankruptcy petition, youMUST file a copy of the certificate and payment plan, ifany.(cid:134)I certify that I asked for credit counselingservices from an approved agency, but wasunable to obtain those services during the 7days after I made my request, and exigentcircumstances merit a 30-day temporary waiverof the requirement.To ask for a 30-day temporary waiver of therequirement, attach a separate sheet explainingwhat efforts you made to obtain the briefing, whyyou were unable to obtain it before you filed forbankruptcy, and what exigent circumstancesrequired you to file this case.Your case may be dismissed if the court isdissatisfied with your reasons for not receiving abriefing before you filed for bankruptcy.If the court is satisfied with your reasons, you muststill receive a briefing within 30 days after you file.You must file a certificate from the approvedagency, along with a copy of the payment plan youdeveloped, if any. If you do not do so, your casemay be dismissed.Any extension of the 30-day deadline is grantedonly for cause and is limited to a maximum of 15days.(cid:134)I certify that I asked for credit counseling servicesfrom an approved agency, but was unable to obtainthose services during the 7 days after I made myrequest, and exigent circumstances merit a 30-daytemporary waiver of the requirement.To ask for a 30-day temporary waiver of the requirement,attach a separate sheet explaining what efforts you madeto obtain the briefing, why you were unable to obtain itbefore you filed for bankruptcy, and what exigentcircumstances required you to file this case.Your case may be dismissed if the court is dissatisfiedwith your reasons for not receiving a briefing before youfiled for bankruptcy.If the court is satisfied with your reasons, you must stillreceive a briefing within 30 days after you file. You mustfile a certificate from the approved agency, along with acopy of the payment plan you developed, if any. If you donot do so, your case may be dismissed.Any extension of the 30-day deadline is granted only forcause and is limited to a maximum of 15 days.(cid:132)I am not required to receive a briefing aboutcredit counseling because of:(cid:134)I am not required to receive a briefing about creditcounseling because of:(cid:134)Incapacity.I have a mental illness or a mental deficiencythat makes me incapable of realizing ormaking rational decisions about finances.(cid:134)Incapacity.I have a mental illness or a mental deficiency thatmakes me incapable of realizing or making rationaldecisions about finances.(cid:132)Disability.My physical disability causes me to beunable to participate in a briefing in person,by phone, or through the internet, even after Ireasonably tried to do so.(cid:134)Disability.My physical disability causes me to be unable toparticipate in a briefing in person, by phone, orthrough the internet, even after I reasonably tried todo so.(cid:134)Active duty.I am currently on active military duty in amilitary combat zone.(cid:134)Active duty.I am currently on active military duty in a militarycombat zone.If you believe you are not required to receive abriefing about credit counseling, you must file amotion for waiver credit counseling with the court.If you believe you are not required to receive a briefingabout credit counseling, you must file a motion for waiverof credit counseling with the court.Official Form 101Voluntary Petition for Individuals Filing for Bankruptcypage 5 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 58 of 83 Debtor 1GAYLE H. BAGSBYCase number (if known)Part 6:Answer These Questions for Reporting Purposes16.What kind of debts doyou have?16a.Are your debts primarily consumer debts?Consumer debts are defined in 11 U.S.C. § 101(8) as “incurred by anindividual primarily for a personal, family, or household purpose.”(cid:134) No. Go to line 16b.(cid:132) Yes. Go to line 17.16b.Are your debts primarily business debts?Business debts are debts that you incurred to obtainmoney for a business or investment or through the operation of the business or investment.(cid:134)No. Go to line 16c.(cid:134) Yes. Go to line 17.16c.State the type of debts you owe that are not consumer debts or business debts17.Are you filing underChapter 7?(cid:132) No.I am not filing under Chapter 7. Go to line 18.Do you estimate thatafter any exemptproperty is excluded andadministrative expensesare paid that funds willbe available fordistribution to unsecuredcreditors?(cid:134) Yes.I am filing under Chapter 7. Do you estimate that after any exempt property is excluded and administrative expensesare paid that funds will be available to distribute to unsecured creditors?(cid:134) No(cid:134) Yes18.How many Creditors doyou estimate that youowe?(cid:132) 1-49(cid:134) 50-99(cid:134) 100-199(cid:134) 200-999(cid:134) 1,000-5,000(cid:134) 5001-10,000(cid:134) 10,001-25,000(cid:134) 25,001-50,000(cid:134) 50,001-100,000(cid:134) More than100,00019.How much do youestimate your assets tobe worth?(cid:132) $0 - $50,000(cid:134) $50,001 - $100,000(cid:134) $100,001 - $500,000(cid:134) $500,001 - $1 million(cid:134) $1,000,001 - $10 million(cid:134) $10,000,001 - $50 million(cid:134) $50,000,001 - $100 million(cid:134) $100,000,001 - $500 million(cid:134) $500,000,001 - $1 billion(cid:134) $1,000,000,001 - $10 billion(cid:134) $10,000,000,001 - $50 billion(cid:134)More than $50 billion20.How much do youestimate your liabilitiesto be?(cid:134) $0 - $50,000(cid:134)$50,001 - $100,000(cid:132) $100,001 - $500,000(cid:134) $500,001 - $1 million(cid:134) $1,000,001 - $10 million(cid:134) $10,000,001 - $50 million(cid:134) $50,000,001 - $100 million(cid:134) $100,000,001 - $500 million(cid:134) $500,000,001 - $1 billion(cid:134) $1,000,000,001 - $10 billion(cid:134) $10,000,000,001 - $50 billion(cid:134) More than $50 billionPart 7:Sign BelowFor youI have examined this petition, and I declare under penalty of perjury that the information provided is true and correct.If I have chosen to file under Chapter 7, I am aware that I may proceed, if eligible, under Chapter 7, 11,12, or 13 of title 11,United States Code. I understand the relief available under each chapter, and I choose to proceed under Chapter 7.If no attorney represents me and I did not pay or agree to pay someone who is not an attorney to help me fill out thisdocument, I have obtained and read the notice required by 11 U.S.C. § 342(b).I request relief in accordance with the chapter of title 11, United States Code, specified in this petition.I understand making a false statement, concealing property, or obtaining money or property by fraud in connection with abankruptcy case can result in fines up to $250,000, or imprisonment for up to 20 years, or both. 18 U.S.C. §§ 152, 1341, 1519,and 3571./s/ GAYLE H. BAGSBYGAYLE H. BAGSBYSignature of Debtor 2Signature of Debtor 1Executed onDecember 5, 2016Executed onMM / DD / YYYYMM / DD / YYYYOfficial Form 101Voluntary Petition for Individuals Filing for Bankruptcypage 6 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 59 of 83 Debtor 1GAYLE H. BAGSBYCase number (if known)For your attorney, if you arerepresented by oneIf you are not represented byan attorney, you do not needto file this page.I, the attorney for the debtor(s) named in this petition, declare that I have informed the debtor(s) about eligibility to proceedunder Chapter 7, 11, 12, or 13 of title 11, United States Code, and have explained the relief available under each chapterfor which the person is eligible. I also certify that I have delivered to the debtor(s) the notice required by 11 U.S.C. § 342(b)and, in a case in which § 707(b)(4)(D) applies, certify that I have no knowledge after an inquiry that the information in theschedules filed with the petition is incorrect./s/ E. Covington JohnstonDateDecember 5, 2016Signature of Attorney for DebtorMM / DD / YYYYE. Covington JohnstonPrinted nameJohnston and StreetFirm name236 Public Square, Suite 103Franklin, TN 37064Number, Street, City, State & ZIP CodeContact phone615-791-1819Email [email protected] number & StateOfficial Form 101Voluntary Petition for Individuals Filing for Bankruptcypage 7 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 60 of 83 }bk1{Creditor Address Matrix}bk{GAYLEH.BAGSBY708REDFOXCTFRANKLIN TN 37064E.COVINGTONJOHNSTONJOHNSTONANDSTREET236PUBLICSQUARE,SUITE103FRANKLIN,TN37064DEUTSCHEBANKNATIONALTRUSTCOC/OSHAPIROANDINGLE,LLP1030PERMIMETERPKWY,STE400CHARLOTTE NC 28216 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 61 of 83 Fill in this information to identify your case:United States Bankruptcy Court for the:MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEECase number (if known)Chapter you are filing under:(cid:134) Chapter 7(cid:134) Chapter 11(cid:134) Chapter 12(cid:132) Chapter 13(cid:134)Check if this anamended filingOfficial Form 101Voluntary Petition for Individuals Filing for Bankruptcy12/17The bankruptcy forms use you and Debtor 1 to refer to a debtor filing alone. A married couple may file a bankruptcy case together—called a jointcase—and in joint cases, these forms use you to ask for information from both debtors. For example, if a form asks, “Do you own a car,” the answerwould be yes if either debtor owns a car. When information is needed about the spouses separately, the form uses Debtor 1 and Debtor 2 to distinguishbetween them. In joint cases, one of the spouses must report information as Debtor 1 and the other as Debtor 2. The same person must be Debtor 1 inall of the forms.Be as complete and accurate as possible. If two married people are filing together, both are equally responsible for supplying correct information. Ifmore space is needed, attach a separate sheet to this form. On the top of any additional pages, write your name and case number (if known). Answerevery question.Part 1:Identify YourselfAbout Debtor 1:About Debtor 2 (Spouse Only in a Joint Case):1.Your full nameWrite the name that is onyour government-issuedpicture identification (forexample, your driver'slicense or passport).Bring your pictureidentification to yourmeeting with the trustee.GAYLEFirst nameFirst nameHMiddle nameMiddle nameBAGSBYLast name and Suffix (Sr., Jr., II, III)Last name and Suffix (Sr., Jr., II, III)2.All other names you haveused in the last 8yearsInclude your married ormaiden names.Estate of Gayle H Bagsby3.Only the last 4 digits ofyour Social Securitynumber or federalIndividual TaxpayerIdentification number(ITIN)xxx-xx-3469Official Form 101Voluntary Petition for Individuals Filing for Bankruptcypage 1 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 62 of 83 Debtor 1GAYLE H BAGSBYCase number (if known)About Debtor 1:About Debtor 2 (Spouse Only in a Joint Case):4.Any business names andEmployerIdentificationNumbers(EIN) you haveused inthe last 8 years(cid:132) I have not used any business name or EINs.(cid:134) I have not used any business name or EINs.Include trade names anddoing business as namesBusiness name(s)Business name(s)EINsEINs5.Where you liveIf Debtor 2 lives at a different address:708 Red Fox CtFranklin, TN 37064Number, Street, City, State & ZIP CodeNumber, Street, City, State & ZIP CodeWilliamsonCountyCountyIf your mailing address is different from the oneabove, fill it in here. Note that the court will send anynotices to you at this mailing address.If Debtor 2's mailing address is different from yours, fill itin here. Note that the court will send any notices to thismailing address.Number, P.O. Box, Street, City, State & ZIP CodeNumber, P.O. Box, Street, City, State & ZIP Code6.Why you are choosingthis district to file forbankruptcyCheck one:(cid:132)Over the last 180 days before filing this petition,I have lived in this district longer than in anyother district.(cid:134)I have another reason.Explain. (See 28 U.S.C. § 1408.)Check one:(cid:134)Over the last 180 days before filing this petition, Ihave lived in this district longer than in any otherdistrict.(cid:134)I have another reason.Explain. (See 28 U.S.C. § 1408.)Official Form 101Voluntary Petition for Individuals Filing for Bankruptcypage 2 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 63 of 83 Debtor 1GAYLE H BAGSBYCase number (if known)Part 2:Tell the Court About Your Bankruptcy Case7.The chapter of theBankruptcy Code you arechoosing to file underCheck one. (For a brief description of each, see Notice Requiredby 11 U.S.C. § 342(b)for Individuals Filing for Bankruptcy(Form 2010 . Also, go to the top of page 1 and check the appropriate box.(cid:134) Chapter 7(cid:134) Chapter 11(cid:134) Chapter 12(cid:132) Chapter 138.How you will pay the fee(cid:132)I will pay the entire fee when I file my petition. Please check with the clerk’s office in your local court for more detailsabout how you may pay. Typically, if you are paying the fee yourself, you may pay with cash, cashier’s check, or moneyorder. If your attorney is submitting your payment on your behalf, your attorney may pay with a credit card or check witha pre-printed address.(cid:134)I need to pay the fee in installments. If you choose this option, sign and attach the Application for Individuals to PayThe Filing Fee in Installments (Official Form 103A).(cid:134)I request that my fee be waived (You may request this option only if you are filing for Chapter 7. By law, a judge may,but is not required to, waive your fee, and may do so only if your income is less than 150% of the official poverty line thatapplies to your family size and you are unable to pay the fee in installments). If you choose this option, you must fill outthe Application to Have the Chapter 7 Filing Fee Waived (Official Form 103B) and file it with your petition.9.Have you filed forbankruptcy within thelast 8 years?(cid:134) No.(cid:132) Yes.DistrictMiddle Dist TNWhen12/05/16Case number16-08631DistrictWhenCase numberDistrictWhenCase number10.Are any bankruptcycases pending or beingfiled by a spouse who isnot filing this case withyou, or by a businesspartner, or by anaffiliate?(cid:132) No(cid:134) Yes.DebtorRelationship to youDistrictWhenCase number, if knownDebtorRelationship to youDistrictWhenCase number, if known11.Do you rent yourresidence?(cid:132) No.Go to line 12.(cid:134) Yes.Has your landlord obtained an eviction judgment against you?(cid:134)No. Go to line 12.(cid:134)Yes. Fill out Initial Statement About an Eviction Judgment Against You (Form 101A) and file it as part ofthis bankruptcy petition.Official Form 101Voluntary Petition for Individuals Filing for Bankruptcypage 3 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 64 of 83 Debtor 1GAYLE H BAGSBYCase number (if known)Part 3:Report About Any Businesses You Own as a Sole Proprietor12.Are you a sole proprietorof any full- or part-timebusiness?(cid:132) No.Go to Part 4.(cid:134)Yes.Name and location of businessA sole proprietorship is abusiness you operate asan individual, and is not aseparate legal entity suchas a corporation,partnership, or LLC.Name of business, if anyIf you have more than onesole proprietorship, use aseparate sheet and attachit to this petition.Number, Street, City, State & ZIP CodeCheck the appropriate box to describe your business:(cid:134)Health Care Business (as defined in 11 U.S.C. § 101(27A (cid:134)Single Asset Real Estate (as defined in 11 U.S.C. § 101(51B (cid:134)Stockbroker (as defined in 11 U.S.C. § 101(53A (cid:134)Commodity Broker (as defined in 11 U.S.C. § 101(6 (cid:134)None of the above13.Are you filing underChapter 11 of theBankruptcy Code and areyou a small businessdebtor?If you are filing under Chapter 11, the court must know whether you are a small business debtor so that it can set appropriatedeadlines. If you indicate that you are a small business debtor, you must attach your most recent balance sheet, statement ofoperations, cash-flow statement, and federal income tax return or if any of these documents do not exist, follow the procedurein 11 U.S.C. 1116(1)(B).For a definition of smallbusiness debtor, see 11U.S.C. § 101(51D).(cid:132) No.I am not filing under Chapter 11.(cid:134) No.I am filing under Chapter 11, but I am NOT a small business debtor according to the definition in the BankruptcyCode.(cid:134) Yes.I am filing under Chapter 11 and I am a small business debtor according to the definition in the Bankruptcy Code.Part 4:Report if You Own or Have Any Hazardous Property or Any Property That Needs Immediate Attention14.Do you own or have anyproperty that poses or isalleged to pose a threatof imminent andidentifiable hazard topublic health or safety?Or do you own anyproperty that needsimmediate attention?(cid:132) No.(cid:134) Yes.What is the hazard?If immediate attention isneeded, why is it needed?For example, do you ownperishable goods, orlivestock that must be fed,or a building that needsurgent repairs?Where is the property?Number, Street, City, State & Zip CodeOfficial Form 101Voluntary Petition for Individuals Filing for Bankruptcypage 4 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 65 of 83 Debtor 1GAYLE H BAGSBYCase number (if known)Part 5:Explain Your Efforts to Receive a Briefing About Credit CounselingAbout Debtor 1:About Debtor 2 (Spouse Only in a Joint Case):15.Tell the court whetheryou have received abriefing about creditcounseling.The law requires that youreceive a briefing aboutcredit counseling beforeyou file for bankruptcy.You must truthfully checkone of the followingchoices. If you cannot doso, you are not eligible tofile.If you file anyway, the courtcan dismiss your case, youwill lose whatever filing feeyou paid, and yourcreditors can begincollection activities again.You must check one:You must check one:(cid:132)I received a briefing from an approved creditcounseling agency within the 180 days before Ifiled this bankruptcy petition, and I received acertificate of completion.Attach a copy of the certificate and the paymentplan, if any, that you developed with the agency.(cid:134)I received a briefing from an approved creditcounseling agency within the 180 days before I filedthis bankruptcy petition, and I received a certificate ofcompletion.Attach a copy of the certificate and the payment plan, ifany, that you developed with the agency.(cid:134)I received a briefing from an approved creditcounseling agency within the 180 days before Ifiled this bankruptcy petition, but I do not havea certificate of completion.Within 14 days after you file this bankruptcypetition, you MUST file a copy of the certificate andpayment plan, if any.(cid:134)I received a briefing from an approved creditcounseling agency within the 180 days before I filedthis bankruptcy petition, but I do not have a certificateof completion.Within 14 days after you file this bankruptcy petition, youMUST file a copy of the certificate and payment plan, ifany.(cid:134)I certify that I asked for credit counselingservices from an approved agency, but wasunable to obtain those services during the 7days after I made my request, and exigentcircumstances merit a 30-day temporary waiverof the requirement.To ask for a 30-day temporary waiver of therequirement, attach a separate sheet explainingwhat efforts you made to obtain the briefing, whyyou were unable to obtain it before you filed forbankruptcy, and what exigent circumstancesrequired you to file this case.Your case may be dismissed if the court isdissatisfied with your reasons for not receiving abriefing before you filed for bankruptcy.If the court is satisfied with your reasons, you muststill receive a briefing within 30 days after you file.You must file a certificate from the approvedagency, along with a copy of the payment plan youdeveloped, if any. If you do not do so, your casemay be dismissed.Any extension of the 30-day deadline is grantedonly for cause and is limited to a maximum of 15days.(cid:134)I certify that I asked for credit counseling servicesfrom an approved agency, but was unable to obtainthose services during the 7 days after I made myrequest, and exigent circumstances merit a 30-daytemporary waiver of the requirement.To ask for a 30-day temporary waiver of the requirement,attach a separate sheet explaining what efforts you madeto obtain the briefing, why you were unable to obtain itbefore you filed for bankruptcy, and what exigentcircumstances required you to file this case.Your case may be dismissed if the court is dissatisfiedwith your reasons for not receiving a briefing before youfiled for bankruptcy.If the court is satisfied with your reasons, you must stillreceive a briefing within 30 days after you file. You mustfile a certificate from the approved agency, along with acopy of the payment plan you developed, if any. If you donot do so, your case may be dismissed.Any extension of the 30-day deadline is granted only forcause and is limited to a maximum of 15 days.(cid:134)I am not required to receive a briefing aboutcredit counseling because of:(cid:134)I am not required to receive a briefing about creditcounseling because of:(cid:134)Incapacity.I have a mental illness or a mental deficiencythat makes me incapable of realizing ormaking rational decisions about finances.(cid:134)Incapacity.I have a mental illness or a mental deficiency thatmakes me incapable of realizing or making rationaldecisions about finances.(cid:134)Disability.My physical disability causes me to beunable to participate in a briefing in person,by phone, or through the internet, even after Ireasonably tried to do so.(cid:134)Disability.My physical disability causes me to be unable toparticipate in a briefing in person, by phone, orthrough the internet, even after I reasonably tried todo so.(cid:134)Active duty.I am currently on active military duty in amilitary combat zone.(cid:134)Active duty.I am currently on active military duty in a militarycombat zone.If you believe you are not required to receive abriefing about credit counseling, you must file amotion for waiver credit counseling with the court.If you believe you are not required to receive a briefingabout credit counseling, you must file a motion for waiverof credit counseling with the court.Official Form 101Voluntary Petition for Individuals Filing for Bankruptcypage 5 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 66 of 83 Debtor 1GAYLE H BAGSBYCase number (if known)Part 6:Answer These Questions for Reporting Purposes16.What kind of debts doyou have?16a.Are your debts primarily consumer debts?Consumer debts are defined in 11 U.S.C. § 101(8) as “incurred by anindividual primarily for a personal, family, or household purpose.”(cid:134) No. Go to line 16b.(cid:132) Yes. Go to line 17.16b.Are your debts primarily business debts?Business debts are debts that you incurred to obtainmoney for a business or investment or through the operation of the business or investment.(cid:134)No. Go to line 16c.(cid:134) Yes. Go to line 17.16c.State the type of debts you owe that are not consumer debts or business debts17.Are you filing underChapter 7?(cid:132) No.I am not filing under Chapter 7. Go to line 18.Do you estimate thatafter any exemptproperty is excluded andadministrative expensesare paid that funds willbe available fordistribution to unsecuredcreditors?(cid:134) Yes.I am filing under Chapter 7. Do you estimate that after any exempt property is excluded and administrative expensesare paid that funds will be available to distribute to unsecured creditors?(cid:134) No(cid:134) Yes18.How many Creditors doyou estimate that youowe?(cid:132) 1-49(cid:134) 50-99(cid:134) 100-199(cid:134) 200-999(cid:134) 1,000-5,000(cid:134) 5001-10,000(cid:134) 10,001-25,000(cid:134) 25,001-50,000(cid:134) 50,001-100,000(cid:134) More than100,00019.How much do youestimate your assets tobe worth?(cid:132) $0 - $50,000(cid:134) $50,001 - $100,000(cid:134) $100,001 - $500,000(cid:134) $500,001 - $1 million(cid:134) $1,000,001 - $10 million(cid:134) $10,000,001 - $50 million(cid:134) $50,000,001 - $100 million(cid:134) $100,000,001 - $500 million(cid:134) $500,000,001 - $1 billion(cid:134) $1,000,000,001 - $10 billion(cid:134) $10,000,000,001 - $50 billion(cid:134)More than $50 billion20.How much do youestimate your liabilitiesto be?(cid:132) $0 - $50,000(cid:134)$50,001 - $100,000(cid:134) $100,001 - $500,000(cid:134) $500,001 - $1 million(cid:134) $1,000,001 - $10 million(cid:134) $10,000,001 - $50 million(cid:134) $50,000,001 - $100 million(cid:134) $100,000,001 - $500 million(cid:134) $500,000,001 - $1 billion(cid:134) $1,000,000,001 - $10 billion(cid:134) $10,000,000,001 - $50 billion(cid:134) More than $50 billionPart 7:Sign BelowFor youI have examined this petition, and I declare under penalty of perjury that the information provided is true and correct.If I have chosen to file under Chapter 7, I am aware that I may proceed, if eligible, under Chapter 7, 11,12, or 13 of title 11,United States Code. I understand the relief available under each chapter, and I choose to proceed under Chapter 7.If no attorney represents me and I did not pay or agree to pay someone who is not an attorney to help me fill out thisdocument, I have obtained and read the notice required by 11 U.S.C. § 342(b).I request relief in accordance with the chapter of title 11, United States Code, specified in this petition.I understand making a false statement, concealing property, or obtaining money or property by fraud in connection with abankruptcy case can result in fines up to $250,000, or imprisonment for up to 20 years, or both. 18 U.S.C. §§ 152, 1341, 1519,and 3571./s/ GAYLE H BAGSBYGAYLE H BAGSBYSignature of Debtor 2Signature of Debtor 1Executed onMarch 14, 2018Executed onMM / DD / YYYYMM / DD / YYYYOfficial Form 101Voluntary Petition for Individuals Filing for Bankruptcypage 6 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 67 of 83 Debtor 1GAYLE H BAGSBYCase number (if known)For your attorney, if you arerepresented by oneIf you are not represented byan attorney, you do not needto file this page.I, the attorney for the debtor(s) named in this petition, declare that I have informed the debtor(s) about eligibility to proceedunder Chapter 7, 11, 12, or 13 of title 11, United States Code, and have explained the relief available under each chapterfor which the person is eligible. I also certify that I have delivered to the debtor(s) the notice required by 11 U.S.C. § 342(b)and, in a case in which § 707(b)(4)(D) applies, certify that I have no knowledge after an inquiry that the information in theschedules filed with the petition is incorrect./s/ E. Covington JohnstonDateMarch 14, 2018Signature of Attorney for DebtorMM / DD / YYYYE. Covington Johnston 4408Printed nameJohnston and StreetFirm name236 Public Square, Suite 103Franklin, TN 37064Number, Street, City, State & ZIP CodeContact phoneEmail address4408Bar number & StateOfficial Form 101Voluntary Petition for Individuals Filing for Bankruptcypage 7 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 68 of 83 }bk1{Creditor Address Matrix}bk{GAYLEHBAGSBY708REDFOXCTFRANKLIN TN 37064E.COVINGTONJOHNSTONJOHNSTONANDSTREET236PUBLICSQUARE,SUITE103FRANKLIN,TN37064DEUTSCHEBANKNATIONALC/OSHAPRIOANDINGLELLP1030PERMIMETERPKWY,STE400CHARLOTTE NC 28216 Information to identify the case: Debtor 1 GAYLE H. BAGSBY First Name Middle Name Last Name Debtor 2 (Spouse, if filing) First Name Middle Name Last Name United States Bankruptcy Court MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE Case number: 3:18−bk−01762 Official Form 309I Notice of Chapter 13 Bankruptcy Case Social Security number or ITIN xxx−xx−3469 EIN _ _−_ _ _ _ _ _ _ Social Security number or ITIN _ _ _ _ EIN _ _−_ _ _ _ _ _ _ Date case filed for chapter 13 3/14/18 12/17 For the debtors listed above, a case has been filed under chapter 13 of the Bankruptcy Code. An order for relief has been entered. This notice has important information about the case for creditors, debtors, and trustees, including information about the meeting of creditors and deadlines. Read both pages carefully. The filing of the case imposed an automatic stay against most collection activities. This means that creditors generally may not take action to collect debts from the debtors, the debtors' property, and certain codebtors. For example, while the stay is in effect, creditors cannot sue, garnish wages, assert a deficiency, repossess property, or otherwise try to collect from the debtors. Creditors cannot demand repayment from debtors by mail, phone, or otherwise. Creditors who violate the stay can be required to pay actual and punitive damages and attorney's fees. Under certain circumstances, the stay may be limited to 30 days or not exist at all, although debtors can ask the court to extend or impose a stay. Confirmation of a chapter 13 plan may result in a discharge. Creditors who assert that the debtors are not entitled to a discharge under 11 U.S.C. § 1328(f) must file a motion objecting to discharge in the bankruptcy clerk's office within the deadline specified in this notice. Creditors who want to have their debt excepted from discharge may be required to file a complaint in the bankruptcy clerk's office by the same deadline. (See line 13 below for more information.) To protect your rights, consult an attorney. All documents filed in the case may be inspected at the bankruptcy clerk's office at the address listed below or through PACER (Public Access to Court Electronic Records at www.pacer.gov). The staff of the bankruptcy clerk's office cannot give legal advice. To help creditors correctly identify debtors, debtors submit full Social Security or Individual Taxpayer Identification Numbers, which may appear on a version of this notice. However, the full numbers must not appear on any document filed with the court. Do not file this notice with any proof of claim or other filing in the case. Do not include more than the last four digits of a Social Security or Individual Taxpayer Identification Number in any document, including attachments, that you file with the court. 1. Debtor's full name About Debtor 1: GAYLE H. BAGSBY 2. All other names used in the last 8 years aka Estate of Gayle H Bagsby 3. Address 4. Debtor's attorney Name and address 5. Bankruptcy trustee Name and address 6. Bankruptcy clerk's office Documents in this case may be filed at this address. You may inspect all records filed in this case at this office or online at www.pacer.gov. 708 Red Fox Ct Franklin, TN 37064 E. COVINGTON JOHNSTON JOHNSTON & STREET 236 PUBLIC SQ SUITE 103 FRANKLIN, TN 37064 HENRY EDWARD HILDEBRAND III OFFICE OF THE CHAPTER 13 TRUSTEE PO BOX 340019 NASHVILLE, TN 37203−0019 701 Broadway Room 170 Nashville, TN 37203 About Debtor 2: Contact phone: 615 791−1819 Email: [email protected] Contact phone: 615 244−1101 Email: None Hours open: 8:00AM−4:00PM Monday−Friday Contact phone: 615−736−5584 Date: 3/16/18 For more information, see page 2 Official Form 309I Notice of Chapter 13 Bankruptcy Case page 1 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 69 of 83 Debtor GAYLE H. BAGSBY 7. Meeting of creditors Debtors must attend the meeting to be questioned under oath. In a joint case, both spouses must attend. Creditors may attend, but are not required to do so. 8. Deadlines The bankruptcy clerk's office must receive these documents and any required filing fee by the following deadlines. Case number 3:18−bk−01762 Location: Customs House, 701 Broadway, Room 100, Nashville, TN 37203 May 1, 2018 at 11:00 AM The meeting may be continued or adjourned to a later date. If so, the date will be on the court docket. *** Valid photo identification required *** Deadline to file a complaint to challenge dischargeability of certain debts: You must file: • a motion if you assert that the debtors are not entitled to receive a discharge under U.S.C. § 1328(f) or • a complaint if you want to have a particular debt excepted from discharge under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2) or (4). Deadline for all creditors to file a proof of claim (except governmental units): Deadline for governmental units to file a proof of claim: Filing deadline: 7/2/18 Filing deadline: 5/23/18 Filing deadline: 9/10/18 Deadlines for filing proof of claim: A proof of claim is a signed statement describing a creditor's claim. A proof of claim form may be obtained at www.uscourts.gov or any bankruptcy clerk's office. If you do not file a proof of claim by the deadline, you might not be paid on your claim. To be paid, you must file a proof of claim even if your claim is listed in the schedules that the debtor filed. Secured creditors retain rights in their collateral regardless of whether they file a proof of claim. Filing a proof of claim submits the creditor to the jurisdiction of the bankruptcy court, with consequences a lawyer can explain. For example, a secured creditor who files a proof of claim may surrender important nonmonetary rights, including the right to a jury trial. Deadline to object to exemptions: The law permits debtors to keep certain property as exempt. If you believe that the law does not authorize an exemption claimed, you may file an objection. Filing deadline: 30 days after the conclusion of the meeting of creditors If the debtor has filed a plan, it is enclosed. Any written objection must be filed at least 5 calendar days before the meeting of creditors. An oral objection may be raised at the meeting of creditors. If a timely objection is made, the confirmation hearing will be held on: 5/30/18 at 08:30 AM, Location: Courtroom 1, 2nd Floor Customs House, 701 Broadway, Nashville, TN 37203. If no timely objection is made, the plan may be confirmed as unopposed. 9. Filing of plan 10. Creditors with a foreign address If you are a creditor receiving a notice mailed to a foreign address, you may file a motion asking the court to extend the deadline in this notice. Consult an attorney familiar with United States bankruptcy law if you have any questions about your rights in this case. 11. Filing a chapter 13 bankruptcy case 12. Exempt property 13. Discharge of debts Chapter 13 allows an individual with regular income and debts below a specified amount to adjust debts according to a plan. A plan is not effective unless the court confirms it. You may object to confirmation of the plan and appear at the confirmation hearing. A copy of the plan, if not enclosed, will be sent to you later, and if the confirmation hearing is not indicated on this notice, you will be sent notice of the confirmation hearing. The debtor will remain in possession of the property and may continue to operate the business, if any, unless the court orders otherwise. The law allows debtors to keep certain property as exempt. Fully exempt property will not be sold and distributed to creditors, even if the case is converted to chapter 7. Debtors must file a list of property claimed as exempt. You may inspect that list at the bankruptcy clerk's office or online at www.pacer.gov. If you believe that the law does not authorize an exemption that debtors claimed, you may file an objection by the deadline. Confirmation of a chapter 13 plan may result in a discharge of debts, which may include all or part of a debt. However, unless the court orders otherwise, the debts will not be discharged until all payments under the plan are made. A discharge means that creditors may never try to collect the debt from the debtors personally except as provided in the plan. If you want to have a particular debt excepted from discharge under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2) or (4), you must file a complaint and pay the filing fee in the bankruptcy clerk's office by the deadline. If you believe that the debtors are not entitled to a discharge of any of their debts under 11 U.S.C. § 1328(f), you must file a motion by the deadline. Official Form 309I Notice of Chapter 13 Bankruptcy Case page 2 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 70 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 71 of 83 EXHIBIT C Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 72 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 73 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 74 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 75 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 76 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 77 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 78 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 79 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 80 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 81 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 82 of 83 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 29 Filed 07/02/19 Entered 07/02/19 12:42:07 Desc Main Document Page 83 of 83 This Order has been electronically signed. The Judge's signature and Court's seal appear at the top of the first page. United States Bankruptcy Court.

