Uniform Fine Schedule

Rules of the Supreme Court of Virginia

Rule: 3B:2

Jurisdiction: VA

Bluebook Citation: Va. Sup. Ct. R. 3B:2

For any offense listed below, whether prescribed by the specified State statute or by a parallel local ordinance adopted pursuant to the authority granted in Virginia Code § 46.2-1300, a driver may enter a written appearance, waiver of court hearing, plea of guilty, and pay fines and costs. For traffic offenses not listed below, a court hearing is required. Nothing in this Rule affects bonding procedures for those offenses not listed below. Likewise, nothing in this Rule should be construed to alter the operation of or the penalties prescribed pursuant to §§ 46.2-1220 through 46.2-1230. This schedule is applied uniformly throughout the Commonwealth, and a clerk or magistrate may not impose a fine different from the amounts shown here. Costs must be paid in accordance with the provisions of the Code of Virginia or any rules or regulations promulgated thereunder. This schedule does not restrict the fine a judge may impose for an offense listed here in any case for which there is a court hearing. Statute or Regulation ---------------- Fine ------- Processing** Fee*** ----------------- Total -------- Description of Offense* ------------- 1. Speed Violations Exceeding the speed limit Exceeding the speed limit in a school crossing 46.2-870 to 46.2-872, 46.2-873.1 to 46.2-876 46.2-873 Exceeding the speed limit in a highway work zone 46.2-878.1 Exceeding the speed limit in a photo-monitored school crossing or highway work zone by at least 10 mph Exceeding speed limits set by Transportation Commissioner 46.2-873 46.2-878.1 46.2-882.1 46.2-878 $ 6 per mile over speed limit $ 7 per mile over speed limit $ 7 per mile over speed limit $51 $51 $51 $100 $51 $151 $ 6 per mile over speed limit $51 Exceeding the speed limit in a residence district 46.2-878.2 Exceeding the speed limit in a 55 mph or 65 mph zone 46.2-870 Driving in excess of 80 mph but less than 86 mph in a 65 mph zone 46.2-878.3 Exceeding the speed limit on bridge 46.2-881 $200 plus $8 per mile over speed limit $ 6 per mile over speed limit $100 plus $6 per mile over speed limit $ 6 per mile over speed limit Impeding traffic by slow speed 46.2-877 $30 46.2-804(1) $100 Failure to drive at approximate speed authorized for lane in which vehicle is moving, on highway where slow moving traffic" lane is designated 2. Other Moving Offenses Moving violation committed in highway safety corridor 46.2-808.2 Double otherwise applicable fine Failure to obey highway sign 46.2-830 Coasting on downgrade with gears in neutral Driving more than 13 hours in a 24-hour period Causing or permitting vehicle to be driven more than 13 hours in a 24-hour period 46.2-811 46.2-812 46.2-812 $30 $30 $30 $30 Improper failure to drive on right side of highway 46.2-802 $100 Failure to move in designated direction on one-way roadway 46.2-806 Failure to drive to right of rotary traffic island Improper failure to keep right in crossing highway intersection 46.2-807 46.2-803 $30 $30 $30 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $81 $151 $81 $81 $81 $81 $81 $81 $81 $81 Improper failure to keep right in crossing highway intersection by railroad right of way Improper failure to observe lanes marked for traffic: - failure of slow moving traffic to keep right - improperly driving in center - changing lane without first ascertaining safety of move - improperly driving in center lane of 3-lane highway 46.2-803 $30 $51 $81 46.2-804(1) $100 46.2-804(2) $100 46.2-804(2) $100 $51 $51 $51 $151 $151 $151 46.2-804(3) $100 $51 $151 - improperly crossing solid line driver's lane 46.2-804(5) $100 - improperly crossing double solid line 46.2-804(6) $100 Disregard of lane direction control signal 46.2-805 Failure to obey traffic lights 46.2-833 Evasion of a traffic control device 46.2-833.1 Illegal right turn on