changes

(e) Number of Copies. If the Rule 26.1 statement is filed before the principal brief, or if a supplemental statement is filed, an original and 3 copies must be filed unless the court requires a different number by local rule or by order in a particular case. FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 26.1 Disclosure Statement The filing of a certificate of interest required by Federal Circuit Rule 47.4 satisfies the requirements of Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 26.1. PRACTICE NOTES TO RULE 26.1 Timely Updates. The court uses the certificate of interest to determine when recusal of a judge may be appropriate. Thus, timely correction and updating of the certificate is required to identify potential conflicts. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 94 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 27 Motions (a) In General. (1) Application for Relief. An application for an order or other relief is made by motion unless these rules prescribe another form. A motion must be in writing unless the court permits otherwise. (2) Contents of a Motion.* (A) Grounds and Relief Sought. A motion must state with particularity the grounds for the motion, the relief sought, and the legal argument necessary to support it. (B) Accompanying Documents. (i) Any affidavit or other paper necessary to support a motion must be served and filed with the motion. (ii) An affidavit must contain information, not legal argument. only factual (iii) A motion seeking substantive relief must include a copy of the trial court’s opinion or agency’s decision as a separate exhibit. (C) Documents Barred or Not Required. (i) A separate brief supporting or responding to a motion must not be filed. (ii) A notice of motion is not required. (iii) A proposed order is not required. (3) Response. (A) Time to File. Any party may file a response to a motion; Rule 27(a)(2) governs its contents. The response must be filed within 10 days after service of the motion unless the court shortens or extends the time. A motion authorized by *See Fed. Cir. R. 27(a) and (c) for additional required contents. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 95 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 27 Rules 8, 9, 18, or 41 may be granted before the 10-day period runs only if the court gives reasonable notice to the parties that it intends to act sooner. (B) Request for Affirmative Relief. A response may include a motion for affirmative relief. The time to respond to the new motion, and to reply to that response, are governed by Rule 27(a)(3)(A) and (a)(4). The title of the response must alert the court to the request for relief. (4) Reply to Response. Any reply to a response must be filed within 7 days after service of the response. A reply must not present matters that do not relate to the response. (b) Disposition of a Motion for a Procedural Order. The court may act on a motion for a procedural order — including a motion under Rule 26(b) — at any time without awaiting a response, and may, by rule or by order in a particular case, authorize its clerk to act on specified types of procedural motions. * A party adversely affected by the court’s, or the clerk’s, action may file a motion to reconsider, vacate, or modify that action. † Timely opposition filed after the motion is granted in whole or in part does not constitute a request to reconsider, vacate, or modify the disposition; a motion requesting that relief must be filed. (c) Power of a Single Judge to Entertain a Motion. A circuit judge may act alone on any motion but may not dismiss or otherwise determine an appeal or other proceeding. A court of appeals may provide by rule or by order in a particular case that only the court *See Fed. Cir. R. 27(h) and the Practice Notes to Rule 27 (Authority to Act on Motions; Motions Referred to Panel) for more information about the clerk of court’s authority. See also Fed. Cir. R. 45(c), 45(e), 45(f)(3). †See Fed. Cir. R. 27(j) and Fed. Cir. R. 45(a) for timing requirements for seeking further review of this court’s orders or actions. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 96 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 27 may act on any motion or class of motions. The court may review the action of a single judge.* (d) Form of Papers; Page Limits; and Number of Copies. (1) Format. (A) Reproduction. A motion, response, or reply may be reproduced by any process that yields a clear black image on light paper. The paper must be opaque and unglazed. Only one side of the paper may be used. (B) Cover. A cover is not required, but there must be a caption that includes the case number, the name of the court, the title of the case, and a brief descriptive title indicating the purpose of the motion and identifying the party or parties for whom it is filed. If a cover is used, it must be white. (C) Binding. The document must be bound in any manner that is secure, does not obscure the text, and permits the document to lie reasonably flat when open. (D) Paper Size, Line Spacing, and Margins. The document must be on 8 1/2 by 11 inch paper. The text must be double-spaced, but quotations more than two lines long may be indented and single-spaced. Headings and footnotes may be single-spaced. Margins must be at least one inch on all four sides. Page numbers may be placed in the margins, but no text may appear there. (E) Typeface and Type Styles. The document must comply with typeface requirements of Rule 32(a)(5) and the type-style requirements of Rule 32(a)(6). the *See Fed. Cir. R. 27(h) and the court’s Internal Operating Procedures available on the court’s website for more information about the court’s processes for considering motions. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 97 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 27 (2) Length Limits. Except by the court’s permission, and excluding the accompanying documents authorized by Rule 27(a)(2)(B): (A) (B) (C) (D) a motion or response to a motion produced using a computer must not exceed 5,200 words; a handwritten or typewritten motion or response to a motion must not exceed 20 pages; a reply produced using a computer must not exceed 2,600 words; and a handwritten or typewritten reply to a response must not exceed 10 pages.* (3) Number of Copies. An original and 3 copies must be filed unless the court requires a different number by local rule or by order in a particular case.† (e) Oral Argument. A motion will be decided without oral argument unless the court orders otherwise. *A motion, response, or reply must include a certificate of compliance with the type-volume limitations if filed under Fed. R. App. P. 27(d)(2)(A) or (d)(2)(C). See Fed. R. App. P. 32(g). †No copies are required. See Fed. Cir. R. 25(c)(3). Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 98 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 27 Motions (a) Contents and Format of a Motion. In addition to the requirements under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 27(a)(2) and (d), a motion must include the following: (1) (2) (3) (4) the caption (if the motion is for a procedural order on consent, the short caption may be used; for any other motion, the official caption must be used); a statement of consent or opposition representing that the movant has discussed the motion with the other parties and stating whether any party will object or file a response; a certificate of interest under Federal Circuit Rule 47.4; and an affidavit or unsworn declaration under penalty of perjury under 28 U.S.C. § 1746, if the facts relied on in the motion are subject to dispute. (b) Response; Reply. If a motion uses the short caption, any response or reply may also use the short caption. In addition to the requirements under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 27(a)(3) and (d), a response must include the following: (1) (2) the items in Federal Circuit Rule 27(a)(1), (3), and (4); and the grounds for denying the motion, limiting the relief granted, or modifying the order sought and the legal argument to support the response, or the responding party’s statement of consent or lack of opposition. (c) Motion to Expedite. In addition to the requirements for a motion under Federal Circuit Rule 27(a), a motion to expedite proceedings must include the following: (1) (2) (3) the label “Motion to Expedite” on the cover or front page of the motion, either centered at the top or contained in the title; a proposed expedited briefing schedule on the motion; and a proposed expedited merits briefing schedule or proposed argument date, if applicable. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 99 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 27 (d) Attachments or Exhibits. Attachments or exhibits to a motion, response, or reply must be preceded by a table of contents and must be paginated or separately tabbed for ease of reference. The pagination need not match the requirements for an appendix under Federal Circuit Rule 30. (e) Motion to Strike; Response. A motion to strike all or part of a brief, except to strike scandalous matter, is prohibited as long as the party seeking to strike has the right to file a responsive brief in which the objection could be made. A response, if any, in opposition to a motion to strike must be included in the responsive brief if one is authorized, or may be filed if leave is sought and obtained, or may be made at oral argument. (f) Motion to Dismiss, Transfer, or Remand. A motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction, to transfer, or to remand should be made as soon as the grounds for the motion are known. After the appellant or petitioner has filed its principal brief, the argument supporting dismissal, transfer, or remand should be made in the response brief of the appellee or respondent. Any response to such an argument made in the response brief must be included in the reply brief. Joint or unopposed motions or stipulations to dismiss, transfer, or remand may be made at any time. (g) Motion Incorporated in a Brief. Except as provided in Federal Circuit Rule 27(e) and (f), a motion must not be incorporated in a brief. (h) Delegation of Authority to the Clerk of Court. The clerk of court is authorized to act on any procedural motion or unopposed nonprocedural motion but may not act on an opposed nonprocedural motion or any motion that requires action by a judge or panel of judges. The clerk of court may also direct an expedited response to a motion or petition and may direct the parties to show cause why an appeal or petition should not be dismissed or transferred. Even if the clerk of court is authorized to act on a particular motion, the clerk of court may nonetheless refer the matter to a judge or panel, or may defer the matter to the merits panel, when appropriate. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 100 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 27 (i) Ex Parte Application. Neither the court nor any judge of the court will conduct an ex parte hearing on an application for relief. (j) Reconsideration, Vacatur, or Modification of an Order or Action. A party seeking to reconsider, vacate, or substantively modify a dispositive order, opinion, or judgment issued by a panel must file a petition for panel, en banc, or panel and en banc rehearing within the time prescribed by Federal Circuit Rule 40(f). For nonsubstantive corrections to a dispositive order, opinion, or judgment, a party may file a motion to correct within fourteen (14) days after the order or action apart from any rehearing petition. For nondispositive orders or actions by the court, including by a single judge, a panel of judges, or the clerk of court, a party must file for relief within fourteen (14) days after the order or action. (k) Motions Containing Confidential or Sealed Material. Federal Circuit Rule 25.1 applies to confidential or sealed material in motions, responses, and replies. PRACTICE NOTES TO RULE 27 Moot Response. A response to a motion for a procedural order that is received after the motion has been acted on is considered moot. Authority to Act on Motions; Motions Referred to Panel. Neither the clerk of court nor the court is required to grant relief just because the parties agree it should be granted. The clerk of court’s authority to act on procedural or unopposed nonprocedural motions includes the authority to grant or deny the requested relief in whole or in part or to refer the motion to a judge or a panel. Examples of procedural motions include motions for extensions of time, motions to reform the caption, motions to withdraw counsel, and motions for leave to proceed in forma pauperis. Examples of nonprocedural motions include motions to dismiss, motions to remand, motions to transfer, motions to summarily affirm, motions for stays of Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 101 (Return to Table of Contents) PRACTICE NOTES TO RULE 27 injunctions, motions for injunctions, motions to strike, motions for leave to intervene, motions for leave to file briefs as amici curiae, etc. Motions to exceed the permitted word or page limitation for a brief will be decided by a judge. If the clerk of court grants a motion to extend the time to file a principal brief by sixty (60) days, no further extensions should be anticipated. Once a case is assigned to a merits panel, the clerk of court refers all motions to the merits panel. Telephone Inquiries about Motions; Access to Orders on Website. Telephone inquiries about pending motions are discouraged, and contacting the court will not expedite action on any motion. Most orders are considered routine and counsel will receive notification by Notice of Docket Activity as soon as the motion is