PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATIONS

Except as otherwise required by the Constitutions of the United States or the Commonweal th of Virginia or provided by statute or these Rules, the privilege of a witness, person, government, State, or political subdivision thereof, is governed by the principles of common law as they may be interpreted by the courts of the Commonwealth in the light of reason and experience. Adopted and promulgated by Order dated June 1, 2012; effective July 1, 2012. Last amended by Order dated November 13, 2020; effective July 1, 2021. RULES OF SUPREME COURT OF VIRGINIA PART TWO VIRGINIA RULES OF EVIDENCE ARTICLE V. PRIVILEGES