Criminalization as Governance in the American Racial State

Reviewing: ELY AARONSON, FROM SLAVE ABUSE TO HATE CRIME: THE CRIMINALIZATION OF RACIAL VIOLENCE IN AMERICAN HISTORY (CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS 2014); NAOMI MURAKAWA, THE FIRST CIVIL RIGHT: HOW LIBERALS BUILT PRISON AMERICA (OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2014); RENEE C. ROMANO, RACIAL RECKONING: PROSECUTING AMERICA’S CIVIL RIGHTS MURDERS (HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2014).