The Labor Exemption to the Antitrust Laws Applied to Employers' Labor Market Restraints in Sports and Non-sports Markets

This Article addresses the application of the antitrust laws to employers' labor market restraints. The most visible and litigated employers' restraints involve restrictions on professional athletes. Employers' restraints, however, are not limited to the sports world. Firms in any industry may seek to reduce wages, or otherwise lower labor costs, by agreement with competitors.

Cooperation may take the form of multi-employer bargaining units or may involve less structured and more secret forms of agreement.' When competitors agree to restrict competition, the antitrust laws are implicated.