decided. Counsel or the parties may determine the status of a motion and obtain copies of court orders through the court’s electronic filing system. Many pertinent orders are posted on the court’s website. Under no circumstances should parties or counsel telephone a judge, a judge’s chambers, or the office of the general counsel about a motion. However, when filing an emergency matter or a motion for expedited consideration, parties or counsel should call the clerk’s office. Motion to Expedite Proceedings. While motions to expedite proceedings are not routinely granted, they may be filed in appropriate cases. A motion for expedited proceedings is the procedural vehicle to request accelerated consideration of an appeal or petition for review, and it should be filed immediately after docketing. Such a motion is appropriate where the normal briefing and disposition schedule may adversely affect one of the parties, as in appeals injunctions or government contract bid protests. involving preliminary or permanent Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 102 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 28 Briefs (a) Appellant’s Brief. The appellant’s brief must contain, under appropriate headings and in the order indicated: (1) (2) (3) a disclosure statement if required by Rule 26.1; a table of contents, with page references; a table of authorities — cases (alphabetically arranged), statutes, and other authorities — with references to the pages of the brief where they are cited; (4) a jurisdictional statement, including: (A) (B) (C) (D) the basis for the district court’s or agency’s subject- matter jurisdiction, with citations to applicable statutory provisions and stating relevant facts establishing jurisdiction; the basis for the court of appeals’ jurisdiction, with citations to applicable statutory provisions and stating relevant facts establishing jurisdiction; the filing dates establishing the timeliness of the appeal or petition for review; and an assertion that the appeal is from a final order or judgment that disposes of all parties’ claims, or information establishing the court of appeals’ jurisdiction on some other basis; a statement of the issues presented for review; a concise statement of the case setting out the facts relevant to the issues submitted for review, describing the relevant procedural history, and identifying the rulings presented for review, with appropriate references to the record (see Rule 28(e)); a summary of the argument, which must contain a succinct, clear, and accurate statement of the arguments made in the body of the brief, and which must not merely repeat the argument headings; (5) (6) (7) (8) the argument, which must contain: Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 103 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 28 (A) (B) appellant’s contentions and the reasons for them, with citations to the authorities and parts of the record on which the appellant relies; and for each issue, a concise statement of the applicable standard of review (which may appear in the discussion of the issue or under a separate heading placed before the discussion of the issues); (9) a short conclusion stating the precise relief sought; and (10) the certificate of compliance, if required by Rule 32(g)(1).* (b) Appellee’s Brief. The appellee’s brief must conform to the requirements of Rule 28(a)(1) – (8) and (10), except that none of the following need appear unless the appellee is dissatisfied with the appellant’s statement: (1) (2) (3) (4) the jurisdictional statement; the statement of the issues; the statement of the case; and the statement of the standard of review.† (c) Reply Brief. The appellant may file a brief in reply to the appellee’s brief. Unless the court permits, no further briefs may be filed. A reply brief must contain a table of contents, with page references, and a table of authorities — cases (alphabetically arranged), statutes, and other *Fed. Cir. R. 28(a) lists the required contents for an appellant’s principal brief, and in some instances, the requirements are merely restated from Fed. R. App. P. 28(a) to preserve the ordering of the materials. Parties must still satisfy the formal requirements for both Fed. R. App. P. 28(a) and Fed. Cir. R. 28(a). Where Fed. Cir. R. 28(a) requires information beyond what is required under Fed. R. App. P. 28(a) for a section or item, parties should follow the greater requirement in the Federal Circuit Rules. The certificate of interest in Fed. Cir. R. 28(a)(1) and certificate of compliance in Fed. Cir. R. 28(a)(13) replace the requirements of Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(1) and Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(10), respectively. See Fed. Cir. R. 26.1; Fed. Cir. R. 32(b). †An appellee’s brief must include the contents required under Fed. Cir. R. 28(a). Fed. Cir. R. 28(b) expressly excludes the statements listed under Fed. R. App. P. 28(b) absent disagreement between the parties. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 104 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 28 authorities — with references to the pages of the reply brief where they are cited. (d) References to Parties. In briefs and at oral argument, counsel should minimize use of the terms “appellant” and “appellee.” To make briefs clear, counsel should use the parties’ actual names or the designations used in the lower court or agency proceeding, or such descriptive terms as “the employee,” “the injured person,” “the taxpayer,” “the ship,” “the stevedore.” (e) References to the Record. References to the parts of the record contained in the appendix filed with the appellant’s brief must be to the pages of the appendix. If the appendix is prepared after the briefs are filed, a party referring to the record must follow one of the methods detailed in Rule 30(c).* If the original record is used under Rule 30(f) and is not consecutively paginated, or if the brief refers to an unreproduced part of the record, any reference must be to the page of the original document. For example:  Answer p. 7;  Motion for Judgment p. 2;  Transcript p. 231. Only clear abbreviations may be used. A party referring to evidence whose admissibility is in controversy must cite the pages of the appendix or of the transcript at which the evidence was identified, offered, and received or rejected. (f) Reproduction of Statutes, Rules, Regulations, etc. If the court’s determination of the issues presented requires the study of statutes, rules, regulations, etc., the relevant parts must be set out in the brief or in an addendum at the end or may be supplied to the court in pamphlet form. *This court defers filing of the appendix but requires preparation of the appendix (“designation of materials”) prior to the filing of appellant’s principal brief. See Fed. Cir. R. 30(b); see also Fed. Cir. R. 28(f) (record and appendix citation requirements). Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 105 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 28 (g) [Reserved] (h) [Reserved] (i) Briefs in a Case Involving Multiple Appellants or Appellees. In a case involving more than one appellant or appellee, including consolidated cases, any number of appellants or appellees may join in a brief, and any party may adopt by reference a part of another’s brief. Parties may also join in reply briefs. (j) Citation of Supplemental Authorities. If pertinent and significant authorities come to a party’s attention after the party’s brief has been filed — or after oral argument but before decision — a party may promptly advise the circuit clerk by letter, with a copy to all other parties, setting forth the citations. The letter must state the reasons for the supplemental citations, referring either to the page of the brief or to a point argued orally. The body of the letter must not exceed 350 words. Any response must be made promptly and must be similarly limited. FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 28 Briefs (a) Contents and Organization of Principal Briefs. Principal briefs must contain a cover pursuant to Federal Circuit Rule 32(a), including any required material on the inside cover, and the following in the order listed: (1) (2) (3) (4) the certificate of interest under Federal Circuit Rule 47.4; the table of contents; the table of authorities; the statement of related cases under Federal Circuit Rule 47.5; Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 106 FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 28 (Return to Table of Contents) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) statement jurisdictional the information demonstrating that the judgment or order appealed from is final or, if not final, appealable on another basis (e.g., preliminary injunction, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b) certification of final judgment as to fewer than all of the claims or parties, etc.); including the statement of the issues; the statement of the case, including the citation of any published decision of the trial tribunal in the proceedings; the summary of the argument; the argument, including the statement of the standard of review which must appear with its own heading either within the argument section or immediately preceding the argument section; (10) the conclusion and statement of relief sought; (11) any addenda required by Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 28(f), Federal Circuit Rule 28(c), or Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32.1(b); and (12) the certificate of compliance, if required by Federal Circuit Rule 32(b)(3). (b) Exclusion of Contents from Appellee’s Brief. An appellee’s statements of jurisdiction, the issues, the case and facts, and the standard of review must be limited to specific areas of disagreement with those of the appellant. Absent disagreement, an appellee must not include those statements. (c) Addendum Requirements. (1) Principal Brief. Unless an appellant or petitioner permissibly binds an appendix with its principal brief pursuant to Federal Circuit Rule 30(d), the principal brief of an appellant or petitioner must include the following material as an addendum bound with the brief: (A) all judgments, orders, agency actions, or other decisions appealed from and any opinions, memoranda, or findings Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 107 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 28 and conclusions supporting rehearing opinions or orders; and them, including any (B) if the appeal involves a patent or patent application, all patents or applications at issue on appeal reproduced in their entirety.* (2) Addendum Pagination. Addendum material that is also designated for inclusion in the appendix must be paginated with the corresponding page numbers assigned to that material under Federal Circuit Rule 30(b)(2)(C). Other addendum material must be paginated in such a way as to avoid confusion. (3) Addendum Length. Parties may seek leave of the court to waive the addendum requirement of Federal Circuit Rule 28(c)(1) in whole or in part if the number of pages in the addendum to the principal brief will prevent the materials from being bound in a single volume, which equates to roughly 300 double-sided pages of printed addendum material, or 600 pages submitted electronically. If an addendum will cause the opening brief to exceed one volume, each volume of the brief must include a cover that identifies the volume number in Roman numerals and the range of pages within the volume centered at the top. (d) Brief Containing Confidential or Sealed Material. Federal Circuit Rule 25.1 applies to confidential or sealed material in briefs. (e) Citations. Opinions of this court and its predecessors should be cited as found in the Federal Reporter. Parallel citations to any other reporters are discouraged. Examples of acceptable citations are:  Guotos v. United States, 552 F.2d 992 (Ct. Cl. 1976). *Ed. Note: When an appellant permissibly binds an appendix to its brief, the materials listed under Fed. Cir. R. 28(c)(1)(a)-(b) will be included in that appendix pursuant to Fed. Cir. R. 30(a)(1)(A)(iii) and 30(c)(1), thus rendering the separate addendum requirement moot. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 108 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 28  In re Sponnable, 405 F.2d 578 (CCPA 1969).  South Corporation v. United States, 690 F.2d 1368 (Fed. Cir. 1982) (en banc).  