Failure to Appear by Defendant

(a) Base Offense Level: (1) 11, if the offense constituted a failure to report for service of sentence; or (2) 6, otherwise. Guidelines Manual (November 1, 2024) ║ 245 §2J1.6 (b) Specific Offense Characteristics (1) If the base offense level is determined under subsection (a)(1), and the defendant— (A) voluntarily surrendered within 96 hours of the time he was orig- inally scheduled to report, decrease by 5 levels; or (B) was ordered to report to a community corrections center, commu- nity treatment center, “halfway house,” or similar facility, and subdivision (A) above does not apply, decrease by 2 levels. Provided, however, that this reduction shall not apply if the defend- ant, while away from the facility, committed any federal, state, or lo- cal offense punishable by a term of imprisonment of one year or more. (2) If the base offense level is determined under subsection (a)(2), and the underlying offense is— (A) punishable by death or imprisonment for a term of fifteen years or more, increase by 9 levels; or (B) punishable by a term of imprisonment of five years or more, but less than fifteen years, increase by 6 levels; or (C) a felony punishable by a term of imprisonment of less than five years, increase by 3 levels. Commentary Statutory Provision: 18 U.S.C. § 3146(b)(1). Application Notes: 1. “Underlying offense” means the offense in respect to which the defendant failed to appear. 2. 3. For offenses covered under this section, §3C1.1 (Obstructing or Impeding the Administration of Justice) does not apply, unless the defendant obstructed the investigation or trial of the failure to appear count. In the case of a failure to appear for service of sentence, any term of imprisonment imposed on the failure to appear count is to be imposed consecutively to any term of imprisonment imposed for the underlying offense. See §5G1.3(a). The guideline range for the failure to appear count is to be determined independently and the grouping rules of §§3D1.1–3D1.5 do not apply. However, in the case of a conviction on both the underlying offense and the failure to appear, other than a case of failure to appear for service of sentence, the failure to appear is treated under §3C1.1 (Obstructing or Impeding the Administration of Justice) as an obstruction of the under- lying offense, and the failure to appear count and the count or counts for the underlying offense 246 ║ Guidelines Manual (November 1, 2024) §2J1.7 are grouped together under §3D1.2(c). (Note that 18 U.S.C. § 3146(b)(2) does not require a sen- tence of imprisonment on a failure to appear count, although if a sentence of imprisonment on the failure to appear count is imposed, the statute requires that the sentence be imposed to run consecutively to any other sentence of imprisonment. Therefore, unlike a count in which the stat- ute mandates both a minimum and a consecutive sentence of imprisonment, the grouping rules of §§3D1.1–3D1.5 apply. See §3D1.1(b)(1), comment. (n.1), and §3D1.2, comment. (n.1).) The com- bined sentence will then be constructed to provide a “total punishment” that satisfies the require- ments both of §5G1.2 (Sentencing on Multiple Counts of Conviction) and 18 U.S.C. § 3146(b)(2). For example, if the combined applicable guideline range for both counts is 30–37 months and the court determines that a “total punishment” of 36 months is appropriate, a sentence of 30 months for the underlying offense plus a consecutive six months’ sentence for the failure to appear count would satisfy these requirements. (Note that the combination of this instruction and increasing the offense level for the obstructive, failure to appear conduct has the effect of ensuring an incre- mental, consecutive punishment for the failure to appear count, as required by 18 U.S.C. § 3146(b)(2).) 4. 5. If a defendant is convicted of both the underlying offense and the failure to appear count, and the defendant committed additional acts of obstructive behavior (e.g., perjury) during the inves- tigation, prosecution, or sentencing of the instant offense, an upward departure may be war- ranted. The upward departure will ensure an enhanced sentence for obstructive conduct for which no adjustment under §3C1.1 (Obstructing or Impeding the Administration of Justice) is made because of the operation of the rules set out in Application Note 3. In some cases, the defendant may be sentenced on the underlying offense (the offense in respect to which the defendant failed to appear) before being sentenced on the failure to appear offense. In such cases, criminal history points for the sentence imposed on the underlying offense are to be counted in determining the guideline range on the failure to appear offense only where the offense level is determined under subsection (a)(1) (i.e., where the offense constituted a failure to report for service of sentence). Background: This section applies to a failure to appear by a defendant who was released pending trial, sentencing, appeal, or surrender for service of sentence. Where the base offense level is deter- mined under subsection (a)(2), the offense level increases in relation to the statutory maximum of the underlying offense. Historical Note Effective November 1, 1987. Amended effective November 1, 1990 (amendment 329); November 1, 1991 (amendment 403); November 1, 1998 (amendment 579); November 1, 2001 (amendment 636); November 1, 2005 (amendment 680); November 1, 2011 (amendment 758); November 1, 2013 (amendment 777). §2J1.7. [Deleted] Historical Note Section 2J1.7 (Commission of Offense While on Release), effective November 1, 1987, amended effective January 15, 1988 (amendment 32), November 1, 1989 (amendment 178), and November 1, 1991 (amend- ment 431), was deleted from Chapter Two and replaced by §3C1.3 effective November 1, 2006 (amend- ment 684). Guidelines Manual (November 1, 2024) ║ 247 §2J1.9 §2J1.8. [Deleted] Historical Note Section 2J1.8 (Bribery of Witness), effective November 1, 1987, amended effective January 15, 1988 (amend- ment 33), November 1, 1989 (amendment 179), and November 1, 1991 (amendment 401), was deleted by consolidation with §2J1.3 effective November 1, 1993 (amendment 481).