=== In re Bagsby, Nos. 319-01810, 318-01762, 316-8631 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. Oct. 11, 2019) ===

IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE NASHVILLE DIVISION IN RE: Gayle H. Bagsby, aka Sharon Gayle Bagsby, Debtor. _______________________________ IN RE: Gayle H. Bagsby, aka Estate of Gayle H. Bagsby, Debtor. _______________________________ IN RE: Gayle H. Bagsby, aka Estate of Gayle H. Bagsby Debtor. _______________________________ Case No: 3:16-bk-08631 Chapter 13 Case No: 3:18-bk-01762 Chapter 13 Case No: 3:19-bk-01810 Chapter 13 ORDER DENYING RELIEF REQUESTED IN NOTICE OF SETTLEMENT ON APPEAL AND JOINT MOTION FOR INDICATIVE RULING TO EFFECT TERMS OF SETTLEMENT This matter is before the Court on the joint motion of E. Covington Johnston and the Chapter 13 Trustee, Henry Hildebrand, III, pursuant to Rule 62.1 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and Rule 8008 of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, requesting that this Court indicate that it will accept the limited remand from the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel and vacate the Order Granting Motion to Dismiss, Denying Request to Voluntarily Dismiss, and Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 51 Filed 10/11/19 Entered 10/11/19 15:57:58 Desc Main Document Page 1 of 10 1 Dated: 10/11/2019 Granting Motion to Impose Sanctions (“Order”) entered in these three cases on July 2, 2019. FED. R. CIV. P. 62.1, FED. R. BANKR. P. 8008, ECF 29.1 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 62.1 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 62.12 provides a mechanism by which parties can seek relief in a lower court while an appeal is pending. Here, the appeal involves sanctions brought sua sponte against a debtor’s attorney, Mr. E. Covington Johnston, for his actions in filing two cases on behalf of a decedent as a Chapter 13 debtor. FED. R. CIV. P. 62.1. The motion before the Court seeks an indicative ruling and asks for this Court to consider a settlement, approval of which would involve vacating a previous Order of this Court. When faced with a motion for an indicative ruling for relief that is barred by a pending appeal, the court has three options: (1) defer considering the motion; (2) deny the motion; or (3) state that the court would grant the motion if the court where the appeal is pending remands for that purpose, or state that the motion raises a substantial issue. See FED. R. BANKR. P. 8008(a)(1)–(3). Here, the Rule 62.1 motion seeks to have this Court vacate its previous Order imposing sanctions and containing findings against Mr. Johnston. The motion states that the Chapter 13 Trustee and Mr. Johnston have settled the matter through mediation pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 33. 28 U.S.C.A., CTA6 Rule 33. No further information regarding the terms of the settlement is provided, and more importantly, no indication or citation as to the basis for the relief requested. 1 All references to the docket by ECF designation refer to case 3:19-bk-01810. 2 Made applicable here via Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 8008. All references to “Rule” refer to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure unless otherwise noted. 2 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 51 Filed 10/11/19 Entered 10/11/19 15:57:58 Desc Main Document Page 2 of 10 Rule 62.1 does not provide for relief itself; rather, it provides the Court with authority to entertain a motion for relief. See Estate of Hickman v. Moore, Nos. 3:09-CV-69, 3:09-CV-102, 2011 WL 4860040, at *2 (E.D. Tenn. Oct. 13, 2011), aff’d, 502 F. App’x 459 (6th Cir. Oct. 15, 2012). In other words, Rule 62.1 operates to open the doors of this, the lower Court, to consider a motion that affects an appeal. It does not provide for any further relief. Once the doors are open, this Court is authorized to consider a request for relief under applicable law and rules. This motion offered no rule, statute, or fact that would provide a foundation for relief outside the settlement brokered between the movants. Counsel for Mr. Johnston presented the terms of the settlement obtained through mediation as follows: Mr. Johnston would fulfill all requirements of the sanctions imposed upon him by this Court and in exchange, the Order – containing findings against Mr. Johnston that provide the basis for the sanctions – would be vacated. This proposition presents several problems, none of which are resolved in favor of the movants. Jurisdiction and Standing Jurisdiction is proper before this court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1334. This matter follows a proceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 157(b), and venue is proper under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1408 and 1409. Prior to considering the merits of a request for relief, the Court determines jurisdiction and standing, respectively. See Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Environment, 523 U.S. 83, 95 118 S. Ct. 1003, 1013, 140 L. Ed. 2d 210 (1998). As noted, jurisdiction is not at issue here. Standing, on the other hand, is of paramount consideration. The facts of this case are unique in comparison to those which usually comprise appellate mediation, in that typically settled cases have two parties. In such cases of discipline via Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 51 Filed 10/11/19 Entered 10/11/19 15:57:58 Desc Main Document Page 3 of 10 3 Rule 11, the appellant is generally the sanctioned party and the appellee is the party that moved for sanctions.3 See FED. R. CIV. P. 11. Here, as with most sanctions issued sua sponte, attorney appeals do not have appellees. See Carla R. Pasquale, Scolded: Can an Attorney Appeal a District Court’s Order Finding Professional Misconduct? 77 FORDHAM L. REV. 219, 238 (2008). This begs the question: who are the parties for purposes of settlement on appeal? Specifically, here: what standing does the Chapter 13 Trustee have to negotiate a settlement regarding an appeal of sanctions imposed on a sua sponte basis in an attorney disciplinary matter? The Chapter 13 Trustee’s Standing The Trustee’s standing as an appellee in the appeal pending before the Sixth Circuit Bankruptcy Appellate Panel is not an issue for this Court. The Trustee’s standing to bring the Rule 62.1 motion based on a settlement involving an order of this Court is, however, and must be addressed when considering this motion. The Court must decide if the basis asserted for the relief requested is brought by the party entitled to that relief. See Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 498, 95 S. Ct. 2197, 2205, 45 L. Ed. 343 (1975). The Trustee’s standing is derived from his actions in this Court that relate to the matters on appeal, and the requisite connection between his actions and the issues on appeal does not exist; therefore, he is not a party with standing to settle the relevant matters and not a proper party to seek the relief requested in this motion. First, the Trustee did not seek sanctions against Mr. Johnston at any time or in any case before this Court. Had the Trustee moved for sanctions against Mr. Johnston, or even sought 3 Case trustees (almost always Chapter 7) typically participate on appeal when they file the motion against the debtor for sanctions or are an adverse party in some other capacity. See Quesada v. Banco Bilbao Vizcaya-P.R. (In re Elac Food Corp.), 226 B.R. 320 (D.P.R. 1998) (creditor’s complaint contained claim against trustee in his official capacity); see also Misty Mountain, L.C. v. United States Trustee (In re Misty Mountain, L.C.), 270 B.R. 53 (W.D. Va. 2001) (Chapter 7 trustee was an appellee—on behalf of the creditors—because he objected to the motion for voluntary dismissal). Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 51 Filed 10/11/19 Entered 10/11/19 15:57:58 Desc Main Document Page 4 of 10 4 joinder in the Rule to Show Cause, he may have been the correct party to negotiate a settlement, but his failure to do so precludes him from participating as an aggrieved party or one that stands adversely to Mr. Johnston. See Kaplan v. DaimlerChrysler, 331 F.3d 1251, 1254 (11th Cir. 2003). Although that court did not need to reach the issue of standing, it found that “Rule 11 [sanctions brought sua sponte] does not provide for anyone to advocate for the sanctions-issuing judge on appeal.” While attorney sanctions may be settled on appeal when there is an adversary that moved for such sanctions, there is no opposing party to act as an appellee when the sanctions have been issued sua sponte. See Williams v. United States (In re Williams), 156 F.3d 86 (1st Cir. 1998). Moreover, prior to the settlement, Mr. Johnston did not treat any party as an appellee and the Trustee did not act as appellee. Appellate Rule 6 requires that the appellant serve the appellee with “issues presented on appeal and designation of the record to be certified.” FED. R. APP. P. 6(b)(B)(i). There is no evidence that Mr. Johnston served any party in fulfillment of this requirement. Generally, a “party in interest”4 will be afforded appellate standing; however, Rule 2002(a)(3) delimits standing to a “person aggrieved” on appeal of a bankruptcy proceeding. See In re El San Juan Hotel, 809 F.2d 151, 154 (1st Cir. 1987) citing Collier ¶ 8001.05, at 8001–11; see also Nguyen v. Golden (In re Pham), BAP No. CC-17-1000-LSTa, 2017 WL 5148452 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. Nov. 6, 2017) (holding that Nguyen had standing to appeal the bankruptcy court’s order as the sanctioned party and the case trustee’s participation in the appeal was appropriate as the moving party). Status as a “person aggrieved” requires that the party be directly and adversely 4 “Party in interest” is defined as “party who has standing to be heard by the court in a matter to be decided in the bankruptcy case. The debtor, the U.S. trustee or bankruptcy administrator, the case trustee and creditors are parties in interest for most matters.” See Bankruptcy Basics Glossary, Party in Interest, U.S. CTS. 5 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 51 Filed 10/11/19 Entered 10/11/19 15:57:58 Desc Main Document Page 5 of 10 affected pecuniarily by an order of the bankruptcy court. See Fondiller v. Robertson (In re Fondiller), 707 F.2d 441, 442 (9th Cir. 1983). The Trustee had no interest in Mr. Johnston’s sanctions until this motion, let alone a direct and adverse pecuniary effect. Status as a “person aggrieved” requires that the party be directly and adversely affected in a pecuniary manner by an order of the bankruptcy court. See Fondiller, 707 F.2d at 442. He did not file anything seeking or joining a request for sanctions against Mr. Johnston. He did not file any designation to the record on appeal. He did not act as an appellee or an adverse party until mediation. The Trustee does not get a second bite at the apple. He missed the opportunity to move for sanctions against Mr. Johnston in the first place and is not in a position now to negotiate a settlement impacting the imposed sanctions. Although the appeal is of an Order that, among other things, grants the Trustee’s motion to dismiss in the fifth case, nothing in the Order regarding the issues on appeal and the sanctioning of Mr. Johnston is related to the Trustee’s actions in the fifth case. Mr. Johnston was sanctioned for his behavior in the first two cases. The Trustee neither sought nor brought any action against Mr. Johnston in those cases, and cannot now assert standing after the Court, sua sponte, ordered sanctions to address Mr. Johnston’s conduct. The time has long since passed for the Trustee’s involvement as far as Mr. Johnston’s sanctionable behavior in the first two cases. The Trustee is not an aggrieved party, does not stand adversely to Mr. Johnston in these proceedings, and does not have standing to broker a settlement of sanctions imposed sua sponte. Secondly, the Trustee is not an aggrieved party such that he derives standing from the appellant’s issues on appeal. On appeal, Mr. Johnston brings two primary issues regarding his sanctions, (1) notice and (2) severity. Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 51 Filed 10/11/19 Entered 10/11/19 15:57:58 Desc Main Document Page 6 of 10 6 Notice. Mr. Johnston contends that this Court did not provide notice in reopening the first two bankruptcy cases and this failure denies him due process and sanctions are improper in those cases. This issue does not mention or involve the Trustee at any point. The Supreme Court has routinely held that federal courts retain jurisdiction over sanctions despite the closure of prior litigation, in distinguishing that: [I]t is well established that a federal court may consider collateral issues after an action is no longer pending . . . . [L]ike the imposition of costs, attorney’s fees, and contempt sanctions, the imposition of a Rule 11 sanction is not a judgment on the merits of an action. Rather it requires the determination of a collateral issue: whether the attorney has abused the judicial process, and, if so, what sanction would be appropriate. Such a determination may be made after the principal suit has been terminated. Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx Corp., 496 U.S. 384, 395-96, 110 S. Ct. 2447, 2455-56, 110 L. Ed. 2d 359 (1990). This Circuit has provided significant guidance on notice requirements, see Scherer v. JP Morgan Chase & Co., 508 F. App’x 429 (6th Cir. Dec. 11, 2012), and the notification that Mr. Johnston would be facing the Court to attest to his behavior in the two closed cases was sufficient and provides fully for his due process rights. The cases were identified in the order setting the hearing. ECF 21. The reopening took place prior to the evidentiary hearing,5 and Mr. Johnston raised no issue at the time of the hearing. His proffer of evidence contained exhibits comprised of documents he retained in his representation of the decedent debtor in those cases. The Trustee had no hand in the reopening of those cases. In fact, the Trustee stated on the record in this hearing that he had no interest and no necessity to reopen the cases because he was satisfied with their dismissal and closing at the time it occurred. Mr. Johnston also cites a lack of notice regarding the sua sponte Rule to Show Cause. The notice requirement of a court’s intent to exercise inherent power is determined by the ability of the 5 The reopening of the cases was an administrative action to permit the transfer of the case from Judge Harrison to Judge Walker for purposes of the hearing. 7 Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 51 Filed 10/11/19 Entered 10/11/19 15:57:58 Desc Main Document Page 7 of 10 sanctioned party to ascertain in advance exactly what conduct is alleged to be sanctionable, and that they have been accused of acting in bad faith.” Miller v. Cardinale (In re Deville), 361 F.3d 539 (9th Cir. 2004); Jones v. Illinois Cent. R.R. Co., 617 F.3d 843, 856 (6th Cir. 2010) (stating that the court must order counsel to show cause as to why conduct described in the order has not engaged in any violations, ethical or otherwise). The Ninth Circuit affirmed its BAP holding that “the appellants had adequate notice that the court’s inherent authority was implicated because the orders to show cause described in detail the sanctionable conduct and addressed lack of good faith and appellants’ manipulation of the bankruptcy system to frustrate a state court trial.” In re Nguyen, 2017 WL 5148452, at *5. Here, the sufficiency of the notice of the reopening of the old cases and sua sponte Rule to Show Cause do not stem from the Trustee or his actions. Nor is the Trustee impacted by an appeal of the ruling based on due process considerations. Severity of Sanctions. Mr. Johnston also appeals the imposition of sanctions by this Court as to severity. Adjudicators have typically followed the principle that a sanction’s severity must correspond to the gravity of the attorney’s wrongdoing and used “how negatively the attorney’s professional misconduct affected the integrity of the judicial system” as a surrogate measure. Judith A. McMorrow, Jackie A. Gardina & Salvatore Ricciardone, Judicial Attitudes Toward Confronting Attorney Misconduct: A View from the Reported Decisions, 32 HOFSTRA L. REV. 1425, 1440 (2004). The Sixth Circuit has time and again held that judges are granted significant discretion in the issuance of sanctions. See, e.g., Gettys v. Law Firm of O'Hara, Ruberg, Osborne & Taylor (In re Jackson), 875 F.2d 1224, 1229 (6th Cir. 1989) (stating that the bankruptcy court has wide discretion in selecting the appropriate sanction(s ; see also Steve Delchin, Sixth Circuit Not Hesitating to Sanction Attorneys for Wrongful Conduct, SIXTH CIR. APP. BLOG (July 1, 2013), Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 51 Filed 10/11/19 Entered 10/11/19 15:57:58 Desc Main Document Page 8 of 10 8 https://www.sixthcircuitappellateblog.com/news-and-analysis/sixth-circuit-not-hesitating-to- sanction-attorneys-for-wrongful-conduct/. This Circuit has acknowledged two goals in issuing sanctions: deterrence and compensation. Dean v. Lane (In re Lane), 604 B.R. 23, 34 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2019) (proffering that the primary goal is deterrence). The Lane court further provided that the court should impose the least severe sanction that is likely to deter. See id. Here, this Court, after hearing from Mr. Johnston himself regarding his actions as the attorney for a decedent as a Chapter 13 debtor, imposed sanctions with the goals of deterrence and rehabilitation. The Trustee had no part in the sanctions imposed, offered no guidance or suggestion to the Court regarding the sanctions, and did not oppose the sanctions when they were ordered. He, therefore, does not gain standing from this issue on appeal. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60 Despite the Rule 62.1 motion’s failure to assert any basis in law or fact for the relief requested, and in an abundance of caution and the interest of judicial economy, I will alternatively consider a possibility that a request for relief under Rule 60 may be contained within the Rule 62.1 motion. I will do so because the motion states that the relief requested will result in an order vacating the previous Order of this Court that is the subject on appeal. I reiterate, nowhere in the Rule 62.1 motion do the parties assert any other mechanism of law for relief, which is why I have had to deem this a possible Rule 60 request based solely on my alternative interpretation of the motion. The standing issue as referenced above remains in this analysis since the Trustee is a joint movant. Even if the Trustee had standing as a movant to seek relief under Rule 60(b) to vacate the Order, none of the grounds provided in that rule are applicable. Rule 60(b)(1), (2), (3), (4) or Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 51 Filed 10/11/19 Entered 10/11/19 15:57:58 Desc Main Document Page 9 of 10 9 (5) are not relevant here. As to Rule 60(b)(6), the catch-all regarding justified relief, no facts or justification have been asserted that can sustain such extraordinary relief. The Court cannot fill in the blanks for purposes of Rule 60 relief. It is extraordinary and garners a very high standard of pleading. The motion does not contain anything that even approaches such a standard, and counsel for Mr. Johnston admitted on the record in this hearing that they were not seeking Rule 60 relief because they didn’t feel they could. Conclusion The Trustee and Mr. Johnston, as joint movants, have failed to support their request for relief under Rule 62.1 with any suitable basis for relief. The settlement obtained through mediation is not appropriate given the sua sponte nature of the issues on appeal and the Trustee’s lack of standing thereto, as well as the lack of basis for any alternative relief derived from a broad and generous interpretation of the Rule 62.1 motion. Therefore, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that any relief sought in the Notice of Settlement on Appeal and Joint Motion for Indicative Ruling to Effect Terms of Settlement is DENIED. THIS ORDER WAS SIGNED AND ENTERED ELECTRONICALLY AS INDICATED AT THE TOP OF THE FIRST PAGE Case 3:19-bk-01810 Doc 51 Filed 10/11/19 Entered 10/11/19 15:57:58 Desc Main Document Page 10 of 10 10 This Order has been electronically signed. The Judge's signature and Court's seal appear at the top of the first page. United States Bankruptcy Court.

=== In re Equipment Finders, Inc. of TN, No. 309-10426 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. Oct. 11, 2019) ===

IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE NASHVILLE DIVISION IN RE: Equipment Finders, Inc. of Tennessee, ____________________________________) Debtor. Case No: 3:09-bk-10426 Chapter 11 Honorable Charles M. Walker ORDER GRANTING DEBTOR’S MOTION REGARDING PAYOFF UNDER CHAPTER 11 PLAN Although confirmation of a plan is a primary goal of most Chapter 111 debtors, it is not the be-all, nor is it the end-all, of the case. Completion of the plan by making all required payments is the true indication of a successful reorganization. Most hurdles occur prior to confirmation, with post-confirmation being the unimpeded sprint to the finish line. Here, however, a hurdle has appeared at the finish line in the form of a dispute as to a final plan payment nine years after confirmation. Jurisdiction The issue before the Court involves a post-confirmation pre-effective date agreement between Reliant Bank (“Reliant”) and Equipment Finders, Inc. of Tennessee (“Debtor”). As such, jurisdiction is conferred on this Court by Title 28, United States Code, section 1334. Pursuant to subsections 1334(a) and 157(a), the standing order of reference in this district places jurisdiction with this Court for all core proceedings arising in a case under Title 11. 28 U.S.C. 1 11 U.S.C. § 101 ff. Any reference to “chapter” or “section” or “the Code” is a reference to the Bankruptcy Code unless another reference is stated. 1 Case 3:09-bk-10426 Doc 300 Filed 10/11/19 Entered 10/11/19 16:17:06 Desc Main Document Page 1 of 14 Dated: 10/11/2019 § 157(b). Further, the Code provides the authority for this Court to enforce § 1141 through § 1142(b).2 Moreover, Bankruptcy Courts have the power to interpret their own orders. See Travelers Indem. Co. v. Bailey, 557 U.S. 137, 146, 129 S. Ct. 2195, 174 L. Ed. 2d 99 (2009). A confirmed plan is considered to be an order of the bankruptcy court giving it the power to interpret such a plan. Harper v. Oversight Committee (In re Conco, Inc). 855 F.3d 703 (6th Cir. 2017) citing Terex Corp. v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. (In re Terex Corp.), 984 F.2d 170, 172 (6th Cir. 1993), Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors v. Dow Corning Corp. (In re Dow Corning Corp.), 456 F.3d 668, 675-76 (6th Cir. 2006). “Even those courts which view postconfirmation jurisdiction more restrictively agree that subject matter jurisdiction continues if it “bear[s] on the interpretation or execution of the debtor's plan.” Lefkovtiz v. Michigan Trucking, LLC (In re Gainey Corp.), 447 B.R. 807, 814 (Bankr. W.D. Mich. 2011), aff’d, 481 B.R. 264 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2012), citing Bank of La. v. Craig’s Stores of Texas, Inc. (In re Craig’s Stores of Texas, Inc.), 266 F.3d 388, 391 (5th Cir. 2001). Background The Debtor filed for relief under Chapter 11 on September 11, 2009. The Court entered an Order confirming the Amended and Restated Plan of Reorganization (“Plan”) on October 13, 2010. On November 18, 2010, the Debtor executed a promissory note (“Note”) that evidenced the Debtor’s obligations to Reliant as set forth in the Plan. From 2010 to 2018, the Debtor made monthly payments of $27,464.35 to Reliant as called for in the Plan. When the Debtor requested a payoff for the final payment, Reliant responded that in addition to the final monthly payment of $27,464.35, an additional $41,196.30 was past due representing late charges accrued over the 2 “The court may direct the debtor and any other necessary party . . . to perform any other act . . . that is necessary for the consummation of the plan.” 11 U.S.C. § 1142(b). 2 Case 3:09-bk-10426 Doc 300 Filed 10/11/19 Entered 10/11/19 16:17:06 Desc Main Document Page 2 of 14 past nine years. The Debtor challenged the late charges resulting in the Debtor’s Motion for Determination of Payoff of Class 11 Claim of Reliant Bank Under Debtor’s Plan of Reorganization (ECF 283), placing this issue before this Court: Does the Note evidence a new agreement between the Debtor and Reliant such that the payment terms of the Plan are modified to include payment of late fees to Reliant, or is the Note an “existing finance agreement” under the Plan and therefore, deemed modified to conform to the Plan upon the Effective Date? The pertinent terms of the plan are as follows: The effective date of the plan was December 1, 2019 (“Effective Date”); a) b) Reliant is a Class 11 claimant to be paid in fixed monthly installments in the amount of $27, 464.35 with interest at the prime rate of 2%; c) Distribution payments were to begin on January 5, 2011 and continuing until Reliant’s claim is paid in full; d) Any terms of the existing finance documents evidencing an Allowed Claim3 which may conflict with the terms of the Plan shall be deemed modified by the terms of the Plan. The Note listed 16 previous loan agreements between the Debtor and Reliant comprising the Class 11 claim as identified in the Plan and totaling $2,568,242.9. The Note provided, in relevant part: The foregoing instruments are amended, restated and consolidated pursuant to Borrower’s confirmed plan of reorganization . . . . Capitalized terms used but not defined herein shall have the meanings set forth in the plan. Reliant Bank’s Response to Debtor’s Motion to Determine Payoff. ECF 290 – Ex. B, p.1. 4. Payment Schedule. All payments received hereunder shall be applied first to the payment of any expense or charges payable hereunder or under any other loan documents executed in connection with this Note (such other documents referred to collectively as the “Loan Documents”), then to interest due and 3 Pursuant to Section 2.02 of the Plan: “‘Allowed Claim’ shall mean a Claim that is evidenced by a proof of claim that has been filed under §501 or deemed filed under §1111(a), and any timely filed objection has been resolved by a final non-appealable order. The Debtor shall have until the Effective Date of the Plan to object to any proof of claim filed by a Creditor. The amount of any Claim shall be reduced by any post-petition payments made to the Creditor prior to the Effective Date of the Plan. As used herein, Claim shall include claims against property of the estate that may be allowed as secured under §506 of the Code.” 3 Case 3:09-bk-10426 Doc 300 Filed 10/11/19 Entered 10/11/19 16:17:06 Desc Main Document Page 3 of 14 payable, with the balance applied to principal, or in such other order as Lender shall determine at its option. Fixed Principal and Interest. Principal and interest shall be paid in consecutive equal installments of $27,464.35, payable monthly, commencing on the fifth day of the first month following the Effective Date of the Plan, and continuing on the same day of each successive month thereafter, until all principal and interest due hereunder has been repaid. Once repaid, amounts borrowed hereunder may not be reborrowed. If, on any payment date, accrued interest exceeds the installment amount set forth above, Borrower will also pay such excess as and when filled. Id. at p. 2. 7. Delinquency Charge. To the extent permitted by law, Lender may impost a delinquency charge of up to file percent (5%) or any payment that is more than fifteen days late. Id. at p.3. 14. Controlling Document. To the extent that this Note conflicts with or is in any way incompatible with any other document related specifically to the loan evidenced by this Note, this Note shall control over any other such document, and if this Note does not address an issue, then each other such document shall control to the extent it deals most specifically with that issue. Id. at p. 4. The Debtor’s Position The Debtor asserts that the Note was signed as an accommodation to Reliant and served to memorialize and consolidate all sixteen (16) loans covered under the Plan into one document for Reliant’s records and was not intended to modify the Plan by providing additional terms, i.e. late charges. The Debtor makes several points supporting this position: 1) Reliant did not attempt to collect any late charges over the nine-year Plan payment period. 2) Reliant raised no issue with payments during the nine years it accepted 3) payments according to the Plan terms. The Debtor entered into several agreements with other similarly situated creditors simply to accommodate those creditors’ accounting systems. Case 3:09-bk-10426 Doc 300 Filed 10/11/19 Entered 10/11/19 16:17:06 Desc Main Document Page 4 of 14 4 4) Reliant never objected to the Plan or the terms of the Plan applicable to 5) Reliant as a Class 11 creditor, and those terms did not provide for late charges. The Plan contains provisions regarding any Plan defaults when payments were not tendered according to the Plan, and Reliant did not seek to enforce those provisions. Scott Hatcher, the Debtor’s Owner and President, testified at the hearing that after confirmation of the Plan, he received a call from John Wilson, Executive Vice President of Reliant. Mr. Hatcher knew Mr. Wilson because he was his contact in banking relations with Reliant. Mr. Wilson requested that the 16 notes Reliant held, and that constituted Reliant’s claim, be consolidated into one Class 11 note for Reliant’s banking records and maintenance of the account. This is the Note executed on November 18, 2010. Mr. Hatcher stated that it was his understanding the Note was an accommodation to Reliant which he gladly made in order to maintain good relations with the bank. He testified that the Note carried the same interest rate as the Plan and that he understood it to be a memorialization of the Plan terms for Reliant’s purposes, similar to agreements he entered into with other creditors holding similar claims. Mr. Hatcher offered credible testimony to support the Debtor’s position, thereby illustrating his understanding of the effect of the Note in relation to the Plan: the Plan terms controlled. Reliant’s Position Reliant contends that the Note does not contradict any term of the Plan and should be construed in accordance with the Plan. In other words, the combination of the two documents evidences the total agreement of the parties. In support of this position, Reliant states that there exists no provision in the Plan that prohibits any term of the Note, specifically as to late charges. Therefore, the Note terms are in compliance with the Plan and evidence the agreement of the parties. Moreover, the Note was executed post-confirmation, therefore, it serves to clarify and control the terms in the confirmed Plan. Reliant points to the following: Case 3:09-bk-10426 Doc 300 Filed 10/11/19 Entered 10/11/19 16:17:06 Desc Main Document Page 5 of 14 5 1) 2) 3) 4) The Note was not an “existing finance document” as described in the Plan because it was executed after the Plan was confirmed. The Note contains three paragraphs – 7, 8, and 9 – that detail the terms applicable to late payments and resulting late fees. The Plan does not prohibit the imposition of late fees on payments made according to the Plan, and the Note payments are such payments. The late fee provision is enforceable as a loan amendment. Reliant offered a Promissory Note between the Debtor and Textron Financial Corporation dated December 1, 2010 in the amount of $840,295.93 to support their contention that although the Debtor did enter into notes with other creditors memorializing the Plan terms for the benefit of the creditors’ records, those notes did not contain a late fee provision like the Reliant Note and therefore, Reliant cannot be grouped in with those creditors who were merely asking for a record-keeping accommodation with their note. Reliant also submitted five notices of late payment to assert that the Debtor was on notice that payments were being made late and accruing delinquency charges. These notices were dated as follows: December 15, 2010 April 11, 2011 December 23, 2011 December 24, 2012 November 20, 2018 Late charge balance: N/A4 Late charge balance: $ 1,373.21 Late charge balance: $13,732.10 Late charge balance: $30,210.62 Late charge balance: $41,196.30 Reliant offered no evidence at the hearing as to any communications between Reliant and the Debtor,5 or between Mr. Wilson and Mr. Hatcher, regarding the Note. On cross-examination, Reliant inquired if Mr. Hatcher was aware of paragraph 7 of the Note regarding delinquency 4 This invoice did not contain late charges assessed at the time of issuance, but like the others submitted, contained a statement regarding additional late charges. This one read: “ADD ADDITIONAL LATE CHARGE OF 1,373.21 IF NO PAYMENT IS RECEIVED BY 12/20/10 OUR RECORDS INDICATE THAT THE PAYMENT ON YOUR NOTE IS PAST DUE. LATE FEES SHOWN WILL BE ADDED TO YOUR TOTAL DUE AMOUNT AFTER THE DUE DATE. WE MAY REPORT INFORMATION ABOUT YOUR ACCOUNT TO CREDIT BUREAUS. LATE/MISSED PAYMENTS OR OTHER DEFAULTS ON YOUR ACCOUNT MAY BE REFLECTED IN YOUR CREDIT REPORT.” 5 With the exception of the invoices as noted. 6 Case 3:09-bk-10426 Doc 300 Filed 10/11/19 Entered 10/11/19 16:17:06 Desc Main Document Page 6 of 14 charges. Mr. Hatcher’s response indicated that he was aware, but he did not think it altered the Plan, just accommodated Reliant’s procedures and maintained his favorable relationship with the bank. The Chapter 11 Plan, the Note, and Contract Interpretation When a Chapter 11 plan is confirmed, it becomes a contract between the Debtor and its creditors, subject to state law contract principles of interpretation. Conco, 855 F.3d at 711, citing Dow Corning, 456 F.3d at 676. Under Tennessee contract law, “[t]he cardinal rule for interpretation of contracts is to ascertain the intention of the parties and give effect to that intention, consistent with legal principles.” Bob Pearsall Motors, Inc. v. Regal Chrysler- Plymouth, Inc., 521 S.W.2d 578, 580 (Tenn. 1975). Tennessee contract law is premised on two basic principles: (1) contracts are to give effect to the intent of the contracting parties, and any interpretation should seek to do the same; see Individual Healthcare Specialists, Inc. v BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee, Inc., 566 S.W.3d 671 (Tenn. 2019); and (2) the sole objective of contract interpretation is to enforce the agreement between the parties as it was mutually understood at its inception; see McNairy v. Thompson, 33 Tenn. 141, 149 (1853) (citations omitted). When determining the intent of the parties, the contract’s terms are to be given their “ordinary meaning” in the absence of ambiguity. Riverside Surgery Ctr., LLC v. Methodist Health Sys., Inc., 182 S.W.3d 805, 811 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005) (citing Winfree v. Educators Credit Union, 900 S.W.2d 285, 289 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995).). “[O]rdinary meaning is that meaning which would have been derived from its words by reasonable persons dealing in the same situation as that of the contracting parties.” Moore v. Moore, 603 S.W.2d 736, 739 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1980). Case 3:09-bk-10426 Doc 300 Filed 10/11/19 Entered 10/11/19 16:17:06 Desc Main Document Page 7 of 14 7 The first consideration when interpreting the terms of a contract is to determine whether an ambiguity exists in the contract terms. Planters Gin Co. v. Federal Compress & Warehouse Co., 78 S.W.3d 885 (Tenn. 2002). If the subject language is deemed ambiguous, the court must apply established rules of construction to determine the parties’ intent. Id. Contractual language “is ambiguous only when it is of uncertain meaning and may fairly be understood in more ways than one.” Allstate Ins. Co. v. Watson, 195 S.W.3d 609, 611 (Tenn. 2006) citing Farmers– Peoples Bank v. Clemmer, 519 S.W.2d 801, 805 (Tenn. 1975). A contractual term is ambiguous if it is reasonably subject to different or inconsistent interpretations, but the fact that parties to a contract interpret a provision differently does not render the contract ambiguous. Burlison v. United States, 533 F.3d 419, 429 (6th Cir. 2008), citing Campora v. Ford, 124 S.W.3d 624, 628 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003). The parties do not dispute that the Note is construed in conjunction with the Plan and does not modify the Plan. Reliant Reply Brief, ECF 295, pp. 1-2; Debtor’s Memorandum of Law in Support, ECF 294, pp. 3-4. So what, then, is the purpose of the Note? What does “construed in conjunction with the Plan” mean? Reliant asserts that “construed in conjunction with the Plan” means the Note modified the loan terms that are subject to payment under the Plan (i.e. the 16 loans constituting the Class 11 claim). The Debtor explained that the Note was merely an administrative accommodation to Reliant for the Plan payments by consolidating treatment of the 16 loans into one instrument for purposes of Reliant’s accounting. Plain Meaning or Ambiguity The Debtor asserts that the Plan’s silence on the issue of late fees does not create an ambiguity within the Plan subjecting it to Court analysis. In other words, nothing is left to Case 3:09-bk-10426 Doc 300 Filed 10/11/19 Entered 10/11/19 16:17:06 Desc Main Document Page 8 of 14 8 question in the absence of terms providing for or prohibiting late fees. No mention of late fees means no late fees. It is fundamental in bankruptcy law that a confirmed Chapter 11 plan is to be regarded as a contract. In re UNR Industries, Inc., 212 B.R. 295, 301 (Bankr.N.D.Ill.1997). Where the words of a contract have a plain meaning, the court has no alternative but to interpret the plan in accordance with that plain meaning. 17A Am.Jur.2d, Contracts §§ 337, 359. Ohio Medical Instrument Co. v. Eagle–Picher Industries, Inc. (In re Eagle–Picher Industries, Inc.), 270 B.R. 842, 844 (Bankr. S.D. Ohio 2001). The plain meaning of the Plan is not subject to interpretation because it is clear: there is no provision for late fees because none are to be assessed. Under Tennessee law, there is then no need for the Court to look outside the four corners of the Plan to ascertain the intent of the parties. The language of the Plan sets forth the unmistakable agreement: Reliant will not charge late fees for Plan payments made after the monthly due date. Reliant maintains that the Plan’s failure to address the assessment of late fees raises an ambiguity requiring the Court to look to the Note to clarify the parties’ agreement. In other words, the terms of the Note clarify the parties’ agreement without modifying the Plan because the Plan does not contain any provision that addresses late fees, or “any number of other provisions included in the [.] . . Note that the Debtor signed.” Reliant Brief in Support, ECF 295, p. 2. If this were an instance where silence created an ambiguity, a proper analysis to ascertain the intention of the parties must be gathered from the whole instrument taken in connection with the surrounding circumstances. In re Pyramid Operating Auth., Inc., 144 B.R. 795, 812 (Bankr. W.D. Tenn. 1992) citing Greyhound Lines, Inc. v. Sharpe, 565 F. Supp. 419, 421 (E.D. Tenn. 1983). Here, the whole instrument is the Plan, with the surrounding circumstances including the Case 3:09-bk-10426 Doc 300 Filed 10/11/19 Entered 10/11/19 16:17:06 Desc Main Document Page 9 of 14 9 Note, and the parties’ performance and conduct throughout consummation of the Plan. This would give the Court insight into the parties’ understanding of the Plan terms by their actions. The Court would have nine years of surrounding circumstances that include the performance and behavior of both parties during the payment period. An excellent indication of the parties’ intentions. The record indicates that the Debtor has never calculated late charges, or promised payment of late charges or, previous to this motion, refused to pay late charges when a demand was made. Throughout the nine years the Debtor has made payments to Reliant pursuant to the Plan, and the Debtor has never paid a late charge for the minimal number of times payments were tendered beyond the monthly due date. Reliant did not object to the Plan, nor did it act in any way controversial to the plain language of the Plan. Reliant accepted those payments for nine years without once seeking to collect late fees. Reliant offered selected statements to indicate that the late charges were added to the Debtor’s account. However, what Reliant did not show is that the late charges were ever made part of the amount due for the month following a month in which a late payment was made. In other words, Reliant credited the Debtor’s account as if the late charges were not applicable in that subsequent payments were not first applied to account for late charges, pursuant to section 4 of the Note. No payments were applied to a balance that included late charges. All payments were applied pursuant to Plan terms. Reliant did not act under the terms of the Note, but under those in the confirmed Plan. Therefore, no provision of the Note was ever implemented, indicating both parties understood that the Note was merely an instrument by which Reliant consolidated all 16 previous notes in order for proper application of Plan payments to the total amount due on Reliant’s claim. Case 3:09-bk-10426 Doc 300 Filed 10/11/19 Entered 10/11/19 16:17:06 Desc Main Document Page 10 of 14 10 Thus, if there were an ambiguity in the Plan language, the analysis would favor the Debtor’s position. The Timing of the Note Reliant also argues that the post-confirmation timing of the Note favors a ruling that the Note terms control. This argument fails on two levels: (1) a change in payment terms would constitute a plan modification, and no such action was brought before the Court for required approval; and (2) the effective date was after the Note was executed. (1) Plan Modification Significant reasons exist for the more involved procedures required to modify terms of a confirmed Chapter 11 plan. Paramount is that confirmation of a Chapter 11 plan establishes a new contractual agreement between the debtor and all other parties. In re Burnsbrooke Apartments of Athens, Ltd., 151 B.R. 455, 457 (Bankr. S.D. Ohio 1992); 11 U.S.C. § 1127(a) and (b). Most notable here is the lack of disclosure and formal requirements for post-confirmation modification. Modification of a confirmed Chapter 11 plan is governed by 11 U.S.C. § 1127(b) which provides: (b) The proponent of a plan or the reorganized debtor may modify such plan at any time after confirmation of such plan and before substantial consummation of such plan, but may not modify such plan so that such plan as modified fails to meet the requirements of sections 1122 and 1123 of this title.... Such plan as modified under this subsection becomes the plan only if circumstances warrant such modification and the court, after notice and a hearing, confirms such plan as modified, under section 1129 of this title.... Burnsbrooke Apartments, 151 B.R. at 456–57. Neither the Debtor nor Reliant sought to implement the proper path to a modification of the Plan. No motion, no disclosures, and no hearing was held to consider changing the terms of the Plan as they relate to Reliant. No facts support this contention and no law upholds it. Therefore, the Note cannot and does not act as a modification of the Plan. 11 Case 3:09-bk-10426 Doc 300 Filed 10/11/19 Entered 10/11/19 16:17:06 Desc Main Document Page 11 of 14 (2) Effective Date Reliant also argues that the Note is not subject to modification by the Plan terms because the Note was not an “existing finance document” when the Plan was confirmed. Debtor’s Amended and Restated Plan of Reorganization Dated August 3, 2010, ECF 290-3 at p. 3. This argument is misplaced in that it completely ignores the timing and effect of the effective date on the Plan provisions. The Code does not provide a definition of “effective date.” Ballentine’s Law Dictionary defines “effective date” as the date when “a code of laws, a constitution, or a single statute or constitutional amendment becomes binding as law.” Thus, the date upon which a contract becomes operative is its effective date. Before this date, the contract has not yet taken effect and is therefore not in operation. The parties do not dispute the meaning of “effective date.” The Plan at issue includes “effective date of the plan” in its definitions section, but only defines it as “the later of (i) the first business day of the second full month following the Confirmation, or (ii) the first business day after an appeal of an order confirming this Plan has become final unappealable.” Id. at p. 2. Note that this definition does not explain what becomes effective on that date and thus what is not in effect before that date. If the entire Plan is ineffective until the effective date, then the provision in Class 11 that “[a]ny terms of the existing finance documents evidencing this Allowed Claim which may conflict with the terms of the Plan shall be deemed modified by the Terms of the Plan” was not operative until the effective date. If this is true, the November promissory note would have been an “existing finance document” when the Plan took effect in December subject to modification by the confirmed Plan terms. Case 3:09-bk-10426 Doc 300 Filed 10/11/19 Entered 10/11/19 16:17:06 Desc Main Document Page 12 of 14 12 If, however, the Plan was in effect immediately upon confirmation, then the promissory note would not have been an “existing finance document” when the Plan took effect—it would have to be a plan modification in order to control, which it has already been determined it is not. As noted above, “‘[e]ffective’ in common parlance means ‘ready for service or action; to effect.’ ‘Effect’ in turn means ‘a quality or state of being operative.’” In re Musil, 99 B.R. 448, 450 (Bankr. D. Kan. 1988) (citing Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary (1975 . The Musil court continued to explain that the effective date of a plan cannot logically exist before the date that the plan was filed. Musil, 99 B.R. at 450. In other words, a Plan cannot take effect before it exists. Case law supports this theory. See Collins v. Tennessee Dep’t of Rev. (In re Faye Foods, Inc.), 766 F. App’x 204, 211 (6th Cir. 2019); In re Potomac Iron Works, Inc., 217 B.R. 170, 172 (Bankr. D. Md. 1997). Further, the Sixth Circuit recently recognized that the effective date of a plan “is commonly understood as the date on which the plan goes into effect, which means the debtor starts implementing the plan and making payments to creditors.” Faye Foods, 766 F. App’x at 211. It is worth noting that while most discussions regarding the effective date of a Chapter 11 Plan seem to revolve around the commencement of payments by the Debtor, they all also tend to include some sort of remark regarding “other provisions” of a plan. For instance, Weintraub and Crames note that the effective date signals the “commencement of the operation of [a plan’s] provisions.” Benjamin Weintraub & Michael J. Crames, Defining Consummation, Effective Date of Plan of Reorganization and Retention of Postconfirmation Jurisdiction: Suggested Amendments to Bankruptcy Code and Bankruptcy Rules, 64 AM. BANKR. L.J. 245, 277 (1990). Thus, the effective date of a Chapter 11 Plan signifies both the commencement of payment— Case 3:09-bk-10426 Doc 300 Filed 10/11/19 Entered 10/11/19 16:17:06 Desc Main Document Page 13 of 14 13 unless otherwise stipulated in the Plan—and the first day of operation of every provision in the Plan. Conclusion and Ruling The Note was an accommodation by the Debtor to Reliant to assist in the proper application of payments under the Plan. Those payments, as applied under the Plan, would be made on one claim, the Class 11 claim of Reliant. The Class 11 claim constituted 16 loans made by Reliant to the Debtor prepetition. It is unmistakeable from the evidence presented at the hearing and the actions of the parties, that the Note was intended to simply consolidate for Reliant’s purposes those 16 loans. Therefore, the Court makes the following findings: 1) Under Tennessee law, the Plan’s silence on the assessment of late fees does not give rise to an ambiguity in the Plan subject to interpretation. The plain language within the four corners of the Plan control: no provision provides for the assessment of late fees. 2) 3) The Note does not act as a modification of the Chapter 11 Plan. By operation of the effective date, the Note is an existing finance document subject to modification in accordance with Plan terms. Therefore, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the Debtor’s motion is GRANTED, and the final payment due Reliant under the Plan is $27,464.35. Case 3:09-bk-10426 Doc 300 Filed 10/11/19 Entered 10/11/19 16:17:06 Desc Main Document Page 14 of 14 14 This Order has been electronically signed. The Judge's signature and Court's seal appear at the top of the first page. United States Bankruptcy Court.

