Substitution of Parties

(a) Death of a Party. (1) After Notice of Appeal Is Filed. If a party dies after a no- tice of appeal has been filed or while a proceeding is pending in the court of appeals, the decedent’s personal representative may be substituted as a party on motion filed with the circuit clerk by the representative or by any party. A party’s motion 47 FEDERAL RULES OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE Rule 44 must be served on the representative in accordance with Rule 25. If the decedent has no representative, any party may sug- gest the death on the record, and the court of appeals may then direct appropriate proceedings. (2) Before Notice of Appeal Is Filed—Potential Appellant. If a party entitled to appeal dies before filing a notice of appeal, the decedent’s personal representative—or, if there is no per- sonal representative, the decedent’s attorney of record—may file a notice of appeal within the time prescribed by these rules. After the notice of appeal is filed, substitution must be in accordance with Rule 43(a)(1). (3) Before Notice of Appeal Is Filed—Potential Appellee. If a party against whom an appeal may be taken dies after entry of a judgment or order in the district court, but before a no- tice of appeal is filed, an appellant may proceed as if the death had not occurred. After the notice of appeal is filed, substi- tution must be in accordance with Rule 43(a)(1). (b) Substitution for a Reason Other Than Death. If a party needs to be substituted for any reason other than death, the procedure prescribed in Rule 43(a) applies. (c) Public Officer: Identification; Substitution. (1) Identification of Party. A public officer who is a party to an appeal or other proceeding in an official capacity may be described as a party by the public officer’s official title rather than by name. But the court may require the public officer’s name to be added. (2) Automatic Substitution of Officeholder. When a public of- ficer who is a party to an appeal or other proceeding in an offi- cial capacity dies, resigns, or otherwise ceases to hold office, the action does not abate. The public officer’s successor is automatically substituted as a party. Proceedings following the substitution are to be in the name of the substituted party, but any misnomer that does not affect the substantial rights of the parties may be disregarded. An order of substi- tution may be entered at any time, but failure to enter an order does not affect the substitution. (As amended Mar. 10, 1986, eff. July 1, 1986; Apr. 24, 1998, eff. Dec. 1, 1998.)