red 46.2-835 Illegal left turn on red 46.2-836 $30 $100 $50 $50 $50 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $151 $151 $81 $151 $101 $101 $101 Improper passing: - failure to remain on right side of highway when meeting vehicle proceeding in opposite direction - driving too close to vehicle being overtaken in same direction - returning to right side of highway before safely clear of overtaken vehicle - improperly passing to the right of a vehicle proceeding in same direction 46.2-837 $30 $51 $81 46.2-838 $30 $51 $81 46.2-838 $30 $51 $81 46.2-841 $30 $51 $81 46.2-842 $30 $51 $81 46.2-842 $30 $51 $81 46.2-842.1 $30 $51 $81 46.2-843 46.2-843 $30 $30 $51 $51 $81 $81 46.2-843 $30 $51 $81 - failure to give way to the right to overtaking vehicle - improperly increasing speed when passed by overtaking vehicle - failure to give way to overtaking vehicle when driving abreast on divided highway - passing when left lane is not clearly visible - passing on left when oncoming traffic is too near to permit it in safety - truck or tractor and trailer impeding passage of following traffic by passing another truck or tractor and trailer on upgrade -passing stopped school bus 46.2-844 $250 $51 $301 46.2-816 $30 $51 $81 46.2-818.2(C) $125 $51 $176 46.2-845 $30 $51 $81 46.2-845 $30 $51 $81 Following too closely: - motor vehicle following a vehicle more closely than is reasonable or prudent -Holding a handheld personal communications device while driving Improper U turn: - within business district, city or town, U turn other than at intersection - U turn on a curve or approaching crest of hill where not visible to vehicles approaching in any direction within 500 feet Improper position or method of turning at intersection: - unauthorized right turn 46.2-846(A)(1) $30 $51 $81 from other than right hand curb or edge of roadway - on a two-way roadway, unauthorized left turn from other than lane nearest center line - on other than two-way roadway, unauthorized left turn from other than left-most available lane - failure to follow traffic control device of local authority Starting, backing, stopping or turning without first seeing that such a move can be made in safety Starting, backing, stopping or turning without giving required signal Improper signals Improper change of course after giving signal Failure to signal prior to moving standing vehicle into traffic Failure to yield right of way: - failure of driver on left to yield to driver on right entering intersection at same time - failure to obey "yield right of way" sign at intersection - failure of driver approaching or entering circular intersection to yield to driver already in the circle - failure to yield at uncontrolled "T" intersection 46.2-846(A)(2) $30 $51 $81 46.2-846(A)(3) $30 $51 $81 46.2-846(B) $30 $51 $81 46.2-848 $30 $51 $81 46.2-848 $30 $51 $81 46.2-849 46.2-850 46.2-851 $30 $30 $30 $51 $51 $51 $81 $81 $81 46.2-820 $30 $51 $81 46.2-821 $30 $51 $81 46.2-822 $30 $51 $81 46.2-824 $30 $51 $81 - failure of driver turning left to yield to oncoming vehicle - failure to stop and yield when entering public highway or sidewalk from private road, etc. - failure to yield to U.S. Armed Services, National Guard, etc. - failure to yield to funeral procession under police escort 46.2-825 $30 $51 $81 46.2-826 $30 $51 $81 46.2-827 $30 $51 $81 46.2-828 $30 $51 $81 - failure to yield right of way to emergency vehicle 46.2-829 - following too near fire apparatus 46.2-921 - driving over fire hose 46.2-922 46.2-924 $30 $30 $30 $30 $51 $51 $51 $51 $81 $81 $81 $81 - failure to yield to pedestrian in clearly marked crosswalk or at intersection - failure to yield to pedestrian boarding or alighting from a bus - failure to stop and yield when approaching intersection of highway controlled by stop sign - failure to slow down or stop and yield when approaching intersection on highway controlled by "yield right of way" sign