=== Myka Ventures, Inc. v. Christian (In re Christian), No. 318-90169, 2020 WL 653756 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. Jan. 10, 2020) ===

IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE NASHVILLE DIVISION IN RE: Debtor. Jessica Nicole Christian, Myka Ventures, Inc. d/b/a UPS Store 6148, ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ) Jessica Nicole Christian, Defendant. Plaintiff, vs. Case No: 3:18-bk-04294 Chapter 7 Honorable Charles M. Walker Adv. No: 3:18-ap-90169 MEMORANDUM OPINION This matter has been placed before the Court by a creditor’s complaint pursuant to 11 U.S.C. §§ 727(a)(4) and (7). The Plaintiff urges the Court to infer the intent of the Debtor to hinder her creditors by the misrepresentation of her income and assets in her schedules, and the Plaintiff presents substantial evidence to establish that inference. In order to overcome the inference, the Debtor/Defendant must provide evidence that sufficiently explains and clarifies the circumstances surrounding the information contained in her schedules as well as her reasoning Case 3:18-ap-90169 Doc 30 Filed 01/10/20 Entered 01/10/20 14:45:55 Desc Main Document Page 1 of 14 1 Dated: 1/10/2020 IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE NASHVILLE DIVISION IN RE: Debtor. Jessica Nicole Christian, Myka Ventures, Inc. d/b/a UPS Store 6148, ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ) Jessica Nicole Christian, Defendant. Plaintiff, vs. Case No: 3:18-bk-04294 Chapter 7 Honorable Charles M. Walker Adv. No: 3:18-ap-90169 ORDER GRANTING JUDGMENT IN FAVOR OF THE DEFENDANT THIS MATTER came before the Court for Trial on August 29, 2019. The Plaintiff appeared via counsel, the Defendant appeared pro se. After hearing argument and considering evidence, and the Court being duly advised IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that judgment is entered in favor of the Defendant. The Debtor’s debt to the Plaintiff is deemed dischargeable and is subject to any discharge entered in the bankruptcy case referenced above. THIS ORDER WAS SIGNED AND ENTERED ELECTRONICALLY AS INDICATED AT THE TOP OF THE FIRST PAGE Case 3:18-ap-90169 Doc 29 Filed 01/10/20 Entered 01/10/20 14:44:05 Desc Main Document Page 1 of 1 Dated: 1/10/2020This Order has been electronically signed. The Judge's signature and Court's seal appear at the top of the first page. United States Bankruptcy Court. for providing that information. Her mindset and intentions are at issue, and her testimonial evidence is crucial to her defense. JURISDICTION The Plaintiff objects to the Debtor’s discharge pursuant to §§ 727 (a)(4) and (7)1. The Court has jurisdiction over this core matter pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(I) and 28 U.S.C. § 1334. BACKGROUND2 The Debtor, Jessica Christian (“Jessica”), filed a voluntary Chapter 7 petition on June 27, 2018 in the Middle District of Tennessee (“Bankruptcy Case”). Jessica was represented by counsel in the Bankruptcy Case who prepared and signed schedules for her, but as frequently happens in Chapter 7 cases due to the unfortunate economic realities of representing consumer debtors in Chapter 7 cases, bankruptcy counsel’s representation expressly excluded representation in dischargeability actions and did not extend to this proceeding. Thus, in the irony of ironies, Jessica is pro se in this adversary case which will determine whether she obtains the very relief she sought when she hired bankruptcy counsel. Jessica’s original statements and schedules were filed with her petition in the Bankruptcy Case and did not disclose any affiliation with Turbo Bros or any income received from Turbo Bros. Turbo Bros was an endeavor in which Jessica’s then-fiancé, Brian Keith Proctor (“Keith”), built and sold engine turbos (“turbos”). Keith operated Turbo Bros out of the garage 1 Unless otherwise indicated, all chapter and section references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532. References to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure appear as “Rule.” 2 The facts are gleaned from the record, both exhibits and testimony, from the trial held August 29, 2019. 2 Case 3:18-ap-90169 Doc 30 Filed 01/10/20 Entered 01/10/20 14:45:55 Desc Main Document Page 2 of 14 of the home he shared with Jessica and her four children, during which most of the time he also worked a regular job outside the home. The original statements and schedules list her income as $1,259.93 per month (gross) from her employment as a nail technician with Smile Nails & Spa, where she had been employed for three years; $400.00 per month in child support; and $434.00 per month in food stamps. Regarding previous annual income, the original statements and schedules list: $5,462.70 from January 1, 2018 through June 26, 2018; $17,767.00 from January 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017; and $12,794.00 from January 1, 2016 through December 31, 2016. The Plaintiff alleges that Jessica failed to disclose Keith’s income as household income in her schedules, as well as failed to disclose her income from Turbo Bros—income obtained as a partner in Turbo Bros such that she shared in all the profits of the business. This despite the fact that Jessica’s income was disclosed as household income in Keith’s bankruptcy filing a mere four months prior to Jessica’s filing and; therefore, she should have included his income in her later filing. After the original Complaint was filed, Jessica amended her Schedules I & J; Form 122 and Statement of Financial Affairs (collectively, the “Amended Schedules”). The Amended Schedules increased her income by $56.00 per month and added annual income from Turbo Bros totaling $331.02 within the six months preceding the Petition Date; $984.15 from January 1, 2018 through June 26, 2018; and $64.14 from January 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017. The Plaintiff points out that at the time of filing, Jessica was co-owner of at least three cars, with a corresponding debt of at least $105,000.00, and resided with Keith in a 4,100 square- foot, five-bedroom home valued at nearly $500,000.00. Jessica’s schedules indicate she paid Case 3:18-ap-90169 Doc 30 Filed 01/10/20 Entered 01/10/20 14:45:55 Desc Main Document Page 3 of 14 3 rent of $500.00 for living in the home, while the schedules in Keith’s bankruptcy case state that she contributed $1,200.00 towards a combined household income of $7,200.00 per month, with the rent for the residence being $2,100.00 per month. The Plaintiff would further show that neither Jessica or Keith listed any reference to Turbo Bros, nor any revenue received from its operation in their filings. Jessica’s testimony included a description of her involvement with Turbo Bros. She stated that she would ship the turbos Keith constructed at his request. She did this through an account with the Plaintiff to facilitate shipping. 3 The account was set up with her debit card. She also testified that she would assist Keith by setting up marketing of the turbos with social media and internet postings from September 2017 through January 2018, again at his request. During such time, Turbo Bros incurred a debt in excess of $2,500.00 for unpaid shipping costs at Plaintiff’s business. The debt was ascribed to Jessica by virtue of her bank card which secured the account. At some point in 2018, prior to her filing, Jessica and Keith ended their personal relationship, which apparently also terminated Jessica’s involvement with anything related to Turbo Bros. Jessica continued to live in the house while awaiting approval of her application for government housing—this constituting the time in which she paid $500 per month to reside in a specified area of the home with her children. THE COMPLAINT The Plaintiff seeks denial of Jessica’s discharge pursuant to §§ 727(a)(4)(A) and (a)(7), which provide as follows: 3 The Plaintiff does business as the UPS store from which Jessica would ship the turbos. 4 Case 3:18-ap-90169 Doc 30 Filed 01/10/20 Entered 01/10/20 14:45:55 Desc Main Document Page 4 of 14 (4) the debtor knowingly and fraudulently, in or in connection with the case-- (A) made a false oath or account; (B) presented or used a false claim; (C) gave, offered, received, or attempted to obtain money, property, or advantage, or a promise of money, property, or advantage, for acting or forbearing to act; or (D) withheld from an officer of the estate entitled to possession under this title, any recorded information, including books, documents, records, and papers, relating to the debtor's property or financial affairs; . . . . (7) the debtor has committed any act specified in paragraph (2), (3), (4), (5), or (6) of this subsection, on or within one year before the date of the filing of the petition, or during the case, in connection with another case, under this title or under the Bankruptcy Act, concerning an insider[.] 11 U.S.C. §§ 727(a)(4) & (a)(7) (2019). At issue is the extent of Jessica’s involvement and status in the ownership and operation of Turbo Bros, and the division of household financial responsibilities, such that the information provided in her schedules constitutes a false statement under oath, thereby providing the basis for denial of her discharge. THE TRIAL The Court conducted a trial on August 29, 2019. At the trial, the Plaintiff offered the testimony of its owner, Myroslav Kuzmyn, as well as that of Jessica. Jessica, acting in her pro se capacity, gave her direct testimony and called Amanda Leigh Ann Burlison-Marck to testify.4 Mr. Kuzmyn testified as to the opening of the account with the Plaintiff, as well as his understanding of Jessica’s position in Turbo Bros. He stated that Jessica appeared to be a partner in the business in that he dealt almost primarily with her as far as the shipping of the turbos. He also verified the documents associated with the account, and the fact that the account was 4 This witness’ testimony did not add or detract from Jessica’s or the Plaintiff’s case, nor did it have any impact on the decision of this Court. 5 Case 3:18-ap-90169 Doc 30 Filed 01/10/20 Entered 01/10/20 14:45:55 Desc Main Document Page 5 of 14 secured by Jessica’s bank card. Although the Plaintiff presented evidence of the sale price of the turbos, he did not present anything that indicated Jessica had any knowledge of the operations, costs, or revenues, nor that she had any control over the funds that may have been associated with Turbo Bros. Jessica’s testimony was essentially the most important. It is Jessica’s knowledge and intent that are the crux of the inquiry here. She testified that Turbo Bros was a side job for Keith. Her description of her involvement appeared to be that of someone running errands for their significant other. She did not have knowledge of details regarding parts, orders, construction, costs, revenue, etc. She also did not know how much income Keith drew from the endeavor, if any. DISCUSSION The caselaw and secondary commentary universally agree on certain well-established principles with respect to the purpose of bankruptcy and the place that a bankruptcy discharge has in the process. As numerous cases have repeated throughout the years, “[t]he principal purpose of the Bankruptcy Code is to grant a ‘fresh start’ to the ‘honest but unfortunate debtor.’” Marrama v. Citizens Bank of Massachusetts, 549 U.S. 365, 127 S. Ct. 1105, 166 L. Ed. 2d 956 (2007). To accomplish the goal of a “fresh start,” the Bankruptcy Code acts as the guidebook that enables that mythical honest but unfortunate debtor to obtain relief “. . . from the weight of oppressive indebtedness, and permit him to start fresh free from the obligations and responsibilities consequent upon business misfortunes.” . . . This purpose of the act has been again and again emphasized by the courts as being of public as well as private interest, in that it gives to the honest but unfortunate debtor . . . , a new opportunity in life and a clear field for future effort, unhampered by the pressure and discouragement of pre-existing debt. Local Loan Co. v. Hunt, 292 U.S. 234, 244-45, 54 S. Ct. 695, 699 (1934). Case 3:18-ap-90169 Doc 30 Filed 01/10/20 Entered 01/10/20 14:45:55 Desc Main Document Page 6 of 14 6 Since the discharge is the rock upon which the lofty goal of a fresh start was built, Judge Clive Bare’s words more than 35 years ago still hold true with respect to a bankruptcy discharge, “Discharge, the principal objective of a chapter 7 debtor, is a statutory right involving public policy considerations. . . . Discharge ‘is refused to a dishonest bankrupt as a punishment for his fraud and to prevent its continuance in the future.’” In re Moore, 50 B.R. 661, 664 (Bankr. E.D. Tenn. 1985) quoting In re Hammerstein, 189 F. 37 (2d Cir. 1911). When a creditor/plaintiff seeks to frustrate the discharge by filing an adversary proceeding to deny it, the burden falls squarely on that creditor to prove that “1) the debtor made a statement under oath; 2) the statement was false; 3) the debtor knew the statement was false; 4) the debtor made the statement with fraudulent intent; and 5) the statement related materially to the bankruptcy case.” See Montedonico v. Beckham (In re Beckham), No. 08-8054, 2009 WL 1726526, at *8 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. June 19, 2009) (quoting Keeney v. Smith (In re Keeney), 227 F.3d 679, 685 (6th Cir. 2000 . A debtor only knows that their statement is false when he or she intentionally states information contradicting the truth despite awareness of the truth. See Ayers v. Babb (In re Babb), 358 B.R. 343, 355 (Bankr. E.D. Tenn. 2006). Further, fraudulent intent is not present when the debtor makes an honest error or omission. See Keeney, 227 F.3d at 683. It is uncontroverted that Jessica failed to disclose any income from Turbo Bros on her original statements and schedules, and the statement was made under oath since the schedules were signed under penalty of perjury. The real issues are whether the debtor knew the statement was false, and whether the debtor made the statement with fraudulent intent. Case 3:18-ap-90169 Doc 30 Filed 01/10/20 Entered 01/10/20 14:45:55 Desc Main Document Page 7 of 14 7 Jessica’s Status in Turbo Bros To employ plain English, Turbo Bros is nothing more than a “side hustle”5 that Jessica’s then-fiancé, Keith launched in 2017, and discovered to be unworkable shortly thereafter. Keith continued to have his side hustle after he and Jessica broke up, as evidenced by the only documents submitted by Jessica in her defense: screenshots of social media postings showing Keith and his new side hustle called RPM Powerstroke, which markets and builds the same items Turbo Bros did when it was a functioning endeavor. The Plaintiff asserts that Jessica was a partner in Turbo Bros and ran it with Keith, and that she concealed this fact from the Court and her creditors in her filings with the intent to profit from that concealment. The evidence offered to support this is her signature on the credit application and the use of her bank card to secure an account with the store, as well as the impressions of the Plaintiff’s owner who testified credibly. However, his credibility is not determinative of Jessica’s knowledge and intent. Since there is no direct evidence that names Jessica as a partner in the business, the evidence is that of inference. The Plaintiff has purported that Jessica was a partner in her former fiancé’s business, Turbo Bros. Partnerships are for-profit business organizations of two or more entities, often individuals, the creation, organization, and dissolution of which being governed by state law. See Pettes v. Yukon, 912 S.W.2d 709 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995). A partner relationship is generally the result of a contract either express or implied. Id. In determining whether a partnership exists courts look at: (1) intention of the parties, (2) sharing of profits and losses (3) joint 5 Miriam-Webster states that side hustle refers to “work performed for income supplementary to one’s primary job.” See https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/words-were-watching-side-hustle. 8 Case 3:18-ap-90169 Doc 30 Filed 01/10/20 Entered 01/10/20 14:45:55 Desc Main Document Page 8 of 14 administration and control of business operation, (4) capital investment by each partner, and (5) common ownership of property. Id. Although the documents offered by the Plaintiff may appear to infer otherwise, Jessica’s credible testimony did not support that inference. Jessica’s actions in relation to Turbo Bros were of a personal nature rather than in a professional capacity. In other words, Jessica was acting as a domestic partner, not as a business partner. Her description of how she came to ship items with the Plaintiff and make social media postings at Keith’s request was that of a significant-other running errands in support of her personal relationship. Keith had the technical knowledge, built the product, determined the terms of sales, ordered the supplies, and handled the money. Turbo Bros was Keith’s side hustle. Jessica was simply helping out as part of her household duties. Her description of her situation and her relationship with Keith was honest and forthcoming and did not support a finding that a business partnership existed between her and Keith, or that she acted in that capacity. See Wheeler v. Haley, No. 91-267-I, 1993 WL 398489, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 1, 1993). “False Oath” Exception Under § 727(a)(4)(A), a debtor will be denied a discharge if “the debtor knowingly and fraudulently, in or in connection with the case . . . made a false oath or account[.]” The “false oath” exception therefore requires that: “1) the debtor made a statement under oath; 2) the statement was false; 3) the debtor knew the statement was false; 4) the debtor made the statement with fraudulent intent; and 5) the statement related materially to the bankruptcy case.” Carter- Jones Lumber Co. v. Beatty (In re Beatty), 583 B.R. 128, 138 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 2018). While complete financial disclosure is a prerequisite to the privilege of bankruptcy discharge, proving “fraudulent intent” is a very high bar. See, e.g., McDermott v. French (In re French), 592 B.R. 9 Case 3:18-ap-90169 Doc 30 Filed 01/10/20 Entered 01/10/20 14:45:55 Desc Main Document Page 9 of 14 653 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2018) (granting discharge for the debtor); contra Branch Banking & Trust Co. v. Evans (In re Evans), 538 B.R. 268, 287-88 (Bankr. W.D. Va. 2015) (holding debtors in the Fourth Circuit to a higher standard of “willful” false oath necessitating action that are “deliberate, voluntary, conscious and not inadvertent or accidental”). The standard of proof, burdened by the Plaintiff, is that of a preponderance of evidence. See Keeney, 227 F.3d at 683. Denial of discharge does not always require an active effort (i.e., transfer to conceal assets) by the debtor. See Buckeye Retirement Co. v. Heil (In re Heil), 289 B.R. 897 (Bankr. E.D. Tenn. 2003) (holding that the omission of assets and obligation owed to debtor by third- party warranted revocation of discharge); but see Hunter v. Sowers (In re Sowers), 229 B.R. 151 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 1998) (denying discharge for the debtor’s concealment of estate assets). Traditionally, the failure to include an asset or disclose certain income will qualify as a false statement made under oath as necessitated by the first two elements. See generally Lepre v. Milton (In re Milton), 595 B.R. 699 (Bankr. W.D. Pa. 2019) (finding the fulfillment of each element by statements made on debtor’s bankruptcy schedules); but see Gold v. Guttman (In re Guttman), 237 B.R. 643, 648 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 1999) (refusing to deny discharge solely due to the failure by a debtor to include assets in bankruptcy schedules). This Court finds that the first, second, and fifth prongs of the “false oath” exception are easily met. It is undisputed that here, Jessica failed to disclose any income from Turbo Bros on her original statements and schedules. The statement was made under oath since the schedules were signed under penalty of perjury. Further, the statement related materially to the Bankruptcy Case in that it concerns Jessica’s assets. Denial of discharge is therefore only appropriate if the Plaintiff has shown that Jessica had knowledge that her statement was false, and she had fraudulent intent when she made the statement. These elements, “knowingly” and Case 3:18-ap-90169 Doc 30 Filed 01/10/20 Entered 01/10/20 14:45:55 Desc Main Document Page 10 of 14 10 “fraudulently,” must be proven separately and may not be conflated. Roberts v. Oliver (In re Oliver), 414 B.R. 361, 374 (Bankr. E.D. Tenn. 2009). Knowledge A debtor knows their statement is false when he or she “knew the truth, but nonetheless failed to give the information or gave contradicting information.” Babb, 358 B.R. at 355; see also Saslow v. Michael (In re Michael), 452 B.R. 908, 919 (Bankr. M.D.N.C. 2011) (using “incompatible with his own knowledge” standard in denying discharge). In Church Joint Venture, L.P. v. Blasingame (In re Blasingame), the Sixth Circuit Bankruptcy Appellate Panel affirmed the finding that the defendants had known a statement was false, because there was inconsistency between defendants’ oaths despite clear understanding between defendants in signing their respective affidavits. 559 B.R. 692, 698 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2016). Here, Jessica was aware that she had made money from her affiliation with Turbo Bros but was unaware that it was relevant to her bankruptcy filing. In her mind, the statement on the schedule (the exclusion of income) was not contradictory to the truth—despite having been somehow compensated for her help by Turbo Bros. Therefore, she likely did not knowingly make a false oath as required by the exception. Fraudulent Intent Fraud must be actual, rather than constructive, for purposes of fraudulent intent. Buckeye Retirement Co. v. Hake (In re Hake), 387 B.R. 490 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 2008). The Court determines fraudulent intent as a factual issue based on the “all the facts and circumstances of the case.” Keeney, 227 F.3d at 686; accord Eifler v. Wilson & Muir Bank & Trust Co., 588 F. App’x 473 (6th Cir. 2014). While a pattern of errors or omissions “‘may have a cumulative effect Case 3:18-ap-90169 Doc 30 Filed 01/10/20 Entered 01/10/20 14:45:55 Desc Main Document Page 11 of 14 11 giving rise to an inference of an intent to deceive,’” see Stevenson v. Cutler (In re Cutler), 291 B.R. 718, 726 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2003), a single instance (or few minor instances) are generally insufficient for finding fraudulent intent. See French, 592 B.R. at 658 (holding that debtor’s false statements on statement of financial affairs did not provide basis for denial of discharge as they were innocent mistakes and debtor did not have motivation or intention to lie); see also Hamilton, 306 B.R. at 579 (holding that two conflicting statements of debtor were product of misunderstanding and not significant enough to warrant denial of discharge). Courts look for a “pattern of recklessness” through the existence of multiple inaccuracies or falsehoods constituting indifference to truth as evidence of fraudulent intent. FDIC v. Ligon (In re Ligon), 55 B.R. 250 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. 1985). Failure to provide credible explanations for errors and omissions will weigh against the defendant. U.S. Trustee v. Halishak (In re Halishak), 337 B.R. 620 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 2005) (holding that the multitude of omissions made it unlikely that they were due to honest mistake). However, strong mitigating factors include the debtor’s lack of understanding bankruptcy matters and ready disclosure when questioned. Kovacs v. McVay (In re McVay), 363 B.R. 824 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 2006) (finding that the debtor’s willingness to acknowledge his mistake rather than conceal it was inconsistent with the intent to defraud). Lay individuals are not expected to understand the intricacies of the bankruptcy process; if it were so simple, attorneys before this Court would find themselves largely out of work. Moreover, denying discharge in consequence for such reasons—thereby preventing the debtor’s fresh start—would be a misguided application. Rather, the purpose of § 727(a)(4)(A) is to prevent costly investigations by the trustee and creditors by ensuring that they are provided with accurate information. See U.S. Trustee v. Zhang (In re Zhang), 463 B.R. 66, 86 (Bankr. S.D. Ohio 2012). The exemption does not seek to Case 3:18-ap-90169 Doc 30 Filed 01/10/20 Entered 01/10/20 14:45:55 Desc Main Document Page 12 of 14 12 punish an honest omission made by a debtor out of pure ignorance or error. See In re Oliver, 414 B.R. at 374 (holding that a false statement “resulting from ignorance or carelessness does not rise to the level of ‘knowing and fraudulent’”); see also Keeney, 227 F.3d at 686. Often, the fundamental outcome is dependent on the court’s assessment of the debtor’s credibility. See McDermott v. Capra (In re Capra), No. 16-1010, 2016 WL 5106994, at *7 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio Sept. 19, 2016). CONCLUSION All debtors have an affirmative duty to disclose all assets and to truthfully complete the schedules and statements. But, here, Jessica relied on bankruptcy counsel to prepare the statements and schedules, as do the overwhelming majority of unsophisticated consumer debtors who file Chapter 7, and in that continuing irony of ironies, is now forced to explain the statements and schedules without the assistance of the counsel who prepared them to obtain her discharge. Given that § 727(a)(4)(A) functions as a defense mechanism, protecting creditors from deceptive practices by debtors’ attempts to out-smart the system, the Plaintiff offers that the culmination of circumstances add up to intent. This Court rejects the Plaintiff’s argument, which has been made unsuccessfully time and again in this circuit. See Clippard v. Jarrett (In re Jarrett), 417 B.R. 896 (Bankr. W.D. Tenn. 2009) (refusing to deny discharge for debtor who failed to list certain assets on bankruptcy schedules, because satisfactory explanation of lost assets proved that omission was inadvertent). Even if the circumstances give an impression of intent, Jessica’s testimony was credible and therefore tips the scale against intent. Because she testified in court, the Plaintiff was Case 3:18-ap-90169 Doc 30 Filed 01/10/20 Entered 01/10/20 14:45:55 Desc Main Document Page 13 of 14 13 afforded the opportunity to elicit, on cross-examination, any ulterior motive or reason that the omission was more than an authentic error. The Plaintiff failed to do so. Jessica did not put on a performance or any sort of façade to shift the blame for her actions. Nor did she appear to be malicious or acting in a deceitful manner that the provision serves to protect against. Jessica did not hide her error or attempt to evade fault, but instead answered the questions posed to her plainly, readily, and in a thoughtful manner. The Code does not admonish naïve debtors for simple mistakes and this Court will not deviate. Ultimately, the Plaintiff did not meet his burden regarding the third and fourth elements of the “false oath” exception and thus did not establish a prima facie case as to the claim. Nonetheless, the Court, having heard all the evidence presented at trial, is satisfied with the Debtor’s explanation and finds the testimony of the Debtor to be credible. Therefore, the Plaintiff’s claim pursuant to §§ 727(a)(4)(A) and (a)(7) fails. Although the Plaintiff did proffer circumstantial evidence of potential fraud, this Court’s evaluation and judgment as to the veracity of Jessica’s testimony in determining her knowledge and intent when providing information in her filings trumps any circumstantial inference. Jessica’s truthfulness was obvious and more than sufficient to overcome any inference given the lofty standard required by this trier of fact to infer her actual false oath. Based on the foregoing, this Court finds no reason to deny the discharge under §§ 727(a)(4)(A) and (a)(7). This Court finds for the Defendant and judgment will be entered accordingly. Case 3:18-ap-90169 Doc 30 Filed 01/10/20 Entered 01/10/20 14:45:55 Desc Main Document Page 14 of 14 14 This Order has been electronically signed. The Judge's signature and Court's seal appear at the top of the first page. United States Bankruptcy Court.

