Mode and Order of Interrogation and Presentation

(a) Control by Court; Purposes. The court shall exercise reasonable control over the mode and order of interrogating witnesses and presenting evidence to: (1) make those procedures effective for determining the truth; (2) avoid wasting time; and (3) protect witnesses from harassment or undue embarrassment. (b) Scope of Cross-examination. Cross-examination should not go beyond the subject matter of the direct examination and matters affecting the witness’ credibility. The court may allow inquiry into additional matters as if on direct examination. (c) Leading Questions. Leading questions should not be used on direct examination except as necessary to develop the witness' testimony. Ordinarily, leading questions should be permitted on cross-examination. When a party calls an adverse party or a witness identified with an adverse party, or when a witness demonstrates hostility or unresponsiveness, interrogation may be by leading questions, subject to the discretion of the court. NOTE : Adopted September 15, 1992 to be effective July 1, 1993; paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) captions and text amended September 16, 2019 to be effective July 1, 2020.