Driving through pedestrian safety zone Failure to obey railroad warning signal Proceeding improperly at railroad grade crossing: 46.2-927 $30 $51 $81 46.2-821 $30 $51 $81 46.2-821 $30 $51 $81 46.2-814 46.2-884 $30 $30 $51 $51 $81 $81 - generally 46.2-885 $30 $51 $81 - vehicles carrying passengers for hire, school bus or truck with flammable or explosive cargo 46.2-886 $30 $51 $81 - tractor, steam shovel, etc. 46.2-887 Stopping bus or truck on highway to unload passengers or cargo 46.2-893 46.2-915.1 46.2-1030 Unlawful use of all-terrain vehicle Failure to display headlights at night or during time of poor visibility Driving with excessive lights for purpose of general illumination ahead of vehicle $30 $30 $30 $30 $51 $51 $51 $51 $81 $81 $81 $81 46.2-1030 $30 $51 $81 Failure to display warning lights properly 46.2-1030 $30 Failure to dim headlights 46.2-1034 Driving in violation of HOV Lane Restrictions 33.2-501(B) $30 $100 33.2-501(B)(1) $125 $51 $51 $51 $51 $81 $81 $151 $176 Driving in violation of HOV Lane Restrictions, Planning District Eight (first offense) Driving in violation of HOV Lane Restrictions, Planning District Eight (second offense within five years from a first offense) Driving in violation of HOV Lane Restrictions, Planning District Eight (third offense within five years from a first offense) Driving in violation of HOV Lane Restrictions, Planning District Eight (fourth offense within five years from a first offense) 33.2-501(B)(2) $250 $51 $301 33.2-501(B)(3) $500 $51 $551 33.2-501(B)(4) $1,000 $51 $1,051 Violations of 33.2-503(3) are only prepayable if unpaid tolls and all administrative fees imposed by the HOT lanes operator are paid in addition to the fines and court costs reflected here. Driving vehicle in violation 33.2-503(3) $50 $51 $101 33.2–503(3) $100 $51 $151 33.2-503(3) $250 $51 $301 33.2-503(3) $500 $51 $551 33.2-503(4) $125 $51 $176 33.2-503(4) $250 $51 $301 33.2-503(4) $500 $51 $551 33.2-503(4) $1,000 $51 $1,051 of HOT Lane Restrictions (first offense) Driving vehicle in violation Of HOT Lane Restrictions (second offense) Driving vehicle in violation of HOT Lane Restrictions (third offense within two years of second offense) Driving vehicle in violation of HOT Lane Restrictions (fourth and subsequent offense within three years from second offense) Driving vehicle in violation of HOT lane vehicle classification restrictions (first offense) Driving vehicle in violation of HOT lane vehicle classification restrictions (second offense within five years from a first offense) Driving vehicle in violation of HOT lane vehicle classification restrictions (third offense within five years from a first offense) Driving vehicle in violation of HOT lane vehicle classification restrictions (fourth and subsequent offense within five years from a first offense) 3. Equipment Violations Insufficient lighting equipment: - less than two proper headlights on autos, trucks, busses, etc. 46.2-1010 46.2-1011 $30 $30 $30 $30 $51 $51 $51 $51 $81 $81 $81 $81 - motorcycle without proper headlight 46.2-1012 - motorcycle with more than two headlights 46.2-1012 - improper rear lights 46.2-1013 - improper brake lights 46.2-1014 - improper lighting equipment on all other mobile equipment 46.2-1016 $30 $30 $30 $51 $51 $51 $81 $81 $81 Failure of car to be equipped with supplemental high mount stop light Improper dimension or marker lights: - generally - vehicles or loads exceeding 35 feet Spotlights or ditchlights - more than two - aimed left of highway center or more than 100 feet ahead of vehicle - unapproved type - use in conjunction with or in place of headlights, except in emergency - improper use of auxiliary lamps on emergency vehicles Headlights improperly aimed or of improper intensity: 46.2-1014.1 $30 $51 $81 46.2-1017 46.2-1018 46.2-1019 46.2-1019 46.2-1019 46.2-1019 $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $81 $81 $81 $81 $81 $81 46.2-1028 $30 $51 $81 - single beam headlights 46.2-1031 - multiple beam headlights 46.2-1032 Failure of car to be equipped with windshield defroster or defogger 46.2-1055.1 Inadequate brakes: - generally - bicycles - holding device 46.2-1066 46.2-1066 46.2-1068 $30 $30 $30 $30 $15 $30 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $81 $81 $81 $81 $66 $81 - motorcycles 46.2-1069 - trailers or semitrailers 46.2-1070 Improper alteration of suspension system 46.2-1063 Inadequate steering gear 46.2-1065 Inadequate horn 46.2-1059 Illegal siren, whistle or horn 46.2-1060 Use of speedometer not in good working order 46.2-1080 Improper painting and lettering on school bus 46.2-1089 Absence of or inadequate rear view mirrors: - generally - vehicle registered for passenger vehicular transportation 46.2-1082 46.2-1082 Insufficient rear fenders, flags or guards on trucks 46.2-1083 Improper signs on windshields, etc. 46.2-1052 Driver's view obstructed because of suspended objects or altered vehicle 46.2-1054 Inadequate windshield wipers 46.2-1055 Absence of required safety glass 46.2-1056 Absence of windshield 46.2-1057 Improper replacement of glass in vehicle 46.2-1058 Improper or inadequate tires: - violation of restrictions on solid rubber tires 46.2-1041 - operation of vehicle with insufficient tire tread 46.2-1043 $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $81 $81 $81 $81 $81 $81 $81 $81 $81 $81 $81 $81 $81 $81 $81 $81 $81 $81 $81 - improper use of studded tires 46.2-1044 Lack of or inadequate signal device 46.2-1038, 46.2-1039 Failure to use flashing signals when stopped on highway Inadequate exhaust system: 46.2-1040 - driver of vehicle 46.2-1049 - owner permitting or allowing operation of vehicle 46.2-1049 - vehicle without proper pollution control device 46.2-1048 - muffler cutout, straight exhaust or gutted muffler 46.2-1047 Operation of vehicle without securely affixed or properly located operator's seat 46.2-1084 Improper motorcycle steering mechanism 46.2-1085 Motorcycle without muffler 46.2-1050 Improper cooling unit 46.2-1088 Use of unapproved equipment 46.2-1002 Use of defective or unsafe equipment 46.2-1003 Operating vehicle not equipped with proper seat belts 46.2-1092 46.2-1158 46.2-1158 46.2-1158 Failure to have vehicle inspected Failure to correct defects discovered by inspection Driving after expiration of rejection inspection sticker 4. Parking or Stopping Violations Opening door of parked motor vehicle when not reasonably $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 $50 $50 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $81 $81 $81 $81 $81 $81 $81 $81 $81 $81 $81 $81 $81 $81 $81 $101 $101 46.2-818.1 $30 $51 $81 safe to do so Stopping or parking in violation of a highway sign for a driver to sleep or rest Vehicle improperly stopped or parked on highway - parked or stopped at or near fire or accident so as to cause traffic hazard or interfere with emergency operations 46.2-830.1 $20 $51 $71 46.2-888 $20 $51 $71 46.2-890 $20 $51 $71 Parking too near fire apparatus 46.2-921 $20 $51 $71 Failure to use proper warning device when vehicle disabled in highway: - bus, truck, trailer, house trailer, or mobile home 46.2-111 - vehicle transporting inflammable liquids - failure to use red flags when vehicle disabled 46.2-111 46.2-111 $20 $20 $20 $51 $51 $51 $71 $71 $71 46.2-1219.2 $20 $51 $71 46.2-1239 $20 $51 $71 Vehicle improperly parked in a VDOT owned commuter parking lot Parking in front of fire hydrant, or private driveway, near street corner, fire station, or rescue squad building and too close to intersection Failure to dim headlights on parked vehicle Vehicle parked or stopped on highway without lights at night or during low visibility Failure to set handbrake and turn wheels to curb on parked car Improper use of parking space reserved for persons with disabilities 46.2-1035 46.2-1037 $20 $20 $51 $51 $71 $71 46.2-1071 $20 $51 $71 46.2-1242 $150 $51 $201 5. Trucks and Hauling or Towing Vehicles Absence of flag or light at end of load of four feet or more (excluding violation on a two-lane highway where passing is permitted) Absence of flag or light at end of load of four feet or more on a two-lane highway where passing is permitted Failure to fasten load of logs, barrels, etc. Failure to prevent escape of vehicle contents Load extending too far beyond front (excluding violation on a two-lane highway where passing is permitted) Load extending too far beyond front on a two-lane highway where passing is permitted Load extending too far beyond sides Improper towing - improperly towing more than one trailer, etc. (excluding violation on a two-lane highway where passing is permitted) - towing without draw bar not exceeding 15 feet and emergency chain (excluding violation on a two-lane highway where passing is permitted) - improperly towing more than one trailer, etc., on a two-lane highway where passing is permitted - towing without draw bar not exceeding 15 feet and emergency chain on a two-lane highway where passing is permitted 46.2-1121 $30 $51 $81 46.2-1121 $250 $51 $301 46.2-1155 46.2-1156 46.2-1120 $30 $30 $30 $51 $51 $51 $81 $81 $81 46.2-1120 $30 $51 $81 46.2-1111 $250 $51 $301 46.2-1116 $30 $51 $81 46.2-1118 $30 $51 $81 46.2-1116 $250 $51 $301 46.2-1118 250 $51 $301 6. Pedestrian Violations Malicious or careless interference with vehicle passage 46.2-923 $15 $51 $66 Failure to observe pedestrian control signals Stepping into street where driver's vision obscured Soliciting rides Failure to walk on left edge of roadway where no sidewalk Unlawful loitering on bridge or highway right-of-way 46.2-925 46.2-926 46.2-929 46.2-928 46.2-930 Playing on streets or highways 46.2-932 7. Miscellaneous Offenses Unlawful riding of an animal at night 46.2-800.1 Improper abandonment of motor 46.2-1209 vehicle Failure to obtain registration 46.2-600 Failure to carry license or registration 46.2-104 Expiration of registration 46.2-613 Operate vehicle which is unregistered, untitled, or without plates/decals or with expired registration/license/decals 46.2-613(1) Possess, use or knowingly permit 46.2-613(2) use of registration card, license plate, or decal by anyone not entitled to it $15 $15 $15 $15 $15 $15 $30 $40 $25 $10 $25 $25 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $66 $66 $66 $66 $66 $66 $81 $91 $76 $61 $76 $76 $25 $51 $76 Possess, lend or knowingly permit use of registration card, license plate, or decal by anyone not entitled to it 46.2-613(3) $25 $51 $76 Expired registration 46.2-646 Pedestrian, bicycle, animal, 46.2-808 $25 $30 $51 $51 $76 $81 moped, prohibited vehicle on controlled access highway Operating motorcycle without headlight, horn or rearview mirror at certain times Operating or riding a motorcycle without helmet; operating motorcycle without face shield, goggles or safety windshield 46.2-912 $30 $51 $81 46.2-910(A) $25 $51 $76 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $81 $91 $91 $76 $66 $76 $76 $76 $301 $301 Occupation of trailer being towed on highways 46.2-813 Unlawful use of radar detection device 46.2-1079 Unlawful use of radar jamming device 46.2-1079 Unlawful use of earphones while operating vehicle 46.2-1078 Failure to display slow moving vehicle emblem 46.2-1081 $30 $40 $40 $25 $15 $25 $25 $25 46.2-711 46.2-715 46.2-716 46.2-1105 $250 46.2-1110 $250 Failure to display license plate Improper display of license plate License plate improperly fastened or obscured Vehicle exceeding width limitations Vehicle exceeding height limitations (excluding offenses of driving in violation of tunnel height restrictions and failure to report overhead bridge or structure collision) Vehicle exceeding length regulations (excluding violation on a two-lane highway where passing is permitted) Vehicle exceeding length regulations on