Doe v. Roe, No. 12-345, slip op. (Fed. Cir. Oct. 1, 1982). (f) Referring to the Record and Appendix. Any reference in a brief to the underlying record or to material authorized to be included in an appendix must be to the corresponding appendix page number(s) assigned to the material under Federal Circuit Rule 30(b)(2)(C). References must be as short as possible consistent with clarity and must follow the format required by the in the court’s Electronic Filing Procedures. clerk of court Indiscriminate references in briefs to blocks of record pages are prohibited. (g) Unrepresented Party Briefs; Response. An unrepresented party may file a formal brief or an informal brief, but not both. (1) Informal Brief. An informal principal brief must contain the information required by the form prescribed by the court. No other contents are required. (2) Formal Brief. A formal brief must comply with Rules 28 and 32 regarding format and contents. (3) Counseled Party Response Brief. When the appellant or petitioner files an informal brief, the appellee or respondent may elect to file an informal brief. An informal response brief must contain a statement of the case, but the brief may otherwise follow the format prescribed for the unrepresented party. In an informal or formal response brief, the party must affirmatively state under a separate heading whether the party believes the court has jurisdiction over the case, with reasons provided. (h) Briefs in a Transferred Case. When an appeal is transferred to this court by another court of appeals after briefs have been filed, the parties may stipulate to proceed on Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 109 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 28 those briefs instead of filing briefs prescribed by these rules. The stipulation and each brief must be filed with this court within fourteen (14) days after docketing, with the required number of paper copies to be provided in accordance with Federal Circuit Rule 25(c)(3). The court may also order supplemental briefs as needed. (i) Multiple Parties. (1) Single Brief. Each party is permitted to file a single brief of each type authorized for that party by these rules. Private parties with identical or similar interests are strongly encouraged to join in a single brief. (2) Combined Brief Required. When there are multiple parties represented by the same counsel or counsel from the same firm, a combined brief must be filed on behalf of all the parties represented by that counsel or firm. (j) Briefs in Related Cases. Parties may not file entirely duplicative briefs in related cases. If all or a portion of a brief is duplicative of a brief in a related case, as defined by Federal Circuit Rule 47.5, the filing party must so advise the court at the beginning of the brief or section containing the duplicative content. PRACTICE NOTES TO RULE 28 Informal Brief. Using the court’s Form 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16, whichever corresponds to the type of case, satisfies the requirements of an informal brief for an unrepresented petitioner or appellant under Federal Circuit Rule 28(g). Using the court’s Form 11A satisfies the requirements of an informal response brief for an unrepresented respondent or appellee under Federal Circuit Rule 28(g). Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 110 (Return to Table of Contents) PRACTICE NOTES TO RULE 28 Inclusion of Patents in the Addendum. The addendum to the appellant’s principal brief under Federal Circuit Rule 28(c)(1) must include only patents or patent applications that are the subject of the appeal. While prior art patents must not be included in the addendum, these patents may still be required to be included in the appendix if referenced in briefing by the parties. See Federal Circuit Rule 30(b)(5). Reply Brief. The court prefers that reply briefs respond to the response brief rather than repeating what is in the principal brief. Further, the court favors reply briefs that do not use the full word length when not necessary. FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 28.1 Cross-Appeals (a) Applicability. This rule applies to a case in which a cross-appeal is filed. Rules 28(a)–(c), 31(a)(1), 32(a)(2), and 32(a)(7)(A)–(B) do not apply to such a case, except as otherwise provided in this rule. (b) Designation of Appellant. The party who files a notice of appeal first is the appellant for the purposes of this rule and Rules 30 and 34. If notices are filed on the same day, the plaintiff in the proceeding below is the appellant. These designations may be modified by the parties’ agreement or by court order. (c) Briefs. In a case involving a cross-appeal: (1) Appellant’s Principal Brief. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 111 FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 28.1 (Return to Table of Contents) The appellant must file a principal brief in the appeal. That brief must comply with Rule 28(a).* (2) Appellee’s Principal and Response Brief. The appellee must file a principal brief in the cross-appeal and must, in the same brief, respond to the principal brief in the appeal. That appellee’s brief must comply with Rule 28(a), except that the brief need not include a statement of the case unless the appellee is dissatisfied with the appellant’s statement.† (3) Appellant’s Response and Reply Brief. The appellant must file a brief that responds to the principal brief in the cross-appeal and may, in the same brief, reply to the response in the appeal. That brief must comply with Rule 28(a)(2)–(8) and (10), except that none of the following need appear unless the appellant is dissatisfied with the appellee’s statement in the cross-appeal: (A) (B) (C) the jurisdictional statement; the statement of the issues; the statement of the case; and (D) the statement of the standard of review.‡ (4) Appellee’s Reply Brief. The appellee may file a brief in reply to the response in the cross-appeal. That brief must comply with Rule 28(a)(2)–(3) and (10) and must be limited to the issues presented by the cross-appeal. *Fed. Cir. R. 28.1(d) applies the requirements of Fed. Cir. R. 28(a) to an appellant’s principal brief in a case involving a cross-appeal. †Fed. Cir. R. 28.1(d) applies the requirements of Fed. Cir. R. 28(a) and part of Fed. Cir. R. 28(b) to a cross-appellant’s principal and response brief in a case involving a cross-appeal. ‡Fed. Cir. R. 28.1(d) applies the limitations of Fed. Cir. R. 28(b) to an appellant’s response and reply brief in a case involving a cross-appeal. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 112 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 28.1 (5) No Further Briefs. Unless the court permits, no further briefs may be filed in a case involving a cross-appeal. (d) Cover. Except for filings by unrepresented parties, the cover of the appellant’s principal brief must be blue; the appellee’s principal and response brief, red; the appellant’s response and reply brief, yellow; the appellee’s reply brief, gray; an intervenor’s or amicus curiae’s brief, green; and any supplemental brief, tan. The front cover of a brief must contain the information required by Rule 32(a)(2). (e) Length.* (1) Page Limitation. Unless it complies with Rule 28.1(e)(2), the appellant’s principal brief must not exceed 30 pages; the appellee’s principal and response brief, 35 pages; the appellant’s response and reply brief, 30 pages; and the appellee’s reply brief, 15 pages. (2) Type-Volume Limitation. (A) The appellant’s principal brief or the appellant’s response and reply brief is acceptable if it: (i) (ii) contains no more than 13,000 words; or uses a monospaced face and contains no more than 1,300 lines of text. (B) The appellee’s principal and response brief is acceptable if it: (i) (ii) contains no more than 15,300 words; or uses a monospaced face and contains no more than 1,500 lines of text. *Fed. Cir. R. 28.1(a)–(c) list this court’s page, type-volume, and compliance requirements for briefs in cases involving a cross-appeal. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 113 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 28.1 (C) The appellee’s reply brief is acceptable if it contains no more than half of the type volume specified in Rule 28.1(e)(2)(A). (3) Certificate of Compliance. A brief submitted under Rule 28.1(e)(2) must comply with Rule 32(g)(1). (f) Time to Serve and File a Brief. Briefs must be served and filed as follows: (1) (2) (3) (4) the appellant’s principal brief, within 40 days after the record is filed; the appellee’s principal and response brief, within 30 days after the appellant’s principal brief is served; the appellant’s response and reply brief, within 30 days after the appellee’s principal and response brief is served; and the appellee’s reply brief, within 21 days after the appellant’s response and reply brief is served, but at least 7 days before argument unless the court, for good cause, allows a later filing.* FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 28.1 Cross-Appeals (a) Page Limitation. Unless it complies with Federal Circuit Rule 28.1(b), the appellant's principal brief must not exceed thirty (30) pages; the appellee's principal and response brief, thirty-five (35) pages; the appellant's response and reply brief, thirty (30) pages; and the appellee's reply brief, fifteen (15) pages. *See Fed. Cir. R. 31(a) for deadlines set by this court for briefs in cases involving cross-appeals. This court follows the Fed. R. App. R. 28.1(f) deadline to file the cross-appellant’s reply brief. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 114 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 28.1 (b) Type-Volume Limitation. (1) The appellant's principal brief or the appellant's response and reply brief is acceptable if it meets one of the following: (A) (B) it contains no more than 14,000 words; or it uses a monospaced face and contains no more than 1,300 lines of text. (2) The appellee's principal and response brief is acceptable if it meets one of the following: (A) (B) it contains no more than 16,500 words; or it uses a monospaced face and contains no more than 1,500 lines of text. (3) The appellee's reply brief is acceptable if it meets one of the following: (A) (B) it contains no more than 7,000 words; or it uses a monospaced face and contains no more than 650 lines of text. (c) Certificate of Compliance. A brief submitted under this rule must comply with Federal Circuit Rule 32(b)(3). (d) Brief Contents. Appellant’s principal brief must comply with Federal Circuit Rule 28(a). Appellee’s principal and response brief must comply with Federal Circuit Rule 28(a), and (b) to the extent that it refers to the statement of the case. Appellee’s principal and response brief must also include the addendum under Federal Circuit Rule 28(c)(1) to the extent that the materials differ from those produced in the appellant’s principal brief. Appellant’s response and reply brief must comply with Federal Circuit Rule 28(b). Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 115 (Return to Table of Contents) PRACTICE NOTES TO RULE 28.1 Cross-Appeals. A party may file a cross-appeal only when it seeks to modify or overturn the judgment of a trial tribunal. Although a party may present additional arguments in support of the judgment as an appellee, counsel are cautioned against improperly designating an appeal as a cross-appeal when they merely present arguments in support of the judgment. See Bailey v. Dart Container Corp., 292 F.3d 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2002). Further, counsel are cautioned, in cases involving a proper cross-appeal, that the fourth brief must be limited to the issues presented by the cross-appeal. In the third brief, moreover, the reply argument on the appeal issues should not exceed the length that would be permitted if there were no cross-appeal. In all cases, counsel should be prepared to defend the filing of a cross- appeal and the propriety of arguments presented in the fourth brief at oral argument. See Aventis Pharma S.A. v. Hospira, Inc., 637 F.3d 1341 (Fed. Cir. 2011). Time to Serve and File a Brief. Please refer to Federal Circuit Rule 31(a) for brief due dates when there is a cross-appeal. Clarification to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 28.1(c)(4). Where the term “appellee” is used, it refers to the “cross-appellant.” Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 116 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 29 Brief of an Amicus Curiae* (a) During Initial Consideration of a Case on the Merits. (1) Applicability. This Rule 29(a) governs amicus filings during a court’s initial consideration of a case on the merits. (2) When Permitted. The United States or its officer or agency or a state may file an amicus brief without the consent of the parties or leave of court. Any other amicus curiae may file a brief only by leave of court or if the brief states that all parties have consented to its filing, but a court of appeals may prohibit the filing of or may strike an amicus brief that would result in a judge’s disqualification. (3) Motion for Leave to File. The motion must be accompanied by the proposed brief and state: (A) (B) the movant’s interest; and the reason why an amicus brief is desirable and why the matters asserted are relevant to the disposition of the case. (4) Contents and Form. An amicus brief must comply with Rule 32. In addition to the requirements of Rule 32, the cover must identify the party or parties supported and indicate whether the brief supports affirmance or reversal. An amicus brief need not comply with Rule 28, but must include the following: (A) if the amicus curiae is a corporation, a disclosure statement like that required of parties by Rule 26.1; (B) a table of contents, with page references; *See Fed. Cir. R. 21(e) for additional requirements concerning amicus briefs filed during consideration of a petition for writ of mandamus or prohibition. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 117 FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 29 (Return to Table of Contents) (C) (D) a table of authorities — cases (alphabetically arranged), statutes, and other authorities — with references to the pages of the brief where they are cited; a concise statement of the identity of the amicus curiae, its interest in the case, and the source of its authority to file; (E) unless the amicus curiae is one listed in the first sentence of Rule 29(a)(2), a statement that indicates whether: (i) (ii) (iii) a party’s counsel authored the brief in whole or in part; a party or a party’s counsel contributed money that was intended to fund preparing or submitting the brief; and a person — other than the amicus curiae, its members, or its counsel — contributed money that was intended to fund preparing or submitting the brief and, if so, identifies each such person; (F) an argument, which may be preceded by a summary and which need not include a statement of the applicable standard of review; and (G) a certificate of compliance under Rule 32(g)(1), if length is computed using a word or line limit.