=== In re Ferguson, No.3:18-bk-06311 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. Nov. 3, 2020) ===

Dated: 11/3/2020 (cid:44)(cid:49)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:43)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:56)(cid:49)(cid:44)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:39)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:55)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:54)(cid:3)(cid:37)(cid:36)(cid:49)(cid:46)(cid:53)(cid:56)(cid:51)(cid:55)(cid:38)(cid:60)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:50)(cid:56)(cid:53)(cid:55)(cid:3) (cid:41)(cid:50)(cid:53)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:43)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:44)(cid:39)(cid:39)(cid:47)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:44)(cid:54)(cid:55)(cid:53)(cid:44)(cid:38)(cid:55)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:41)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:49)(cid:49)(cid:40)(cid:54)(cid:54)(cid:40)(cid:40)(cid:3) (cid:49)(cid:36)(cid:54)(cid:43)(cid:57)(cid:44)(cid:47)(cid:47)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:44)(cid:57)(cid:44)(cid:54)(cid:44)(cid:50)(cid:49)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) 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Fulghum(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:19)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:17)(cid:58)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:16)(cid:19)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:20)(cid:27)(cid:27)(cid:27)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:55)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:179)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:91)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:89)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:3) (cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:90)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:89)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:17)(cid:180)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:71)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:3) (cid:3) Case 3:18-bk-06311 Doc 91 Filed 11/03/20 Entered 11/03/20 06:56:43 Desc Main Document Page 3 of 6 (cid:22)(cid:3) (cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:84)(cid:88)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:89)(cid:82)(cid:78)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:91)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3) (cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:91)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)Grier v. Canada(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:19)(cid:26)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:17)(cid:58)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:28)(cid:26)(cid:19)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:28)(cid:26)(cid:25)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:19)(cid:26)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:44)(cid:81)(cid:3)Grier(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3) 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(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3) (cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:17)(cid:182)(cid:180)(cid:3)Browning v. Levy(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:27)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:17)(cid:22)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:26)(cid:25)(cid:20)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:26)(cid:26)(cid:24)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:25)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:11)quoting Teledyne Indus., Inc. v. NLRB(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:28)(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:17)(cid:21)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:23)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:27)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:25)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:28)(cid:19)(cid:12)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:179)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:78)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:88)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:17)(cid:180)(cid:3)Eubanks v. CBSK Fin. Grp., Inc.(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:22)(cid:27)(cid:24)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:17)(cid:22)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:27)(cid:28)(cid:23)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:27)(cid:28)(cid:27)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:25)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:23)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:44)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:76)(cid:91)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:88)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:90)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3) (cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:182)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:179)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:78)(cid:86)(cid:3) (cid:78)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:3) (cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:17)(cid:180)(cid:3)Browning v. Levy(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:27)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:17)(cid:22)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:26)(cid:25)(cid:20)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:26)(cid:26)(cid:25)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:25)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3) (cid:3) Case 3:18-bk-06311 Doc 91 Filed 11/03/20 Entered 11/03/20 06:56:43 Desc Main Document Page 4 of 6 (cid:23)(cid:3) (cid:44)(cid:81)(cid:3)Slater v. United States Steel Corp.(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:27)(cid:26)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:17)(cid:22)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:26)(cid:23)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:27)(cid:19)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:26)(cid:12)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)pro se(cid:3) (cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:82)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:84)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:90)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:70)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:86)(cid:17)(cid:3) Id. (cid:68)(cid:87) (cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:27)(cid:25)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:82)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:182)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:73)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:92)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:179)(cid:36)(cid:79)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:74)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:84)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3) (cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:181)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:182)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:3) (cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:75)(cid:87)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:71)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:10)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:86)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:82)(cid:71)(cid:17)(cid:180)(cid:3)Id.(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:82)(cid:3) (cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:83)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:182)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)Slater(cid:3) (cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:88)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:179)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:62)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:10)(cid:86)(cid:64)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:91)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:69)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:84)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:78)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:69)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:70)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:17)(cid:180)(cid:3)Id. (cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:26)(cid:25)(cid:16)(cid:26)(cid:26)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:76)(cid:91)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:88)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:15)(cid:3) (cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:77)(cid:88)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:17)(cid:3)Eubanks(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:22)(cid:27)(cid:24)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:17)(cid:22)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:27)(cid:28)(cid:26)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3) (cid:72)(cid:84)(cid:88)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:179)(cid:62)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:64)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:77)(cid:88)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:74)(cid:75)(cid:3) (cid:70)(cid:92)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:83)(cid:3)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:17)(cid:180)(cid:3)Teledyne Indus., Inc. v. NLRB(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:28)(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:17)(cid:21)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:23)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:26)(cid:16)(cid:20)(cid:27)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:25)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3) (cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:28)(cid:19)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:83)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3) 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(cid:55)(cid:43)(cid:44)(cid:54)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:53)(cid:39)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:3)(cid:58)(cid:36)(cid:54)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:44)(cid:42)(cid:49)(cid:40)(cid:39)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:49)(cid:39)(cid:3)(cid:40)(cid:49)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:40)(cid:39)(cid:3)(cid:40)(cid:47)(cid:40)(cid:38)(cid:55)(cid:53)(cid:50)(cid:49)(cid:44)(cid:38)(cid:36)(cid:47)(cid:47)(cid:60)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:54)(cid:3) (cid:44)(cid:49)(cid:39)(cid:44)(cid:38)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:39)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:43)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:50)(cid:51)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:41)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:43)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:44)(cid:53)(cid:54)(cid:55)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:36)(cid:42)(cid:40)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) Case 3:18-bk-06311 Doc 91 Filed 11/03/20 Entered 11/03/20 06:56:43 Desc Main Document Page 6 of 6 This Order has been electronically signed. The Judge's signature and Court's seal appear at the top of the first page. United States Bankruptcy Court. (cid:25)(cid:3)

=== Taylor v. LoanCare, LLC (In re Taylor), No. 318-90060 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. Nov. 4, 2020) ===