a two-lane 46.2-1112 $250 $51 $301 46.2-1112 $250 $51 $301 highway where passing is permitted 8. Bicycle Violations Riding bicycle improperly on roadway 46.2-905 Carrying articles improperly on bicycle 46.2-906 Bicycle without proper headlight 46.2-1015 Bicycle without rear reflector or light 46.2-1015 Bicycle on highway without adequate brake 46.2-1066 $15 $15 $15 $15 $15 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $66 $66 $66 $66 $66 Regulation1 -------------- Fine ------ Processing** Fee*** ---------------- Total ------- Description of Offense* -------------- 9. Motor Carrier Offenses† (a.) General Violations Marking of motor vehicle Railroad crossing/stopping (b.) Driver Violations 49 C.F.R. § 390.21 49 C.F.R. § 392.10 No medical examiner's certificate 49 C.F.R. § 391.41 Improper medical examiner's certificate 49 C.F.R. § 391.43 Medical certificate invalid No medical waiver Ill/fatigued driver Possess alcoholic beverage 49 C.F.R. § 391.43 49 C.F.R. § 391.49 49 C.F.R. § 392.3 49 C.F.R. § 392.5 Violate 10-hour rule, 15-hour rule 49 C.F.R. § 395.3 $25 $100 $50 $50 $50 $50 $75 $100 $100 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $76 $151 $101 $101 $101 $101 $126 $151 $151 Violate 60/70 hour rule Log book violation (general) No log book Log book not current 49 C.F.R. § 395.3 49 C.F.R. § 395.8 49 C.F.R. § 395.8 49 C.F.R. § 395.8 Fail to retain previous seven days on log book 49 C.F.R. § 395.8 (c.) Equipment Violations Equipment - inspection/use Emergency equipment - inspection/use Safe loading (secured) 49 C.F.R. § 392.7 49 C.F.R. § 392.8 49 C.F.R. § 392.9 $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $50 $50 $100 Brakes - inoperative or missing 49 C.F.R. $100 Fuel tank securement Fuel leak/cap § 393.40 to § 393.52 49 C.F.R. § 393.65 49 C.F.R. § 393.67 Coupling/towing devices 49 C.F.R. §§ 393.70, 393.71 Defective tires/tire exceeds weight limit 49 C.F.R. § 393.75 Bus violations Front end structure Frame - cracked, loose, sagging, broken Cab/body components – defective 49 C.F.R. §§ 393.89 to 393.92 49 C.F.R. § 393.106 49 C.F.R. § 393.201 49 C.F.R. § 393.203 $50 $25 $50 $50 $50 $50 $100 $50 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $151 $151 $151 $151 $151 $101 $101 $151 $151 $101 $76 $101 $101 $101 $101 $151 $101 Wheels/rims defective Suspension – defective Steering system – defective Vehicle maintenance (general) 49 C.F.R. § 393.205 49 C.F.R. § 393.207 49 C.F.R. § 393.209 49 C.F.R. § 396.3 No driver vehicle inspection report 49 C.F.R. § 396.11 No periodic inspection 49 C.F.R. §§ 396.17 to 396.25 (d.) Hazardous Materials - Driving and Parking Fail to attend Division 1.1, 1.2 or 1.3 material 49 C.F.R. § 397.5 Fail to attend other hazardous materials class 49 C.F.R. § 397.5 Improper parking Division 1.1, 49 C.F.R. 1.2 or 1.3 material § 397.7, § 397.11 Improper parking other hazardous materials Fail to have route plan Smoking violations Instructions and document violations 49 C.F.R. § 397.7, § 397.11 49 C.F.R. § 397.67 49 C.F.R. § 397.13 49 C.F.R. § 397.19 $50 $50 $100 $100 $25 $25 $100 $100 $100 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $51 $101 $101 $151 $151 $76 $76 $151 $151 $151 $100 $51 $151 $100 $100 $100 $51 $51 $51 $151 $151 $151 __________ * The description of offense is for reference and is not a legal definition. ** Unless otherwise provided by statute. *** See §§ 9.1-106 and 53.1-120 of the Code. 1 The category “regulation” refers to the section of the Code of Federal Regulations as incorporated by regulation at 19 VAC 30-20-80 of the Virginia Motor Carrier Safety Regulations. These regulations are RULES OF SUPREME COURT OF VIRGINIA PART THREE C NON-TRAFFIC PREPAYABLE OFFENSES AND UNIFORM FINE SCHEDULE

Chat with this court rule using AI

Ask CiteLaw's AI Navigator anything about this court rule, verify citations, and research related authorities. Sign up for CiteLaw free today to get started.