* (5) Length. Except by the court’s permission, an amicus brief may be no more than one-half the maximum length authorized by these rules for a party’s principal brief. If the court grants a party permission to file a longer brief, that extension does not affect the length of an amicus brief.† †Fed. Cir. R. 29(a) restates this court’s requirement for a certificate of interest in lieu of the disclosure statement listed under Fed. R. App. P. 29(a)(4)(A). Fed. Cir. R. 29(b) references this court’s local certificate of compliance requirement in place of the certificate under Fed. Cir. R. 29(a)(4)(G), due to the court’s different type-volume limitation for principal briefs from the limitation in the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure. †Fed. Cir. R. 32(b)(1) sets a different type-volume limitation than that required by the Federal Rules (continued on the next page) Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 118 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 29 (6) Time for Filing. An amicus curiae must file its brief, accompanied by a motion for filing when necessary, no later than 7 days after the principal brief of the party being supported is filed. An amicus curiae that does not support either party must file its brief no later than 7 days after the appellant’s or petitioner’s principal brief is filed. A court may grant leave for later filing, specifying the time within which an opposing party may answer. (7) Reply Brief. Except by the court’s permission, an amicus curiae may not file a reply brief. (8) Oral Argument. An amicus curiae may participate in oral argument only with the court’s permission. (b) During Consideration of Whether to Grant Rehearing. (1) Applicability. This Rule 29(b) governs amicus filings during a court’s consideration of whether to grant panel rehearing or rehearing en banc, unless a local rule or order in a case provides otherwise.* (2) When Permitted. The United States or its officer or agency or a state may file an amicus brief without the consent of the parties or leave of court. Any other amicus curiae may file a brief only by leave of court.† (3) Motion for Leave to File. Rule 29(a)(3) applies to a motion for leave. of Appellate Procedure. The court therefore requires that an amicus brief not exceed one-half the authorized maximum of the local requirement. See Fed. Cir. R. 29(b). *See Fed. Cir. R. 40(i) for the court’s local rules concerning amicus briefs during consideration on whether to grant panel rehearing, rehearing en banc, or hearing en banc. †All prospective amici curiae, including the federal government, must file a motion for leave to file during the court’s consideration of rehearing and en banc petitions. See Fed. Cir. R. 40(i)(1). Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 119 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 29 (4) Contents, Form, and Length. Rule 29(a)(4) applies to the amicus brief. The brief must not exceed 2,600 words. (5) Time for Filing. An amicus curiae supporting the petition for rehearing or supporting neither party must file its brief, accompanied by a motion for filing when necessary, no later than 7 days after the petition is filed. An amicus curiae opposing the petition must file its brief, accompanied by a motion for filing when necessary, no later than the date set by the court for the response.* FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 29 Brief of an Amicus Curiae (a) Contents. In addition to the contents required by Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 29, the brief of an amicus curiae must include a certificate of interest under Federal Circuit Rule 47.4 in front of the table of contents. (b) Length. An amicus brief exceeding one-half the maximum number of pages authorized for a principal brief must contain no more than one-half the maximum number of words or lines authorized by Federal Circuit Rule 32(b) for a principal brief. An amicus brief exceeding the page limitation must include a certificate of compliance with the type- volume limitation that adheres to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32(g). (c) Citations to the Record. Each amicus brief must comply with Federal Circuit Rule 28(f). An amicus curiae should contact the parties to obtain the designation of *Fed. Cir. R. 40(i)(2) provide for later filing deadlines for prospective amici curiae during the court’s consideration of rehearing and en banc petitions. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 120 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 29 material for the appendix. Leave of court is required for an amicus curiae to cite directly to the record or to file a separate appendix. PRACTICE NOTES TO RULE 29 Consent. If an amicus brief on the merits is filed on consent of all parties, then no motion for leave is required and the brief should state, pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 29(a), that all parties have consented to its filing. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 121 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 30 Appendix to the Briefs (a) Appellant’s Responsibility. (1) Contents of the Appendix. The appellant must prepare and file an appendix to the briefs containing: (A) (B) the relevant docket entries in the proceeding below; the relevant portions of the pleadings, charge, findings, or opinion; (C) the judgment, order, or decision in question; and (D) other parts of the record to which the parties wish to direct the court’s attention.* (2) Excluded Material. Memoranda of law in the district court should not be included in the appendix unless they have independent relevance. Parts of the record may be relied on by the court or the parties even though not included in the appendix. (3) Time to File; Number of Copies. Unless filing is deferred under Rule 30(c), the appellant must file 10 copies of the appendix with the brief and must serve one copy on counsel for each party separately represented. An unrepresented party proceeding in forma pauperis must file 4 legible copies with the clerk, and one copy must be served on counsel for each separately represented party. The court may by local rule or by order in a particular case require the filing or service of a different number.† *Only record materials actually cited by parties in their briefing may be included in the appendix filed with this court, unless otherwise required or permitted by Fed. Cir. R. 30. See Fed. Cir. R. 30(a)(1)(B). †Fed. Cir. R. 30(a)(2) defers filing of the appendix in this court until after briefing is complete. Fed. Cir. R. 25(c)(3), cross-referenced in Fed. Cir. R. 30(a)(3), state the court’s appendix paper copy requirements. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 122 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 30 (b) All Parties’ Responsibilities (1) Determining the Contents of the Appendix. The parties are encouraged to agree on the contents of the appendix. In the absence of an agreement, the appellant must, within 14 days after the record is filed, serve on the appellee a designation of the parts of the record the appellant intends to include in the appendix and a statement of the issues the appellant intends to present for review. The appellee may, within 14 days after receiving the designation, serve on the appellant a designation of additional parts to which it wishes to direct the court’s attention. The appellant must include the designated parts in the appendix. The parties must not engage in unnecessary designation of parts of the record, because the entire record is available to the court. This paragraph applies also to a cross-appellant and a cross-appellee.* (2) Costs of Appendix. Unless the parties agree otherwise, the appellant must pay the cost of the appendix. If the appellant considers parts of the record designated by the appellee to be unnecessary, the appellant may advise the appellee, who must then advance the cost of including those parts. The cost of the appendix is a taxable cost. But if any party causes unnecessary parts of the record to be included in the appendix, the court may impose the cost of those parts on that party. Each circuit must, by local rule, provide for sanctions against attorneys who unreasonably and vexatiously including unnecessary material in the appendix.† litigation costs by increase (c) Deferred Appendix. (1) Deferral Until After Briefs Are Filed. The court may provide by rule for classes of cases or by order in a particular case that preparation of the appendix may be deferred until after the briefs have been filed and that the appendix may be filed 21 days after the appellee’s brief is *The court’s local designation requirements for the deferred appendix are described in Fed. Cir. R. 30(b). †See Fed. Cir. R. 25(h) for the court’s local rule regarding sanctions. For additional local requirements regarding costs of the appendix, see Fed. Cir. R. 30(a)(1)(D) and Fed. Cir. R. 30(f). Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 123 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 30 served. Even though the filing of the appendix may be deferred, Rule 30(b) applies; except that a party must designate the parts of the record it wants included in the appendix when it serves its brief and need not include a statement of the issues presented.* (2) References to the Record. (A) If the deferred appendix is used, the parties may cite in their briefs the pertinent pages of the record. When the appendix is prepared, the record pages cited in the briefs must be indicated by inserting record page numbers, in brackets, at places in the appendix where those pages of the record appear. (B) A party who wants to refer directly to pages of the appendix may serve and file copies of the brief within the time required by Rule 31(a), containing appropriate references to pertinent pages of the record. In that event, within 14 days after the appendix is filed, the party must serve and file copies of the brief, containing references to the pages of the appendix in place of or in addition to the references to the pertinent pages of the record. Except for the correction of typographical errors, no other changes may be made to the brief.† (d) Format of the Appendix. The appendix must begin with a table of contents identifying the page at which each part begins.‡ The relevant docket entries must follow the table of contents. § Other parts of the record must follow *Fed. Cir. R. 30(a)(2) defers filing of the appendix in all cases before this court until after briefing is complete, though the court affords unrepresented parties the opportunity to submit an informal appendix earlier under Fed. Cir. R. 30(h). Preparation of the appendix is addressed in Fed. Cir. R. 30(b). †The parties’ references to record material must follow Fed. Cir. R. 28(f). ‡ Fed. Cir. 30(a)(6) addresses the new requirement for a table of contents. §After the table of contents, this court requires that the judgments, orders, agency actions, or other decisions appealed from and any opinions, memoranda, or findings and conclusions supporting them, including any rehearing opinions or orders, be placed first in the appendix. See Fed. Cir. R. 30(c)(1). If the appendix is filed in two versions pursuant to Fed. Cir. R. 25.1(e)(1), the confidential version must (continued on the next page) Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 124 FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 30 (Return to Table of Contents) chronologically. When pages from the transcript of proceedings are placed in the appendix, the transcript page numbers must be shown in brackets immediately before the included pages. Omissions in the text of papers or of the transcript must be indicated by asterisks. subscriptions, Immaterial acknowledgments, etc.) should be omitted. (captions, matters formal (e) Reproduction of Exhibits. Exhibits designated for inclusion in the appendix may be reproduced in a separate volume, or volumes, suitably indexed. Four copies must be filed with the appendix, and one copy must be served on counsel for each separately represented party.* If a transcript of a proceeding before an administrative agency, board, commission, or officer was used in a district-court action and has been designated for inclusion in the appendix, the transcript must be placed in the appendix as an exhibit. (f) Appeal on the Original Record Without an Appendix. The court may, either by rule for all cases or classes of cases or by order in a particular case, dispense with the appendix and permit an appeal to proceed on the original record with any copies of the record, or relevant parts, that the court may order the parties to file. FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 30 Appendix to the Briefs (a) Contents of Appendix; Time for Filing; Number of Copies; Multiple Volumes; Failure to File; Table of Contents. (1) Contents. include the protective order or excerpts of any statute imposing confidentiality first. *Fed. Cir. R. 25(c)(1)(B) details the court’s procedures for items, including exhibits as part of an appendix, that are unable to be filed electronically. Fed. Cir. R. 30(i) details requirements for electronic material that cannot be reproduced in written form as part of an appendix and outlines procedures for providing that material on electronic media. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 125 FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 30 (Return to Table of Contents) (A) In addition to the material required by Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 30(a)(1)(A), (B), and (C), the appendix must include the following: (i) (ii) (iii) the entire docket sheet, certified list, or index from the proceedings below; in an appeal from a jury case, the judge’s charge, the jury’s verdict, and the jury’s responses to interrogatories; and in an appeal involving a patent or patent application, any patents or applications at issue on appeal in their entirety. Any other patents included in an appendix must be included in their entirety. (B) Parts of the record must not be included in the appendix unless they are cited in the briefs. Parties must, however, include in the appendix sufficient surrounding record and transcript pages to provide context for a cited excerpt, as well as the transcript cover page identifying participating counsel if included in the record. Inclusion of unnecessary pages in the appendix is prohibited. (C) In an appeal from the Patent and Trademark Office, unless the parties agree otherwise, the appendix must include the following: (i) (ii) (iii) a copy of all rejected claims that are being appealed from a final decision of the Patent Trial and Appeal Board; a copy of all counts in a patent interference appeal or claims involved in a derivation proceeding; and a copy of the trademark sought to be registered or cancelled and a copy of any registration relied on to refuse or oppose registration or to seek cancellation of registered mark in a trademark appeal. (D) If the appellant includes in the appendix material counter-designated by the appellee under Federal Circuit Rule 30(b) that the appellant considers to be included in violation of this rule, the appellant may so advise the Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 126 FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 30 (Return to Table of Contents) appellee and the appellee must advance the costs of including those parts in the appendix. (E) The following must not be included in the appendix except by leave of the court, and any motion for leave must state the number of pages requested to be included: (i) briefs and memoranda, except as permitted by Federal Circuit Rule 30(a)(1)(F); (ii) notices; (iii) (iv) subpoenas — except where the enforcement or validity of a subpoena is at issue; summonses — except in appeals from the Court of International Trade; (v) motions to extend time; or (vi) jury lists. (F) Nothing in Federal Circuit Rule 30 prohibits from designation and inclusion in an appendix any of the following: (i) (ii) (iii) an examiner’s answer in an ex parte patent case; a trademark examining attorney’s appeal brief in an ex parte trademark case; briefs and memoranda in a case where the propriety of summary judgment is an issue or where there is an issue of waiver; or (iv) the notice of appeal. (2) Time for Filing. The appellant must serve and file the appendix within seven (7) days after the last reply brief is served and filed. When there is no cross-appeal, if the appellant does not file a reply brief, the appendix must be served and filed within the time for filing the reply brief. In a cross-appeal, if the cross-appellant does not file a reply brief, the appendix must be served and filed within seven (7) days after the time for filing the cross-appellant’s reply brief has expired. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 127 FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 30 (3) Number of Copies. (Return to Table of Contents) Six (6) paper copies of any appendix must be filed with the court in accordance with Federal Circuit Rule 25(c)(3). In appeals where all parties are represented by counsel, an additional paper copy of any appendix must be provided by the filer to principal counsel for the other parties within the same timeframe prescribed by Federal Circuit Rule 25(c)(3) unless principal counsel states that a paper copy need not be provided. No copies are required to be sent to counsel for amici curiae. (4) Appendix Volumes. No appendix volume filed electronically may exceed 400 sheets of paper when printed. Appendices exceeding 400 printed sheets of paper must be divided into separate volumes before filing. A multi-volume appendix must have a volume number in Roman numerals and the pages included in the volume listed at the top of the cover of each volume (e.g., Volume II, Pages 542 to 813). Parties must not include a volume number on the cover of an appendix if that appendix consists of only one volume. A complete table of contents or index must be included in each volume of the appendix.* (5) Consequence of Failing to File an Appendix. If the appellant fails to file the appendix, the clerk of court is authorized to dismiss the case. (6) Table of Contents. In addition to the page of the appendix at which each entry begins, an appendix table of contents must include information identifying how the document was designated in the reviewed tribunal (such as the docket or other record number) and, if applicable, the corresponding exhibit number or letter. If any materials included in the appendix did not have an identifying designation in the reviewed tribunal, the table of contents must include a brief explanation why that is so. If a single explanation applies to all or multiple documents, a single explanation to that effect can suffice. *Ed. Note: Refer to the Practice Notes to Rule 30 (Appendix Volumes) for further explanation of this requirement. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 128 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 30 (b) Preparing the Appendix. (1) Designation of Material. The parties must compile a designation of material, consisting of all items in the record and other items required by Federal Circuit Rule 30, from which the appendix will be prepared. (A) (B) To the extent practicable, the parties must attempt to agree on the designation no later than forty-five (45) days prior to the deadline for the appellant’s principal brief. If the parties cannot agree within the timeframe, the appellant must serve its designation on the appellee along with a statement of the issues the appellant intends to present no later than thirty (30) days prior to the deadline for the appellant’s principal brief. Within (14) days after service of appellant’s fourteen designation, the appellee may serve on the appellant a counter-designation of additional material, which the appellant must include, or inform the appellant that no additional material needs to be added. (2) Pagination. (A) (B) (C) The appellant must assign consecutive page numbers to the designated material and serve on all parties either a table reflecting the page numbers of each item or, if not prohibited by an outstanding protective order, a physical compilation of the material with the assigned page numbers shown. The first page numbers in the designated material must be assigned to all judgments, orders, agency actions, or other decisions appealed from and any opinions, memoranda, or findings and conclusions supporting them, including any rehearing opinions or orders. Other items must follow in accordance with Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 30(d). The pages of the designated material must be numbered by the automated Bates numbering feature of the software used to convert the document into a PDF and must be in the format required by the clerk of court in the court’s Electronic Filing Procedures. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 129 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 30 (3) Extension of Time. The parties may extend the time to complete the designation without leave of the court; however, the designation and pagination must be completed before the appellant files its principal brief or the parties must move to extend the time to file the brief. If the designation cannot be timely completed due to a pending transcript request, an affidavit detailing what has been done to expedite transcription must be attached to the motion. (4) Prohibition on Filing. The parties are prohibited from filing the designation of material and any counter-designation, table of page numbers, or physical compilation with the court. (5) Preparation of Appendix. The appellant must prepare the appendix by selecting from the designated material only items required by these rules and pages specifically cited in the briefs of the parties, including the briefs of intervenors and amici. Pages not cited in the briefs — other than items required by these rules — must be omitted from the appendix. If all material designated by the parties comprises no more than 100 pages, the entire designation may be filed as the appendix and combined with the appellant’s principal brief pursuant to Federal Circuit Rule 30(d). (c) Format of Appendix. (1) Arrangement of Appendix. Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 30(d) governs the arrangement of the appendix, except the judgments, orders, agency actions, or other decisions appealed from and any opinions, memoranda, or findings and conclusions supporting them, including any rehearing opinions or orders, must be placed first in the appendix. Pursuant to Federal Circuit Rule 25.1(e)(1)(A), if the appendix must include an excerpt of a statute imposing confidentiality or a judicial or administrative protective order, the excerpt or order must appear before the first page and may be paginated with Roman numerals.* *The table of contents must still appear before all contents. See Fed. R. App. P. 30(d). Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 130 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 30 (2) Pagination. The page numbers in the appendix must be those assigned to the designated material in accordance with Federal Circuit Rule 30(b), and the pages must appear in numerical order. The pages must retain the Bates numbering of the designated material. The page numbers must appear centered in the bottom margin of each page and meet the font size requirements of Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32(a)(5). Other marks must be redacted if necessary to avoid confusion. Omission of pages need not be noted (e.g., page 102 may be followed by page 230 without stating that pages 103–229 are not reproduced). (3) Printing. The court encourages the double-sided printing of the pages of the appendix, an appendix combined with a brief, and an addendum. (d) Combined Brief and Appendix. (1) When a brief and appendix are combined, the title on the cover must so indicate. (2) If either the appendix agreed upon by the parties or the designated material comprises no more than 200 electronic pages or 100 double-sided printed pages, it may be filed together with the appellant’s or petitioner’s principal brief. (e) Separate or Supplemental Appendix. Except as provided below, no party may file a separate or supplemental appendix without leave of the court. (1) Appellee’s Appendix in an Unrepresented Party’s Case. In cases involving only unrepresented appellants who have failed to participate in determining the contents of the appendix or have filed an inadequate appendix, the appellee may file an appendix containing material permitted by Federal Circuit Rule 30(a). Should the appellee file such an appendix, the appellants may then attach additional material permitted by Federal Circuit Rule 30(a) to any reply brief. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 131 FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 30 (Return to Table of Contents) (2) Appendix Filed by the United States as an Appellee or Intervenor. If all appellants have failed to participate in determining the contents of the appendix or have filed an inadequate appendix, the United States or an officer or agency of the United States, as an appellee or intervenor, may file an appendix containing material permitted by Federal Circuit Rule 30(a). (3) Cover and Binding. If a separate or supplemental appendix comprises no more than 200 electronic pages or 100 double-sided printed pages, it may be filed together with the filer’s principal brief. The cover of any separately bound appendix filed by an appellee or intervenor must be red. The cover of any other separately bound appendix must be white. (4) Pagination. The pages of a separate or supplemental appendix must be numbered by the automated Bates numbering feature of the software used to convert the document into a PDF and must be in the format required by the clerk of court in the court’s Electronic Filing Procedures. The separate or supplemental appendix need not follow any designated material pagination. (5) Time for Filing. Any separate or supplemental appendix must be filed within seven (7) days after the appendix would be due under Federal Circuit Rule 30(a)(2). (f) Costs. The costs of the table of page numbers or the copy of the physical compilation of the designated material in Federal Circuit Rule 30(b) may be assessed as provided in Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 30(b)(2). Costs associated with the inclusion of material under Federal Circuit Rule 30(a)(1)(D) may be recovered. (g) Appendices Containing Confidential or Sealed Material. Federal Circuit Rule 25.1 applies to confidential or sealed material in appendices, exhibits, addenda, and attachments. