Deference Revisited: Politics as a Determinant of Deference Doctrine and the End of the Apparent Chevron Consensus

I. Introduction II. Deference Principles before Chevron … A. The Foundations of the Deference Debate ... 1. The Deferential Position—How Much Real Deference? ... 2. The Independent Position—Was Deference Rejected? ... B. The Deference Debate from the Foundation to Chevron … C. Lessons from the Pre-Chevron Era III. Deference Principles Following Chevron … A. The Chevron Decision ... B. The Reaction to Chevron … 1. Does Chevron Change Deference Doctrine? ... 2. Politics and Deference in the 1980s ... C. Deference in the Supreme Court after Chevron … 1. Traditional Deference Decisions ... 2. Strong Deference Decisions ... 3. Determining Statutory Ambiguity—The New Deference Battleground IV. Conclusion