Dated: 11/4/2020 (cid:44)(cid:49)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:43)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:56)(cid:49)(cid:44)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:39)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:55)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:54)(cid:3)(cid:37)(cid:36)(cid:49)(cid:46)(cid:53)(cid:56)(cid:51)(cid:55)(cid:38)(cid:60)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:50)(cid:56)(cid:53)(cid:55)(cid:3) (cid:41)(cid:50)(cid:53)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:43)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:44)(cid:39)(cid:39)(cid:47)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:44)(cid:54)(cid:55)(cid:53)(cid:44)(cid:38)(cid:55)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:41)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:49)(cid:49)(cid:40)(cid:54)(cid:54)(cid:40)(cid:40)(cid:3) (cid:49)(cid:36)(cid:54)(cid:43)(cid:57)(cid:44)(cid:47)(cid:47)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:44)(cid:57)(cid:44)(cid:54)(cid:44)(cid:50)(cid:49)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:12)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:44)(cid:49)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:40)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:12)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) 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(cid:55)(cid:43)(cid:44)(cid:54)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:53)(cid:39)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:3)(cid:58)(cid:36)(cid:54)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:44)(cid:42)(cid:49)(cid:40)(cid:39)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:49)(cid:39)(cid:3)(cid:40)(cid:49)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:40)(cid:39)(cid:3)(cid:40)(cid:47)(cid:40)(cid:38)(cid:55)(cid:53)(cid:50)(cid:49)(cid:44)(cid:38)(cid:36)(cid:47)(cid:47)(cid:60)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:54)(cid:3) (cid:44)(cid:49)(cid:39)(cid:44)(cid:38)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:39)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:43)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:50)(cid:51)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:41)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:43)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:44)(cid:53)(cid:54)(cid:55)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:36)(cid:42)(cid:40)(cid:3) Case 3:18-ap-90060 Doc 42 Filed 11/04/20 Entered 11/04/20 16:00:58 Desc Main Document Page 1 of 1 This Order has been electronically signed. The Judge's signature and Court's seal appear at the top of the first page. United States Bankruptcy Court. Dated: 11/4/2020 (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:44)(cid:49)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:43)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:56)(cid:49)(cid:44)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:39)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:55)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:54)(cid:3)(cid:37)(cid:36)(cid:49)(cid:46)(cid:53)(cid:56)(cid:51)(cid:55)(cid:38)(cid:60)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:50)(cid:56)(cid:53)(cid:55)(cid:3) (cid:41)(cid:50)(cid:53)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:43)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:44)(cid:39)(cid:39)(cid:47)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:44)(cid:54)(cid:55)(cid:53)(cid:44)(cid:38)(cid:55)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:41)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:49)(cid:49)(cid:40)(cid:54)(cid:54)(cid:40)(cid:40)(cid:3) (cid:49)(cid:36)(cid:54)(cid:43)(cid:57)(cid:44)(cid:47)(cid:47)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:44)(cid:57)(cid:44)(cid:54)(cid:44)(cid:50)(cid:49)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:12)(cid:3) (cid:44)(cid:49)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:40)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:12)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:12)(cid:3) (cid:54)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:51)(cid:43)(cid:40)(cid:49)(cid:3)(cid:45)(cid:40)(cid:55)(cid:55)(cid:50)(cid:49)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:36)(cid:60)(cid:47)(cid:50)(cid:53)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:12)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:12)(cid:3) (cid:39)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:12)(cid:3) (cid:12)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:12)(cid:3) (cid:54)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:51)(cid:43)(cid:40)(cid:49)(cid:3)(cid:45)(cid:40)(cid:55)(cid:55)(cid:50)(cid:49)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:36)(cid:60)(cid:47)(cid:50)(cid:53)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:12)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:12)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:12)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:12)(cid:3) (cid:89)(cid:86)(cid:17)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:12)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:12)(cid:3) (cid:47)(cid:50)(cid:36)(cid:49)(cid:38)(cid:36)(cid:53)(cid:40)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:47)(cid:38)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:12)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:12)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:12)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:51)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:73)(cid:15)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:39)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:17)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:38)(cid:36)(cid:54)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:49)(cid:50)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:22)(cid:29)(cid:20)(cid:26)(cid:16)(cid:69)(cid:78)(cid:16)(cid:19)(cid:23)(cid:28)(cid:22)(cid:21)(cid:3) (cid:38)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:22)(cid:3) (cid:43)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:58)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:78)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3) (cid:36)(cid:71)(cid:89)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:49)(cid:82)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:22)(cid:29)(cid:20)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:16)(cid:28)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:25)(cid:19)(cid:3) MEMORANDUM OPINION (cid:3) 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(cid:38)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:78)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:74)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3) 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(cid:400)(cid:410)(cid:258)(cid:410)(cid:286)(cid:282)(cid:856)(cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:3) Case 3:18-ap-90060 Doc 41 Filed 11/04/20 Entered 11/04/20 15:58:03 Desc Main Document Page 2 of 18 (cid:21)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:82)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:38)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:17)(cid:50)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:37)(cid:82)(cid:91)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:57)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:37)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:75)(cid:92)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:71)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3) 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(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:77)(cid:88)(cid:71)(cid:74)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:90)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)See(cid:3)Celotex Corp. v. Catrett(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:23)(cid:26)(cid:26)(cid:3)(cid:56)(cid:17)(cid:54)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:22)(cid:20)(cid:26)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:22)(cid:21)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:27)(cid:25)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:15)(cid:3) (cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:75)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:90)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:89)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:69)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3) (cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)See(cid:3)Limor v. Anderson (In re Scarbrough)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:49)(cid:82)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:27)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:27)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:3)(cid:58)(cid:47)(cid:3) (cid:20)(cid:23)(cid:20)(cid:27)(cid:25)(cid:28)(cid:27)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:37)(cid:17)(cid:36)(cid:17)(cid:51)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:25)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:27)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:179)(cid:62)(cid:86)(cid:64)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:77)(cid:88)(cid:71)(cid:74)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3) (cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:69)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:30)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3) (cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:91)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:17)(cid:180)(cid:3)(cid:3)Roman v. CitiMortgage, Inc. (In re Roman)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:49)(cid:82)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:23)(cid:16)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:24)(cid:24)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:40)(cid:54)(cid:47)(cid:12)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:27)(cid:3)(cid:58)(cid:47)(cid:3)(cid:23)(cid:27)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:22)(cid:22)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:37)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:17)(cid:51)(cid:17)(cid:53)(cid:17)(cid:3) (cid:50)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:27)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:44)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:3) (cid:77)(cid:88)(cid:71)(cid:74)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:17)(cid:3) (cid:51)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:44)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:44)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:82)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:38)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:182)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:77)(cid:88)(cid:71)(cid:74)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3) (cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:43)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3) (cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:74)(cid:75)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:82)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3) (cid:134)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:19)(cid:25)(cid:11)(cid:71)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:92)(cid:3) (cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3) (cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:77)(cid:88)(cid:71)(cid:74)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)Tchankpa v. Ascena Retail Group, Inc.(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:28)(cid:24)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:17)(cid:22)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:27)(cid:19)(cid:24)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:27)(cid:20)(cid:26)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:25)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:84)(cid:88)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)Bickerstaff v. Lucarelli(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:27)(cid:22)(cid:19)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:17)(cid:22)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:22)(cid:27)(cid:27)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:22)(cid:28)(cid:25)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:25)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3) (cid:38)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:25)(cid:12)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:179)(cid:51)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:73)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3) (cid:1005)(cid:1005)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:258)(cid:282)(cid:286)(cid:3)(cid:258)(cid:393)(cid:393)(cid:367)(cid:349)(cid:272)(cid:258)(cid:271)(cid:367)(cid:286)(cid:3)(cid:410)(cid:381)(cid:3)(cid:410)(cid:346)(cid:349)(cid:400)(cid:3)(cid:393)(cid:396)(cid:381)(cid:272)(cid:286)(cid:286)(cid:282)(cid:349)(cid:374)(cid:336)(cid:3)(cid:271)(cid:455)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:437)(cid:367)(cid:286)(cid:3)(cid:1011)(cid:1004)(cid:1009)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) Case 3:18-ap-90060 Doc 41 Filed 11/04/20 Entered 11/04/20 15:58:03 Desc Main Document Page 4 of 18 (cid:23)(cid:3) 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(cid:258)(cid:410)(cid:3)(cid:460)(cid:286)(cid:396)(cid:381)(cid:3)(cid:258)(cid:374)(cid:282)(cid:3)(cid:410)(cid:346)(cid:286)(cid:3)(cid:349)(cid:400)(cid:400)(cid:437)(cid:286)(cid:3)(cid:381)(cid:296)(cid:3)(cid:410)(cid:346)(cid:286)(cid:3)(cid:381)(cid:374)(cid:336)(cid:381)(cid:349)(cid:374)(cid:336)(cid:3)(cid:393)(cid:258)(cid:455)(cid:373)(cid:286)(cid:374)(cid:410)(cid:3)(cid:349)(cid:400)(cid:3)(cid:396)(cid:286)(cid:374)(cid:282)(cid:286)(cid:396)(cid:286)(cid:282)(cid:3)(cid:373)(cid:381)(cid:381)(cid:410)(cid:856)(cid:863)(cid:3) (cid:3) Case 3:18-ap-90060 Doc 41 Filed 11/04/20 Entered 11/04/20 15:58:03 Desc Main Document Page 5 of 18 (cid:24)(cid:3) (cid:44)(cid:17)(cid:3) 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(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:82)(cid:78)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:91)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3) (cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)in rem(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:75)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)Matteson v. Bank of Am., N.A(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:11)In re Matteson(cid:12)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:22)(cid:24)(cid:3)(cid:37)(cid:17)(cid:53)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:24)(cid:25)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:25)(cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:25)(cid:22)(cid:3) (cid:11)(cid:37)(cid:17)(cid:36)(cid:17)(cid:51)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:25)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:24)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)In re Pajian(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:24)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:17)(cid:22)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:25)(cid:20)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:25)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:26)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3) (cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:24)(cid:12)(cid:30)(cid:3)Matteson(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:22)(cid:24)(cid:3)(cid:37)(cid:17)(cid:53)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:25)(cid:22)(cid:30)(cid:3)In re Dumbuya,(cid:3)(cid:49)(cid:82)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:24)(cid:16)(cid:22)(cid:22)(cid:20)(cid:26)(cid:25)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:26)(cid:3)(cid:58)(cid:47)(cid:3)(cid:23)(cid:27)(cid:25)(cid:28)(cid:20)(cid:26)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:21)(cid:3) (cid:11)(cid:37)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:49)(cid:17)(cid:39)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:25)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:26)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:43)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:27)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:82)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:38)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:134)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:11)(cid:70)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:7)(cid:20)(cid:24)(cid:27)(cid:15)(cid:26)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:27)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:29)(cid:3) (cid:48)(cid:50)(cid:53)(cid:55)(cid:42)(cid:36)(cid:42)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:49)(cid:3)(cid:43)(cid:50)(cid:56)(cid:54)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:49)(cid:39)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:50)(cid:55)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:50)(cid:38)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:39)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:25)(cid:19)(cid:25)(cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:48)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:38)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:47)(cid:36)(cid:38)(cid:40)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:43)(cid:50)(cid:48)(cid:51)(cid:54)(cid:50)(cid:49)(cid:54)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:55)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:44)(cid:50)(cid:49)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:49)(cid:3)(cid:22)(cid:26)(cid:20)(cid:26)(cid:28)(cid:3)(cid:177)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:48)(cid:51)(cid:29)(cid:3) (cid:7)(cid:20)(cid:15)(cid:20)(cid:22)(cid:26)(cid:17)(cid:24)(cid:19)(cid:3)(cid:177)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:53)(cid:53)(cid:40)(cid:36)(cid:53)(cid:54)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:43)(cid:53)(cid:50)(cid:56)(cid:42)(cid:43)(cid:3)(cid:26)(cid:18)(cid:20)(cid:26)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:7)(cid:25)(cid:15)(cid:26)(cid:22)(cid:27)(cid:17)(cid:22)(cid:21)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:54)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:28)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:182)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:78)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:82)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:38)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:182)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3) (cid:7)(cid:20)(cid:24)(cid:27)(cid:15)(cid:26)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:17)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:48)(cid:51)(cid:20)(cid:23)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:7)(cid:20)(cid:15)(cid:20)(cid:22)(cid:26)(cid:17)(cid:24)(cid:19)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3) (cid:86)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:82)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:38)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:7)(cid:20)(cid:15)(cid:20)(cid:22)(cid:26)(cid:17)(cid:24)(cid:19)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:48)(cid:51)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:92)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3) (cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:44)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:89)(cid:82)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:74)(cid:75)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:74)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:17)(cid:3) (cid:1005)(cid:1008)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:286)(cid:336)(cid:437)(cid:367)(cid:258)(cid:396)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:381)(cid:374)(cid:410)(cid:346)(cid:367)(cid:455)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:258)(cid:455)(cid:373)(cid:286)(cid:374)(cid:410)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) Case 3:18-ap-90060 Doc 41 Filed 11/04/20 Entered 11/04/20 15:58:03 Desc Main Document Page 6 of 18 (cid:25)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:58)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:69)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:78)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:15)(cid:20)(cid:24)(cid:3) (cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:178)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3) (cid:47)(cid:82)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:38)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:178)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:92)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:182)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3) (cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:82)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:38)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:182)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:82)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:58)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:3) (cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3) (cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:34)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:58)(cid:75)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:82)(cid:69)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:34)(cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:43)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:74)(cid:75)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:82)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:38)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:182)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:74)(cid:75)(cid:3) (cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:74)(cid:75)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:27)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3) (cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:84)(cid:88)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:22)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:11)(cid:70)(cid:12). In re Gorman(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:23)(cid:28)(cid:24)(cid:3)(cid:37)(cid:17)(cid:53)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:27)(cid:21)(cid:22)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:27)(cid:22)(cid:21)(cid:16)(cid:22)(cid:23)(cid:3) (cid:11)(cid:37)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:40)(cid:17)(cid:39)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:81)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:22)(cid:12)(cid:30)(cid:3)see also(cid:3)B-Line, LLC v. Wingerter (In re Wingerter)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:28)(cid:23)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:17)(cid:22)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:28)(cid:22)(cid:20)(cid:3) (cid:11)(cid:25)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:19)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)Heath v. Am. Express Travel Related Servs. Co. (In re Heath)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:22)(cid:22)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:37)(cid:17)(cid:53)(cid:17)(cid:3) (cid:23)(cid:21)(cid:23)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:23)(cid:22)(cid:24)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:37)(cid:17)(cid:36)(cid:17)(cid:51)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:28)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:24)(cid:12)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:179)(cid:72)(cid:91)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:90)(cid:180)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:179)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:16)(cid:72)(cid:91)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:90)(cid:17)(cid:180)(cid:3)(cid:3) Gorman(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:23)(cid:28)(cid:24)(cid:3)(cid:37)(cid:17)(cid:53)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:27)(cid:22)(cid:21)(cid:16)(cid:22)(cid:22)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:37)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:82)(cid:91)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:84)(cid:88)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3) (cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:36)(cid:71)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:179)(cid:72)(cid:91)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:90)(cid:180)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:84)(cid:88)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:179)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:62)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:64)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:86)(cid:3) (cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:56)(cid:17)(cid:54)(cid:17)(cid:38)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:134)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:11)(cid:69)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:69)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:73)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:17)(cid:180)(cid:3)(cid:3)Id.(cid:20)(cid:25)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3) (cid:3) 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Fort Ord Gen. Credit Union (In re G. 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Filed 11/04/20 Entered 11/04/20 15:58:03 Desc Main Document Page 11 of 18 (cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:3) (cid:54)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:73)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:82)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:92)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:3) 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some(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:73)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:62)(cid:76)(cid:64)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:17)(cid:180)(cid:3)(cid:3)In re Wilkinson(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:23)(cid:24)(cid:26)(cid:3) (cid:37)(cid:17)(cid:53)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:22)(cid:19)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:23)(cid:23)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:37)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:58)(cid:17)(cid:39)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:72)(cid:91)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:70)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)Saucier v. Capitol One (In re Saucier)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:22)(cid:25)(cid:25)(cid:3) (cid:37)(cid:17)(cid:53)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:19)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:24)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:37)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:49)(cid:17)(cid:39)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:26)(cid:12)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)Wilkinson(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3) (cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:182)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:75)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)Id. (cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3) (cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3) (cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:69)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)Id. (cid:36)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:179)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:75)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:84)(cid:88)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:75)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:17)(cid:180)(cid:3)(cid:3)Id. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc. v. Terlecky (In re Fusco)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:49)(cid:82)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:19)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:27)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:27)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:27)(cid:3)(cid:37)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:40)(cid:59)(cid:44)(cid:54)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:22)(cid:25)(cid:21)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:20)(cid:26)(cid:16)(cid:20)(cid:27)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:37)(cid:17)(cid:36)(cid:17)(cid:51)(cid:17)(cid:3) (cid:25)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:27)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:36)(cid:79)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:74)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:92)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:37)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:70)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:88)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:179)(cid:38)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:82)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3) (cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:26)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:23)(cid:11)(cid:69)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:22)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:43)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:84)(cid:88)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:74)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:15)(cid:3) (cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:17)(cid:180)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:44)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:76)(cid:78)(cid:72)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:26)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:23)(cid:11)(cid:69)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:22)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3) (cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:3) 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(cid:258)(cid:282)(cid:448)(cid:286)(cid:396)(cid:400)(cid:258)(cid:396)(cid:455)(cid:853)(cid:3)(cid:346)(cid:258)(cid:396)(cid:373)(cid:349)(cid:374)(cid:336)(cid:3)(cid:410)(cid:346)(cid:286)(cid:3)(cid:272)(cid:396)(cid:286)(cid:282)(cid:349)(cid:410)(cid:381)(cid:396)(cid:3)(cid:449)(cid:346)(cid:381)(cid:3)(cid:346)(cid:258)(cid:282)(cid:3)(cid:374)(cid:381)(cid:3)(cid:374)(cid:381)(cid:410)(cid:349)(cid:272)(cid:286)(cid:856)(cid:895)(cid:856)(cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:3) Case 3:18-ap-90060 Doc 41 Filed 11/04/20 Entered 11/04/20 15:58:03 Desc Main Document Page 12 of 18 (cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:3) 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(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:178)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)Crow v. Ocwen Loan Servicing, LLC (In re Crow)(cid:15)(cid:3) (cid:49)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:19)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:22)(cid:20)(cid:26)(cid:28)(cid:27)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:22)(cid:16)(cid:22)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:37)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:40)(cid:59)(cid:44)(cid:54)(cid:3)(cid:22)(cid:25)(cid:21)(cid:22)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:58)(cid:47)(cid:3)(cid:23)(cid:25)(cid:25)(cid:27)(cid:24)(cid:24)(cid:27)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:20)(cid:23)(cid:16)(cid:20)(cid:24)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:37)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:49)(cid:17)(cid:39)(cid:17)(cid:3) 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(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:182)(cid:3)(cid:3)Saucier(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:22)(cid:25)(cid:25)(cid:3)(cid:37)(cid:17)(cid:53)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:23)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:26)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:23)(cid:11)(cid:69)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:22)(cid:12)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:182)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:82)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:3) (cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:17)(cid:180)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:58)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:89)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:84)(cid:88)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:3) (cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:26)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:23)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)Compare Wilkinson(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:23)(cid:24)(cid:26)(cid:3)(cid:37)(cid:17)(cid:53)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:23)(cid:23)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74) Countrywide(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:27)(cid:3) (cid:37)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:40)(cid:59)(cid:44)(cid:54)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:22)(cid:25)(cid:21)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:16)(cid:20)(cid:27)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:37)(cid:17)(cid:36)(cid:17)(cid:51)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:25)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:27)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3) (cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:84)(cid:88)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:84)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:25)(cid:19)(cid:11)(cid:69)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:23)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:16) (cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:26)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:23)(cid:11)(cid:69)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:22)(cid:12)(cid:12)(cid:12)(cid:15) with Saucier(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:22)(cid:25)(cid:25)(cid:3)(cid:37)(cid:17)(cid:53)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:24)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:179)(cid:44)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:16)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:15)(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:1006)(cid:1008)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:437)(cid:367)(cid:286)(cid:3)(cid:1011)(cid:1004)(cid:1004)(cid:1008)(cid:894)(cid:271)(cid:895)(cid:894)(cid:1007)(cid:895)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:396)(cid:381)(cid:272)(cid:286)(cid:400)(cid:400)(cid:854)(cid:3)(cid:94)(cid:286)(cid:396)(cid:448)(cid:349)(cid:272)(cid:286)(cid:3)(cid:381)(cid:296)(cid:3)(cid:94)(cid:437)(cid:373)(cid:373)(cid:381)(cid:374)(cid:400)(cid:853)(cid:3)(cid:18)(cid:381)(cid:373)(cid:393)(cid:367)(cid:258)(cid:349)(cid:374)(cid:410)(cid:856)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:862)(cid:104)(cid:393)(cid:381)(cid:374)(cid:3)(cid:258)(cid:3)(cid:282)(cid:381)(cid:373)(cid:286)(cid:400)(cid:410)(cid:349)(cid:272)(cid:3)(cid:381)(cid:396)(cid:3)(cid:296)(cid:381)(cid:396)(cid:286)(cid:349)(cid:336)(cid:374)(cid:3)(cid:272)(cid:381)(cid:396)(cid:393)(cid:381)(cid:396)(cid:258)(cid:410)(cid:349)(cid:381)(cid:374)(cid:3)(cid:381)(cid:396)(cid:3)(cid:437)(cid:393)(cid:381)(cid:374)(cid:3)(cid:258)(cid:3) (cid:393)(cid:258)(cid:396)(cid:410)(cid:374)(cid:286)(cid:396)(cid:400)(cid:346)(cid:349)(cid:393)(cid:3)(cid:381)(cid:396)(cid:3)(cid:381)(cid:410)(cid:346)(cid:286)(cid:396)(cid:3)(cid:437)(cid:374)(cid:349)(cid:374)(cid:272)(cid:381)(cid:396)(cid:393)(cid:381)(cid:396)(cid:258)(cid:410)(cid:286)(cid:282)(cid:3)(cid:258)(cid:400)(cid:400)(cid:381)(cid:272)(cid:349)(cid:258)(cid:410)(cid:349)(cid:381)(cid:374)(cid:853)(cid:3)(cid:271)(cid:455)(cid:3)(cid:373)(cid:258)(cid:349)(cid:367)(cid:349)(cid:374)(cid:336)(cid:3)(cid:258)(cid:3)(cid:272)(cid:381)(cid:393)(cid:455)(cid:3)(cid:381)(cid:296)(cid:3)(cid:410)(cid:346)(cid:286)(cid:3)(cid:400)(cid:437)(cid:373)(cid:373)(cid:381)(cid:374)(cid:400)(cid:3)(cid:258)(cid:374)(cid:282)(cid:3)(cid:272)(cid:381)(cid:373)(cid:393)(cid:367)(cid:258)(cid:349)(cid:374)(cid:410)(cid:3)(cid:410)(cid:381)(cid:3)(cid:410)(cid:346)(cid:286)(cid:3)(cid:258)(cid:410)(cid:410)(cid:286)(cid:374)(cid:410)(cid:349)(cid:381)(cid:374)(cid:3) (cid:381)(cid:296)(cid:3)(cid:258)(cid:374)(cid:3)(cid:381)(cid:296)(cid:296)(cid:349)(cid:272)(cid:286)(cid:396)(cid:853)(cid:3)(cid:258)(cid:3)(cid:373)(cid:258)(cid:374)(cid:258)(cid:336)(cid:349)(cid:374)(cid:336)(cid:3)(cid:381)(cid:396)(cid:3)(cid:336)(cid:286)(cid:374)(cid:286)(cid:396)(cid:258)(cid:367)(cid:3)(cid:258)(cid:336)(cid:286)(cid:374)(cid:410)(cid:853)(cid:3)(cid:381)(cid:396)(cid:3)(cid:410)(cid:381)(cid:3)(cid:258)(cid:374)(cid:455)(cid:3)(cid:381)(cid:410)(cid:346)(cid:286)(cid:396)(cid:3)(cid:258)(cid:336)(cid:286)(cid:374)(cid:410)(cid:3)(cid:258)(cid:437)(cid:410)(cid:346)(cid:381)(cid:396)(cid:349)(cid:460)(cid:286)(cid:282)(cid:3)(cid:271)(cid:455)(cid:3)(cid:258)(cid:393)(cid:393)(cid:381)(cid:349)(cid:374)(cid:410)(cid:373)(cid:286)(cid:374)(cid:410)(cid:3)(cid:381)(cid:396)(cid:3)(cid:271)(cid:455)(cid:3)(cid:367)(cid:258)(cid:449)(cid:3)(cid:410)(cid:381)(cid:3)(cid:396)(cid:286)(cid:272)(cid:286)(cid:349)(cid:448)(cid:286)(cid:3) (cid:400)(cid:286)(cid:396)(cid:448)(cid:349)(cid:272)(cid:286)(cid:3)(cid:381)(cid:296)(cid:3)(cid:393)(cid:396)(cid:381)(cid:272)(cid:286)(cid:400)(cid:400)(cid:3)(cid:258)(cid:374)(cid:282)(cid:853)(cid:3)(cid:349)(cid:296)(cid:3)(cid:410)(cid:346)(cid:286)(cid:3)(cid:258)(cid:336)(cid:286)(cid:374)(cid:410)(cid:3)(cid:349)(cid:400)(cid:3)(cid:381)(cid:374)(cid:286)(cid:3)(cid:258)(cid:437)(cid:410)(cid:346)(cid:381)(cid:396)(cid:349)(cid:460)(cid:286)(cid:282)(cid:3)(cid:271)(cid:455)(cid:3)(cid:400)(cid:410)(cid:258)(cid:410)(cid:437)(cid:410)(cid:286)(cid:3)(cid:410)(cid:381)(cid:3)(cid:396)(cid:286)(cid:272)(cid:286)(cid:349)(cid:448)(cid:286)(cid:3)(cid:400)(cid:286)(cid:396)(cid:448)(cid:349)(cid:272)(cid:286)(cid:3)(cid:258)(cid:374)(cid:282)(cid:3)(cid:410)(cid:346)(cid:286)(cid:3)(cid:400)(cid:410)(cid:258)(cid:410)(cid:437)(cid:410)(cid:286)(cid:3)(cid:400)(cid:381)(cid:3)(cid:396)(cid:286)(cid:395)(cid:437)(cid:349)(cid:396)(cid:286)(cid:400)(cid:853)(cid:3)(cid:271)(cid:455)(cid:3) (cid:258)(cid:367)(cid:400)(cid:381)(cid:3)(cid:373)(cid:258)(cid:349)(cid:367)(cid:349)(cid:374)(cid:336)(cid:3)(cid:258)(cid:3)(cid:272)(cid:381)(cid:393)(cid:455)(cid:3)(cid:410)(cid:381)(cid:3)(cid:410)(cid:346)(cid:286)(cid:3)(cid:282)(cid:286)(cid:296)(cid:286)(cid:374)(cid:282)(cid:258)(cid:374)(cid:410)(cid:856)(cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:3) Case 3:18-ap-90060 Doc 41 Filed 11/04/20 Entered 11/04/20 15:58:03 Desc Main Document Page 13 of 18 (cid:20)(cid:22)(cid:3) (cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:83)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:86)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:182)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:69)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:84)(cid:88)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:37)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:70)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:26)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:23)(cid:11)(cid:69)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:22)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:77)(cid:88)(cid:71)(cid:74)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:87)(cid:3) (cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:180)(cid:12)(cid:30)(cid:3)In re Schoon(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:24)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:37)(cid:17)(cid:53)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:23)(cid:27)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:23)(cid:28)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:37)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:49)(cid:17)(cid:39)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:28)(cid:22)(cid:12)(cid:30)(cid:3)In re Ochoa(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:22)(cid:28)(cid:28)(cid:3)(cid:37)(cid:17)(cid:53)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:25)(cid:22)(cid:15)(cid:3) (cid:24)(cid:25)(cid:28)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:37)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:17)(cid:39)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:28)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:179)(cid:39)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3) (cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:70)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3) (cid:68)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:26)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:23)(cid:11)(cid:69)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:22)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:90)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:87)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:92)(cid:86)(cid:3) (cid:80)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3) (cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:17)(cid:180)(cid:12)(cid:30)(cid:3)In re Pittman Mechanical Contractors, Inc.(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:27)(cid:19)(cid:3)(cid:37)(cid:17)(cid:53)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:23)(cid:24)(cid:22)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:23)(cid:24)(cid:23)(cid:16)(cid:24)(cid:26)(cid:3) (cid:11)(cid:37)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:40)(cid:17)(cid:39)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:57)(cid:68)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:28)(cid:24)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:179)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:55)(cid:49)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:73)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:180)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:88)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:73)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:182)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:78)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3) (cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:73)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:3) (cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:88)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:86)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:82)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:78)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:78)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:37)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:92)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:3) (cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:74)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:88)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:76)(cid:91)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:88)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:92)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:71)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3) (cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:84)(cid:88)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:92)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:75)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:78)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3) (cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:73)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:84)(cid:88)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:78)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:42)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3) (cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:84)(cid:88)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:179)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:180)(cid:3) (cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:92)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:73)(cid:72)(cid:74)(cid:88)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:75)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)Mullane v. Cent. Hanover Bank & Tr. Co.(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:22)(cid:22)(cid:28)(cid:3)(cid:56)(cid:17)(cid:54)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:22)(cid:19)(cid:25)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:22)(cid:20)(cid:23)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:24)(cid:19)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:179)(cid:36)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3) (cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:84)(cid:88)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:70)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:92)(cid:3) (cid:3) Case 3:18-ap-90060 Doc 41 Filed 11/04/20 Entered 11/04/20 15:58:03 Desc Main Document Page 14 of 18 (cid:20)(cid:23)(cid:3) (cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:73)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:69)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:17)(cid:180)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:58)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:78)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:182)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:3) (cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:26)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:23)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)See, e.g.(cid:15)(cid:3)Hogrobrooks v. Educational Mgmt. Co. (In re Hogrobrooks)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:49)(cid:82)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:28)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:22)(cid:21)(cid:23)(cid:26)(cid:25)(cid:16)(cid:46)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:25)(cid:3)(cid:58)(cid:47)(cid:3)(cid:25)(cid:25)(cid:22)(cid:19)(cid:25)(cid:27)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:37)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:58)(cid:17)(cid:39)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:81)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:25)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:25)(cid:12)(cid:15)(cid:3) aff’d sub nom(cid:17)(cid:3)Hogrobrooks v. Texas Guaranteed Student Loan Corp.(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:49)(cid:82)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:19)(cid:26)(cid:16)(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:27)(cid:3)(cid:58)(cid:47)(cid:3) (cid:23)(cid:23)(cid:23)(cid:21)(cid:24)(cid:23)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:58)(cid:17)(cid:39)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:81)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:24)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:27)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:179)(cid:44)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:74)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:42)(cid:54)(cid:47)(cid:38)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3) (cid:70)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:86)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:43)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:69)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:82)(cid:78)(cid:86)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:49)(cid:50)(cid:55)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:3) (cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:49)(cid:50)(cid:53)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:76)(cid:17)(cid:72)(cid:17)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:3) (cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:84)(cid:88)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:40)(cid:39)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:37)(cid:36)(cid:49)(cid:46)(cid:53)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:26)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:23)(cid:17)(cid:25)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:3) (cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:91)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:77)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:84)(cid:88)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:73)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:83)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:90)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)See, e.g.,(cid:3)Omni Capital Intern. v. Rudolf Wolff & Co., Ltd.(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:23)(cid:27)(cid:23)(cid:3)(cid:56)(cid:17)(cid:54)(cid:17)(cid:3) (cid:28)(cid:26)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:19)(cid:23)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:27)(cid:26)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:70)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3) (cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:84)(cid:88)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3) (cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:40)(cid:39)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:37)(cid:36)(cid:49)(cid:46)(cid:53)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:26)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:23)(cid:11)(cid:68)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:180)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:43)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:78)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3) (cid:47)(cid:82)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:38)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:182)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3) (cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:69)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:69)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:182)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:38)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:178)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3) (cid:69)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:78)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:73)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3) (cid:3) Case 3:18-ap-90060 Doc 41 Filed 11/04/20 Entered 11/04/20 15:58:03 Desc Main Document Page 15 of 18 (cid:20)(cid:24)(cid:3) (cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:69)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3) (cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:26)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:23)(cid:11)(cid:69)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:22)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:89)(cid:82)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:44)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:88)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3) (cid:53)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:26)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:23)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:73)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:40)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:88)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:17)(cid:3)In re Tudor(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:27)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:37)(cid:17)(cid:53)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:23)(cid:25)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:37)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3) (cid:54)(cid:17)(cid:39)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:42)(cid:68)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:3) (cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:182)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:84)(cid:88)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:26)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:23)(cid:11)(cid:69)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:22)(cid:12)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:75)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:3) (cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)Tudor(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:78)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:22)(cid:3) (cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)Tudor(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:73)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:90)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:92)(cid:86)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)Tudor (cid:70)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3) (cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)behalf(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:82)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:38)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)Id. (cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:23)(cid:27)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3) Tudor (cid:70)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:182)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:7)(cid:22)(cid:15)(cid:26)(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:17)(cid:22)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:82)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:38)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:182)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3) (cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:73)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)Tudor(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:78)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:56)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:39)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:182)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:73)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:26)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:23)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:3) (cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:44)(cid:44)(cid:44)(cid:17)(cid:3) (cid:39)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:134)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:19)(cid:25)(cid:11)(cid:71)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:78)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:69)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:3) (cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:134)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:19)(cid:25)(cid:11)(cid:71)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:3) (cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)In re Lee(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:23)(cid:28)(cid:3)(cid:37)(cid:17)(cid:53)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:27)(cid:25)(cid:23)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:27)(cid:25)(cid:25)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:37)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:49)(cid:17)(cid:39)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:179)(cid:62)(cid:55)(cid:64)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:83)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:134)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:19)(cid:25)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:91)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:3) (cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:44)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:89)(cid:82)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:17)(cid:180)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:76)(cid:91)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:40)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:75)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:88)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3) (cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:82)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:69)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:71)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:39)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:92)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:44)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:49)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3) (cid:38)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)See(cid:3)Oudomsouk v. Bank of Am. N.A. (In re Oudomsouk)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:23)(cid:27)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:37)(cid:17)(cid:53)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:19)(cid:28)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:37)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:17)(cid:39)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:81)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:44)(cid:81)(cid:3) Oudomsouk(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:37)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:179)(cid:37)(cid:50)(cid:36)(cid:180)(cid:12)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:3) Case 3:18-ap-90060 Doc 41 Filed 11/04/20 Entered 11/04/20 15:58:03 Desc Main Document Page 16 of 18 (cid:20)(cid:25)(cid:3) (cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:182)(cid:86)(cid:3) (cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:88)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:77)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)Id.(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:74)(cid:75)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:3) (cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:37)(cid:50)(cid:36)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:134)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:19)(cid:25)(cid:11)(cid:71)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:82)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3) Id. (cid:45)(cid:88)(cid:71)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:69)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:77)(cid:88)(cid:71)(cid:74)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:134)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:19)(cid:25)(cid:11)(cid:71)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:82)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)Id.(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3) (cid:24)(cid:19)(cid:25)(cid:11)(cid:71)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:71)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:88)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:88)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:73)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:3) (cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:73)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:70)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:78)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:72). See, e.g.(cid:15)(cid:3)Hamlett v. Amsouth Bank (In re Hamlett)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:22)(cid:21)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:17)(cid:22)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:22)(cid:23)(cid:21)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:22)(cid:23)(cid:27)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:23)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:76)(cid:85)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:22)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:91)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:88)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:179)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:88)(cid:69)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:180)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3) (cid:44)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)Oudomsouk(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:73)(cid:73)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:3) (cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:84)(cid:88)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:68)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:45)(cid:88)(cid:71)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:69)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:81)(cid:182)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:75)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3) (cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:92)(cid:3) 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(cid:3) (cid:3) Case 3:18-ap-90060 Doc 41 Filed 11/04/20 Entered 11/04/20 15:58:03 Desc Main Document Page 18 of 18 This Order has been electronically signed. The Judge's signature and Court's seal appear at the top of the first page. United States Bankruptcy Court. (cid:20)(cid:27)(cid:3)

