The Trouble with <i>Zahn</i>: Progeny of <i>Snyder v. Harris</i> Further Cripples Class Actions

I. Introduction II. Snyder and the Class Action … A. Development of Class Actions … B. Rule 23(b)(3) and Federal Questions … C. An Environmental Case Study … D. Class Actions in State Courts … E. "Jurisdictional Amount" vs. "Case or Controversy" III. Ancillary Jurisdiction, Class Actions, and Joinder of Parties … A. Ancillary and Pendent Jurisdiction … B. Scope of Ancillary and Pendent Jurisdiction … C. Zahn in the Trial Court … D. Issues Raised on Interlocutory Appeal in Zahn … E. Zahn and Ancillary Jurisdiction … F. The Ben-Hur Doctrine—Does It Still Live? IV. Conclusion