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 132 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 30 (h) Unrepresented Party’s Informal Appendix. An informal brief will be considered filed with an appendix if it includes a copy of the judgment and opinion of the trial court or the final order of an administrative agency. The initial decision of the administrative judge must also be included in the appendix in a Merit Systems Protection Board case. If an unrepresented party chooses to separately file an appendix, then the items noted above must be included if they are not already attached to the informal brief. (i) Electronic Appendix Material Unable to Be Produced in Paper. When the record has been perpetuated in whole or in part in an electronic format and that portion of the record cannot be reproduced in a nonelectronic format, those portions of the record that would properly be included in the appendix if they were in documentary form will be considered supplementary appendix material. (1) Copies. Four (4) copies must be filed on an electronic medium no later than the time to file the paper copies of the appendix under Federal Circuit Rule 25(c)(3). These copies must be accompanied by a cover letter that includes the case number, short case name, and corresponding appendix page(s). (2) Statement Concerning Instructions and Malware. The copies must be accompanied by an affidavit or unsworn declaration under penalty of perjury under 28 U.S.C. § 1746, preferably within or attached to the packaging, that does the following: (A) (B) sets forth the instructions for viewing the submission and the minimum equipment required for viewing; and verifies the absence of computer malware and lists the software used to ensure that the submission is free of any malware. (3) Slip Sheet. A slip sheet representing the supplementary appendix material must be placed in the electronically filed appendix and corresponding paper copies. The slip sheet must bear proper appendix pagination and be included in the appendix where the Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 133 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 30 material would have appeared. No separate notification is required. PRACTICE NOTES TO RULE 30 Notice of New References in Cross-Appellant’s Reply Brief. To expedite preparing the appendix, a cross-appellant will notify the appellant promptly on being served the appellant’s reply brief whether the cross-appellant will file a reply brief and, if so, whether it will refer to pages not cited in the briefs already filed, listing any such pages. Dispensing with the Appendix. A motion to dispense with the appendix will be granted only in extraordinary circumstances. Testimony in the Appendix. To reduce bulk in the appendix, the use of condensed, columnar transcripts of testimony is encouraged. Appendix Volumes. The limit of 400 sheets of paper per volume for appendix paper copies equates to 800 pages per volume in the electronic version when the paper copies are printed double-sided. Parties should decide on a binding method in advance of electronic filing to ensure even smaller volumes will not be required. There is no minimum number of pages per volume, though the court discourages unnecessary subdivision. Inclusion of Patents in the Appendix. Federal Circuit Rule 30(a)(1)(A)(iii) requires the appendix to include patents or patent applications that are the subject of the appeal. Prior art patents or other patents may only be included in the appendix as required by Federal Circuit Rule 30(b)(5). Inclusion of Reviewed Tribunal’s Numbering Designations. In addition to including in the appendix table of contents a description of each document (e.g., Answer or Decl. of [first name, last name of expert Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 134 (Return to Table of Contents) PRACTICE NOTES TO RULE 30 witness]) and the Appx page number corresponding to the document’s first page, parties should also include any numbering designation that was used by the reviewing tribunal for each document. The purpose of including this information is so that when the Court is reviewing the materials from the reviewed tribunal, such as the reviewed tribunal’s decision or briefs filed there, which necessarily cite documents based on whatever numbering convention is used by the reviewed tribunal, the Court can look to the appendix table of contents as a cross-reference to locate documents based on the reviewed tribunal’s designation. For example, if the reviewed tribunal and parties would have cited a document as Tab 3, the joint appendix should note Tab 3 next to the entry for that document. Or if the reviewed tribunal and parties would have cited a document as Paper 8, that should be included. Or, as yet another example, if a document in the joint appendix would have been cited by the reviewed tribunal and parties as one of two potential docket numbers (e.g., either a sealed or public version), the appendix table of contents should indicate both next to the entry for that document, e.g., ECF No. 81 (sealed); ECF No. 83 (public). FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 31 Serving and Filing Briefs (a) Time to Serve and File a Brief. (1) The appellant must serve and file a brief within 40 days after the record is filed. The appellee must serve and file a brief within 30 days after the appellant’s brief is served. The appellant may serve and file a reply brief within 21 days after service of the appellee’s brief but a reply brief must be filed at least 7 days before argument, unless the court, for good cause, allows a later filing.* *This court has extended the deadlines to file an appellant’s principal brief and an appellee’s response brief to 60 days and 40 days, respectively. See Fed. Cir. R. 31(a)(1)(A)–(B); Fed. Cir. R. 31(a)(2). The deadline for a reply brief remains unchanged, though the court may permit later filing in the limited circumstance offered by Fed. Cir. R. 34(a).. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 135 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 31 (2) A court of appeals that routinely considers cases on the merits promptly after the briefs are filed may shorten the time to serve and file briefs, either by local rule or by order in a particular case. (b) Number of Copies. Twenty-five copies of each brief must be filed with the clerk and 2 copies must be served on each unrepresented party and on counsel for An unrepresented party each separately represented party. proceeding in forma pauperis must file 4 legible copies with the clerk, and one copy must be served on each unrepresented party and on counsel for each separately represented party. The court may by local rule or by order in a particular case require the filing or service of a different number.* (c) Consequence of Failure to File. If an appellant fails to file a brief within the time provided by this rule, or within an extended time, an appellee may move to dismiss the appeal. An appellee who fails to file a brief will not be heard at oral argument unless the court grants permission.† *The court requires fewer paper copies of briefs pursuant to Fed. Cir. R. 25(c)(3), as cross-referenced in Fed. Cir. R. 31(b). †The clerk of court is authorized to dismiss an appeal for an appellant’s failure to file a principal brief. See Fed. Cir. R. 31(d). The Practice Notes to Rule 26 (Benefit of Timely Extension Request) explain how this court views the relationship between an extension request and the filing of an appellant’s principal brief as it relates to dismissal. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 136 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 31 Serving and Filing Briefs (a) Time for Service and Filing. (1) Brief of Appellant or Petitioner. (A) (B) In an appeal from a court, the appellant must serve and file its principal brief within sixty (60) days after docketing. In an appeal from an agency, the petitioner or appellant must serve and file its principal brief within sixty (60) days after the certified list or index is served pursuant to Federal Circuit Rule 17(c). (C) When two or more appellants or petitioners choose to proceed by filing a single brief, that brief must be served and filed no later than the latest date on which the principal brief of any of those appellants or petitioners is due. (D) In consolidated cases in which more than one set of parties filed a notice of appeal or petition for review, the deadline for the principal brief of the appellant or petitioner is computed from the docketing date of the last-docketed case or the date of service of the last-served certified list or index. In consolidated cross-appeals, the deadline is computed from the docketing date of the first- docketed case or date of service of the first-served certified list or index. (2) Brief of Appellee or Cross-Appellant. The appellee or cross-appellant must serve and file its principal brief within forty (40) days after the appellant’s brief is served. In a petition for review or appeal from an agency, if the certified list or index is served after the appellant’s principal brief, the appellee or cross-appellant must service and file its principal brief within forty (40) days after service of the certified list or index. (3) Cross-Appeal. In a cross-appeal, the following apply: Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 137 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 31 (A) (B) the appellant must serve and file its response and reply brief within forty (40) days after the cross-appellant’s principal and response brief is served; and the cross-appellant must serve and file its reply brief within twenty-one (21) days after the appellant’s response and reply brief is served. (4) Brief Responding to Multiple Parties. A brief that responds to the briefs of multiple parties must be served and filed within the time prescribed after service of the last of those briefs. If one party timely files its brief and another party fails to file, then the deadline for any responsive brief will be calculated from the date of service of the filed brief or the date the unfiled brief was due, whichever is later. (b) Number of Copies. Six (6) paper copies of each brief, or three (3) paper copies if filing an informal brief, must be provided to the court in accordance with Federal Circuit Rule 25(c)(3). In appeals where all parties are represented by counsel, an additional paper copy of each brief must be provided by the filer to principal counsel for the other parties within the same timeframe prescribed by Federal Circuit Rule 25(c)(3) unless principal counsel states that a paper copy need not be provided. No copies are required to be sent to counsel for amici curiae, but counsel for amici curiae must send a copy to each party as required by this subsection. (c) Certain Motions Suspend the Briefing Schedule. When a motion is filed that, if granted, would terminate an appeal, cross-appeal, or consolidated appeal, the briefing schedule is suspended. This suspension does not apply to an appellant’s principal brief if the motion would only terminate a cross-appeal. If the motion is denied, the next brief becomes due, unless the court orders otherwise, within the balance of the time remaining under this rule when the motion was filed, but not fewer than fourteen (14) days from the date of the order. (d) Consequence of Failure to File a Brief by Appellant or Petitioner. If the appellant or petitioner fails to file a principal brief, the clerk of court is authorized to dismiss the case. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 138 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 31 (e) Time for Filing Informal Brief. The deadlines to serve and file informal briefs are the same as those for briefs that are not informal. See Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 31(a)(1) and Federal Circuit Rule 31(a). Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 139 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32 Form of Briefs, Appendices, and Other Papers (a) Form of a Brief. (1) Reproduction. (A) A brief may be reproduced by any process that yields a clear black image on light paper. The paper must be opaque and unglazed. Only one side of the paper may be used.* (B) (C) Text must be reproduced with a clarity that equals or exceeds the output of a laser printer. Photographs, illustrations, and tables may be reproduced by any method that results in a good copy of the original; a glossy finish is acceptable if the original is glossy. (2) Cover. Except for filings by unrepresented parties, the cover of the appellant’s brief must be blue; the appellee’s, red; an intervenor’s or amicus curiae’s, green; any reply brief, gray; and any supplemental brief, tan.† The front cover of a brief must contain: (A) (B) (C) the number of the case centered at the top; the name of the court; ‡ the title of the case (see Rule 12(a)); § *This court encourages the double-sided printing of appendices and addenda. If an appendix or addendum is bound with a brief, the brief must remain single-sided, but the appendix or addendum portion may be double-sided. See Fed. Cir. R. 30(c)(3); Fed. Cir. R. 32(d). †Fed. R. App. P. 28.1(d) requires a yellow cover for an appellant’s response and reply brief in a case involving a cross-appeal. As a practical matter, electronically filed versions of documents should not follow the cover color requirements of Fed. R. App. R 32(a)(2); only the paper copies should follow the cover color requirements. ‡This court encourages parties to include the name of the judge or individual who issued the decision appealed from in the nature of proceedings on the cover. See the Practice Notes to Rule 32 (Preferred Cover Content). §This court requires the cover to contain the court’s official caption, with limited exceptions, which (continued on the next page) Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 140 FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32 (Return to Table of Contents) (D) (E) (F) the nature of the proceeding (e.g., Appeal, Petition for Review) and the name of the court, agency, or board below; the title of the brief, identifying the party or parties for whom the brief is filed; and the name, office address, and telephone number of counsel representing the party for whom the brief is filed.