=== Program Description ===

Honorable Charles M. Walker United States Bankruptcy Court Middle District of Tennessee Nashville Division Judicial Externship Program Judge Walker employs law students on a volunteer basis as judicial externs in his chambers on a semester basis. The externs are supervised by Judge Walker’s career law clerk, Mary Wilson. Also providing chambers staff support is Judge Walker’s paralegal, Leah Johnson. The externs are provided training in motion briefing and docket preparation, research, issue identification, case management, court decorum, and various other duties performed by law clerks to federal judges. The externs work closely with chambers staff, specifically the law clerk, and are afforded opportunities to participate in discussion with Judge Walker regarding pending matters and rulings, as well as attend court sessions including motion dockets, evidentiary hearings, including trials, and oral arguments. The program has been described as a training format for federal judicial law clerks and several externs have gone on to judicial law clerk appointments. Judge Walker hires 1-3 externs per semester and encourages collaboration between the students on projects. The externs will also become part of Judge Walker’s extern “family” – a network that is encouraged and maintained by chambers staff.

=== Code of Conduct for Externs ===

§ 550.45 Student Volunteers 1. (a)Student volunteers include interns, externs, and cooperative education and fellowship program participants. See: § 550.27. 1. (1)Intern and extern programs are typically informal and vary in length, from a few weeks, summer, semester, or academic year. 2. (2)Cooperative education and fellowship programs are formal programs in which qualifying students receive small stipends or transportation allowances while engaging in practical work experiences for public or non-profit organizations. Students usually receive academic credit in addition to stipends and allowances. 2. (b)Responsibilities of the Court Unit or FPDO 1. (1)Work with the school as appropriate to formulate a work experience that meets certain educational standards; 2. (2)Before any voluntary services begin, execute a Form AO 196B, Student Volunteer Agreement and Waiver, to: 1. (A)clearly define the relationship of the student with the court unit or FPDO; and 2. (B)state that the court unit or FPDO will submit an evaluation of the student’s progress upon program completion, if requested. 3. (3)Control access to non-public judiciary information systems for student volunteers, as provided in Guide, Vol. 15, § 330.20.10. 4. (4)Maintain local personnel files, along with any comments or observations made about the student, to facilitate responses to reference checks from potential future employers. 3. (c)Responsibilities of the Student Volunteer Before any voluntary services begin, a student must complete Form AO 196B, Student Volunteer Agreement and Waiver, agreeing to: 1. 2. 3. (1)Serve on a voluntary basis; (2)Waive any claim to receive salary or fringe benefits; (3)Retain no personal copyright privileges in any work project prepared for the court during employment; 4. (4)Maintain the confidential nature of any information that the student obtains or has access to during the student’s service; 5. (5)Give consent for the judiciary to request and access any academic, conduct, and disciplinary records from any school that the student volunteer has attended or is currently attending; and 6. (6)Only access non-public judiciary information technology systems consistent with the requirements of Guide, Vol. 15, § 330.20.10.

=== Service of Motions to Avoid Liens ===

SERVICE OF MOTIONS TO AVOID LIEN(S) In cases assigned to Judge Walker, service of all motions to avoid liens pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 506 or § 522(f) MUST comply with Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure 4003(d) and 9014(b). The motion, notice and supporting documents must be served on the holder of the lien to be avoided in the same manner as service of a summons and complaint under Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 7004. Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 4003(d) requires that “[a] proceeding under § 522(f) to avoid a lien or other transfer of property exempt under the Code shall be commenced by motion in the manner provided by Rule 9014, or by serving a chapter 12 or chapter 13 plan on the affected creditors in the manner provided by Rule 7004 for service of summons and complaint.” Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 9014(b) requires that “[t]he motion shall be served in the manner provided for service of a summons and complaint by Rule 7004 and within the time determined under Rule 9006(d).” For proper service of a summons, see generally FED. R. BANKR. P. 7004 and FED. R. CIV. P. 4. Some common service rules: (i) Service upon the debtor must also be made upon debtor's counsel; (ii) Service upon a business entity must be directed to named officer, managing or general agent, or other agent authorized to receive service of process; 1 1 [S]ervice upon unnamed corporate officers does not comply with the applicable rules. Pursuant to F.R.B.P. 7004(b)(3) and 7004(h), a moving party must serve the appropriate named officer of the lienholder. Service that is not upon a named officer is not valid. In re Schoon, 153 B.R. 48 (Bankr. N.D. Cal. 1993) (denying a motion to avoid a lien under section 522(f) that was served upon “Attn: President”); In re Franchi, 451 B.R. 604 (Bankr. S.D. Fla. 2011) (denying a motion to avoid a lien because the debtor improperly served it upon “Any Officer Authorized to Accept Service” and holding that “service under Rule 7004(h) is not effected by serving an unnamed title or using language such as ‘any other officer or agent entitled to receive service.’ Service under Rule 7004(h) must be upon a named officer of the institution unless one of the three enumerated exceptions in that Rule apply.”); Addison v. Gibson Equip. Co. (In re Pittman Mechanical Contractors), 180 B.R. 453 (Bankr. E.D. Va 1995) (following Schoon and granting a motion to set aside a default judgment because the summons and complaint were improperly served upon “Attn: President or Corporate Officer”). . . In re Forester, No. 6:10-BK-16163-WJ, 2021 WL 603378, at *2 (Bankr. C.D. Cal. Feb. 10, 2021) 1 (iii) With certain exceptions, service upon an FDIC insured financial institution must be made by certified mail on an officer of the institution; (iv) Service upon the United States must include service upon the local U.S. Attorney and upon the United States Attorney General. The following FDIC locator tool may be helpful in determining whether an entity is an FDIC insured institution: http://www2.fdic.gov/idasp/main.asp or http://research.fdic.gov/bankfind/ 2