* (3) Binding. The brief must be bound in any manner that is secure, does not obscure the text, and permits the brief to lie reasonably flat when open.† (4) Paper Size, Line Spacing, and Margins. The brief must be on 8 1/2 by 11 inch paper. The text must be double-spaced, but quotations more than two lines long may be indented and single-spaced. Headings and footnotes may be single-spaced. Margins must be at least one inch on all four sides. Page numbers may be placed in the margins, but no text may appear there.‡ satisfies the title requirement of Fed. R. App. P. 32(a)(2)(C). See Fed. Cir. R. 32(a). *Additional local requirements for material that must be included on the cover, or in the title, can be found in the following rules: Fed. Cir. R. 25(i)(2); Fed. Cir. R. 25.1(e)(1)(A)–(B); Fed. Cir. R. 27(c)(1); Fed. Cir. R. 30(d). The court prohibits the inclusion of certain words on the cover in specific circumstances under Fed. Cir. R. 30(a)(4) and Fed. Cir. R. 32(a). †This court requires the binding to be placed on the left margin of the printed copies. Parties have the discretion to select a binding method so long as the binding method is “secure” so that the “bound copies will not loosen or fall apart,” and the brief will “lie reasonably flat when open.” See Fed. Cir. R. 32(h). ‡This court requires that page numbers appear centered in the bottom margin of all documents exceeding two pages in length. See Fed. Cir. R. 32(e). This court also permits the nonconfidential legend on pages with redactions required by Fed. Cir. R. 25.1(e)(1)(B) to appear in the margins of the page. See the Practice Notes to Rule 25.1 (Noting Redactions in the Nonconfidential Version). Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 141 FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32 (5) Typeface. (Return to Table of Contents) Either a proportionally spaced or a monospaced face may be used.* (A) A proportionally spaced face must include serifs, but sans-serif type may be used in headings and captions. A proportionally spaced face must be 14-point or larger. (B) A monospaced face may not contain more than 10 1/2 characters per inch. (6) Type Styles. A brief must be set in a plain, roman style, although italics or boldface may be used for emphasis. Case names must be italicized or underlined. (7) Length. (A) Page Limitation. A principal brief may not exceed 30 pages, or a reply brief 15 pages, unless it complies with Rule 32(a)(7)(B). (B) Type-Volume Limitation. (i) A principal brief is acceptable if it:  contains no more than 13,000 words; or  uses a monospaced face and contains no more than 1,300 lines of text.† (ii) A reply brief is acceptable if it contains no more than half of the type volume specified in Rule 32(a)(7)(B)(i).‡ *This court applies the typeface requirements to footnotes as well. See the Practice Notes to Rule 32 (Footnotes). †This court has enlarged the type-volume limitation for principal briefs to 14,000 words. See Fed. Cir. R. 32(b)(1). ‡As this court has enlarged the type-volume limitation for principal briefs, the limitation for reply briefs is similarly enlarged. See Fed. Cir. R. 32(b)(1). Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 142 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32 (b) Form of an Appendix. An appendix must comply with Rule 32(a)(1), (2), (3), and (4), with the following exceptions: (1) (2) The cover of a separately bound appendix must be white.* An appendix may include a legible photocopy of any document found in the record or of a printed judicial or agency decision. (3) When necessary to facilitate inclusion of odd-sized documents such as technical drawings, an appendix may be a size other than 8 1/2 by 11 inches and need not lie reasonably flat when opened.† (c) Form of Other Papers. (1) Motion. The form of a motion is governed by Rule 27(d). (2) Other Papers. Any other paper, including a petition for panel rehearing and a petition for hearing or rehearing en banc, and any response to such a petition, must be reproduced in the manner prescribed by Rule 32(a), with the following exceptions: (A) A cover is not necessary if the caption and signature page of the paper together contain the information required by Rule 32(a)(2). If a cover is used, it must be white.‡ (B) Rule 32(a)(7) does not apply. *The cover of a separately bound appendix filed pursuant to Fed. Cir. R. 30(e) must be red. See Fed. Cir. R. 30(e)(3). As a practical matter, electronically filed versions of documents should not follow the cover color requirements of Fed. R. App. R 32(a)(2); only the paper copies should follow the cover color requirements. †See the Practice Notes to Rule 32 (Copies of Patent Documents) for this court’s preference when compiling large patent documents in an appendix. ‡The paper copies of amicus briefs in support of a petition for rehearing or petition for hearing en banc are treated in the same manner as merits briefs in this court and shall have a green cover color. See Fed. R. App. P. 32(a). Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 143 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32 (d) Signature. Every brief, motion, or other paper filed with the court must be signed by the party filing the paper or, if the party is represented, by one of the party’s attorneys. (e) Local Variation. Every court of appeals must accept documents that comply with the form requirements of this rule and the length limits set by these rules. By local rule or order in a particular case, a court of appeals may accept documents that do not meet all the form requirements of this rule or the length limits set by these rules. (f) Items Excluded from Length. In computing any length limit, headings, footnotes, and quotations count toward the limit but the following items do not:  cover page;  disclosure statement;  a table of contents;  a table of citations;  a statement regarding oral argument;  addendum containing statutes, rules, or regulations;  certificates of counsel;  signature block;  proof of service; and  any item specifically excluded by these rules or by local rule.* (g) Certificate of Compliance. (1) Briefs and Papers That Require a Certificate. A brief submitted under Rules 28.1(e)(2), 29(b)(4), or 32(a)(7)(B) — and a paper submitted under Rules 5(c)(1), 21(d)(1), 27(d)(2)(A), 27(d)(2)(C), or 40((d)(3)(A) — must include a certificate by the attorney, or an unrepresented party, that the *See Fed. R. App. P. 27(d)(2) and Fed. Cir. R. 32(b)(2) for additional excluded items. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 144 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32 document complies with the type-volume limitation. The person preparing the certificate may rely on the word or line count of the word-processing system used to prepare the document. The certificate must state the number of words — or the number of lines of monospaced type — in the document. (2) Acceptable Form. Form 6 in the Appendix of Forms meets the requirements for a certificate of compliance.* FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 32 Form of Briefs, Appendices, and Other Papers (a) Cover. (1) Official Caption. Whenever a document is filed with a cover, that cover must contain the official caption provided by the clerk of court, unless noted otherwise in these rules. See Federal Circuit Rule 12(b) and Federal Circuit Rule 15(b)(4). This caption satisfies the requirement under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32(a)(2)(C). (2) Prohibitions. “Nonconfidential” or “public” may not appear on the cover or first page of any filing unless there is a corresponding confidential version. *See the Practice Notes to Rule 32 (Certificate of Compliance) providing that Federal Circuit Form 19 satisfies the requirements of Fed. R. App. P. 32(g). Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 145 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 32 (3) Appeals Involving Patents. When the language of a patent or patent application is at issue in the appeal, each party’s principal brief must include the language of one or more exemplary patent claims illustrative of the issue(s) on the inside of the front cover (or immediately following the front cover if the language requires more space). The text of any reproduced claim may be single-spaced. (b) Type-Volume Limitations. (1) Brief Word or Line Limitation. A principal brief may exceed thirty (30) pages in length if it contains no more than 14,000 words, or 1,300 lines of text if using a monospaced typeface. A reply brief may exceed fifteen (15) pages in length if it contains no more than 7,000 words, or 650 lines of text if using a monospaced typeface. (2) Exclusions. In addition to the items listed in Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32(f) that are not counted in the type-volume limitations of these rules, the following items do not count toward those limitations: (A) (B) (C) certificate of interest; statement of related cases; any addendum; (D) any requirements under Federal Circuit Rule 25.1(e); (E) the cover page, the inside of the front cover, including the one or more exemplary patent claims illustrative of the issue(s), or text required to appear on the first page of a filing in lieu of a cover page; and (F) statement of counsel for a petition for hearing or rehearing en banc under Federal Circuit Rule 40(c). (3) Certificate of Compliance for Briefs. Each brief exceeding the page limitation under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32(a)(7)(A) or Federal Circuit Rule 28.1(a) must include a certificate of compliance with the type-volume limitation that adheres to the requirements in Federal Rule of Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 146 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 32 Appellate Procedure 32(g). It is the responsibility of the filing party to ensure that the certificate of compliance is accurate. (c) Informal Brief. An informal principal brief should be typewritten, but block printing or, as a last resort, legible handwriting is permitted. An informal principal brief must not exceed thirty (30) pages of typewritten double- spaced text or its equivalent. An informal reply brief must not exceed fifteen (15) pages of typewritten double-spaced text or its equivalent. If prepared on the court’s form, the form pages count against the total page limitation. The paper informal briefs may be secured by a single staple in the left-hand corner in lieu of any other form of binding required by Federal Circuit Rule 32(h). (d) Form of Appendix or Addendum. The court encourages the double-sided printing of the pages of the appendix, an appendix combined with a brief, and an addendum. (e) Pagination. Submissions to the court over two (2) pages must include page numbers. The page number must be centered at the bottom of the page and need not be included on a cover page. (f) Page Proof. Page proof copies of documents must not be filed with the court. (g) Signature Authority; Multiple Signatures. (1) Appearance Prerequisites. After a case is docketed, documents filed in that case on behalf of a represented party can only be signed by an attorney who has filed an entry of appearance for that party. (2) Signature Authority. Any person having actual authority may sign a document on behalf of counsel or an unrepresented party who is unavailable to sign or incapable of signing, provided the filing also includes as an attachment an affidavit of authority or an unsworn declaration of authority under penalty of perjury pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1746. (3) Documents Requiring Multiple Signatures. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 147 FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 32 (Return to Table of Contents) Any document requiring the signature of more than one party or individual must include the signature of the filer and account for all other signatures in either one or a combination of the following fashions: (A) (B) (C) The document may contain the handwritten signatures of the other parties or individuals. The document may contain the electronic signatures of the other parties or individuals with their consent and must so state that consent. The document may identify the other parties or individuals required to sign, and those parties or individuals must file a notice endorsing the signature within three (3) business days after filing. (h) Binding. Paper copies of briefs and appendices must be securely bound along the left margin to ensure that the bound copies will not loosen or fall apart and that the brief will lie reasonably flat when open. (i) Extraneous Markings. Parties must not include any highlighting or extraneous markings within either the briefs or the appendix beyond confidentiality notations required by these rules or markings that originally appeared on appendix materials in the record below. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 148 (Return to Table of Contents) PRACTICE NOTES TO RULE 32 Preferred Cover Content. In addition to the requirements of Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32(a)(2)(D), the court encourages inclusion on the cover of the name of the judge, when applicable, from whose judgment appeal is taken. Print Size of Briefs. Parties should avoid photo-reproduction that reduces the print size of the original smaller than the size required by Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32. Footnotes. The typeface requirements of Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32(a)(5) apply to all text in the brief, including footnotes. Copies of Patent Documents. Oversize patent documents reproduced in a brief or appendix should be photo-reduced to 8 1/2 by 11 inches if readability can be maintained; otherwise, they should be folded and bound so they do not protrude from the covers of the brief or appendix. Certificate of Compliance. Using Federal Circuit Form 19 satisfies the requirements for a certificate of compliance with type-volume limitations under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32(g)(1) and Federal Circuit Rule 32(b)(3). Parties are reminded that some software programs do not automatically include footnotes. When certain text is marked for word count or line count purposes, a party may need to separately mark text in footnotes and include those words or lines in the certified count. Filings in Companion Cases. Except when otherwise ordered, all filings in companion cases must be made in each individual case with the individual case numbers and case captions included on each respective case-specific filing. Unless otherwise directed, required paper copies must be submitted in each respective case. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 149 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 Citing Judicial Dispositions (a) Citation Permitted. A court may not prohibit or restrict the citation of federal judicial opinions, orders, judgments, or other written dispositions that have been: (i) designated as “unpublished,” “not for publication,” “non- precedential,” “not precedent,” or the like; and (ii) issued on or after January 1, 2007. (b) Copies Required. If a party cites a federal judicial opinion, order, judgment, or other written disposition that is not available in a publicly accessible electronic database, the party must file and serve a copy of that opinion, order, judgment, or disposition with the brief or other paper in which it is cited. FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 32.1 Citing Judicial Dispositions (a) Nonprecedential Disposition. A nonprecedential disposition must bear a legend designating it as nonprecedential. A precedential disposition will bear no legend. (b) Nonprecedential Opinion or Order. An opinion or order which is designated as nonprecedential is one determined by the panel issuing it as not adding significantly to the body of law. (c) Parties’ Citation of Nonprecedential Dispositions. Parties are not prohibited or restricted from citing nonprecedential dispositions. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 150 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 32.1 (d) Court’s Consideration of Nonprecedential or Unpublished Dispositions. The court may refer to a nonprecedential or unpublished disposition in an opinion or order and may look to a nonprecedential or unpublished disposition for guidance or persuasive reasoning but will not give one of its own nonprecedential dispositions the effect of binding precedent. The court will not consider nonprecedential or unpublished dispositions of another court as binding precedent of that court unless the rules of that court so provide. (e) Request to Make an Opinion or Order Precedential. Within sixty (60) days after the court issues a nonprecedential opinion or order, any person may request through motion filed in the case that the opinion or order be reissued as precedential. The request will be considered by the panel that rendered the disposition. The motion must identify any case that person knows to be pending that would be determined or affected by reissuance as precedential. Parties to pending cases having a stake in the outcome of a decision on the motion must be given an opportunity to respond. If the request is granted, the opinion or order may be revised as appropriate. (f) Public Records. All dispositions by the court in any form will be in writing and are public records. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 151 (Return to Table of Contents) PRACTICE NOTES TO RULE 32.1 Filing an Opinion. An opinion is issued when ready. No particular day of the week is considered a “down day.” The judgment is entered on the day the opinion is filed with the clerk of court and transmitted to the parties. Availability of an Opinion. The court’s precedential and nonprecedential opinions are available in a variety of commercially available print and electronic media, as well as online through the court’s website and the U.S. Government Publishing Office’s website. Subscriptions. Subscriptions to daily opinions and other items are available through http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/email- the subscriptions. court’s website at Request to Make an Opinion or Order Precedential. It is improper to refer in a brief to a request to make an opinion or order precedential before the request has been acted on. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 152 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 33 Appeal Conferences The court may direct the attorneys — and, when appropriate, the parties — to participate in one or more conferences to address any matter that may aid in disposing of the proceedings, including simplifying the issues and discussing settlement. A judge or other person designated by the court may preside over the conference, which may be conducted in person or by telephone. Before a settlement conference, the attorneys must consult with their clients and obtain as much authority as feasible to settle the case. The court may, as a result of the conference, enter an order controlling the course of the proceedings or implementing any settlement agreement. FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 33 Appeal Conferences (a) Settlement Discussion. Parties are encouraged to discuss settlement and to attempt settlement prior to the conclusion of merits briefing. To the extent possible and without divulging confidential information, parties should also apprise the court of ongoing settlement discussions. (b) Mediation. Parties are encouraged to utilize the court’s mediation program in order to facilitate settlement. The court may adopt mediation guidelines with respect to mediation of the cases pending before this court. Those guidelines are binding on the parties. FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 33.1 [Reserved] Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 153 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 34 Oral Argument (a) In General. (1) Party’s Statement. Any party may file, or a court may require by local rule, a statement explaining why oral argument should, or need not, be permitted.* (2) Standards. Oral argument must be allowed in every case unless a panel of three judges who have examined the briefs and record unanimously agrees that oral argument is unnecessary for any of the following reasons: (A) (B) (C) the appeal is frivolous; the dispositive issue or issues have been authoritatively decided; or the facts and legal arguments are adequately presented in the briefs and record, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided by oral argument. (b) Notice of Argument; Postponement. The clerk must advise all parties whether oral argument will be scheduled, and, if so, the date, time, and place for it, and the time allowed for each side. A motion to postpone the argument or to allow longer argument must be filed reasonably in advance of the hearing date. (c) Order and Contents of Argument. The appellant opens and concludes the argument. Counsel must not read at length from briefs, records, or authorities. (d) Cross-Appeals and Separate Appeals. If there is a cross-appeal, Rule 28.1(b) determines which party is the appellant and which is the appellee for purposes of oral argument. Unless the court directs otherwise, a cross-appeal or separate appeal *This court does not have a local rule requiring the filing of a statement regarding oral argument. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 154 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 34 must be argued when the initial appeal is argued. Separate parties should avoid duplicative argument. (e) Nonappearance of a Party. If the appellee fails to appear for argument, the court must hear appellant’s argument. If the appellant fails to appear for argument, the court may hear the appellee’s argument. If neither party appears, the case will be decided on the briefs, unless the court orders otherwise. (f) Submission on Briefs. The parties may agree to submit a case for decision on the briefs, but the court may direct that the case be argued. (g) Use of Physical Exhibits at Argument; Removal. Counsel intending to use physical exhibits other than documents at the argument must arrange to place them in the courtroom on the day of the argument before the court convenes. After the argument, counsel must remove the exhibits from the courtroom, unless the court directs otherwise. The clerk may destroy or dispose of the exhibits if counsel does not reclaim them within a reasonable time after the clerk gives notice to remove them. FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 34 Oral Argument (a) Reply Brief Instead of Oral Argument. If an appeal is not called for oral argument and the appellant declined to file a reply brief in anticipation of replying during oral argument, the appellant may file a reply brief within fourteen (14) days after the notice that the appeal will be submitted on the briefs. (b) Time Allowed. The time allowed each side for oral argument will be determined by the court. The clerk of court will advise the parties of the time allotted. A party is not obliged to use all the time allowed. The court may terminate the argument if it deems further argument unnecessary. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 155 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 34 (c) Visual Aids. (1) Visual Aids Used at a Trial or Administrative Hearing; Notice. If a party intends to display at oral argument a visual aid used at a trial or administrative hearing, the party must advise the court by letter no later than fourteen (14) days before argument. (2) Visual Aids Not Used at a Trial or Administrative Hearing; Notice. If a party intends to display at oral argument a visual aid that was not used at a trial or administrative hearing, the party must give notice to opposing counsel and notify the court by letter no later than twenty-one (21) days before argument. (3) Objection to the Use of Visual Aids. An objection to the proposed use of a visual aid at oral argument must be submitted as a letter and filed no later than seven (7) days before the oral argument. If a party objects, the parties’ submissions will be treated as a motion and response and will be referred to the panel. (4) Scope. Presentation programs or projection equipment may not be utilized during argument without leave of the court. A motion for leave must be filed no later than twenty-one (21) days before argument. This rule does not preclude use of a chalkboard or equivalent supplied by the party. (5) Disposition. The clerk of court may dispose of visual aids not removed by the parties. (d) Scheduling Conflicts. (1) Notice from the Clerk. In cases to be scheduled for oral argument, the clerk of court will issue a notice to the parties following the end of briefing to request scheduling conflict information from counsel. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 156 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 34 (2) Requirement to Notify of Conflicts. Within seven (7) days after the clerk of court issues a notice requesting scheduling conflicts, the parties must file a completed response on the form prescribed by the clerk of court, even if no scheduling conflicts exist. Until the case is scheduled for argument or submitted or resolved without argument, counsel has a continuing obligation to advise the court of any to existing additional scheduling conflicts or changes scheduling conflicts that arise after counsel responds to the clerk of court’s initial notice. (3) Good Cause Requirement. Arguing counsel must show good cause for each identified scheduling conflict; conflicts that do not provide sufficient showing of good cause will not be considered. If arguing counsel fails to show good cause for a scheduling conflict in advance of scheduling and the court schedules the case on a day arguing counsel is unavailable, then the case will not be rescheduled absent a showing of compelling reason and leave of court. (4) Delegation of Authority. The court may delegate to the clerk of court the authority to impose additional limitations on scheduling conflicts, including limiting counsel to a specified number of scheduling conflicts, and to accept or reject individual conflict dates for lack of good cause. (e) Arguing Counsel. (1) Notice of Oral Argument; Required Response. The clerk of court will notify parties when a case has been scheduled for argument. Each party must respond to the notice of oral argument on the form prescribed by the clerk of court within the time requested by the clerk of court. (2) Limitation on the Number of Arguing Counsel. Absent leave of court requested at least seven (7) days before argument, no more than two (2) counsel may argue on behalf of each side and no more than one (1) counsel may argue on behalf of each party or on behalf of parties represented by the same counsel or by counsel from the same firm. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 157 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 34 (3) Copies at Oral Argument. In a case scheduled for oral argument, all arguing counsel must have a copy of each brief and appendix in the case, including those filed by other parties, close at hand during the argument, in a form (paper or electronic) allowing speedy access to its contents. PRACTICE NOTES TO RULE 34 Scheduling Conflicts. Counsel should not submit any scheduling conflicts before receiving the notice from the clerk of court. In responding to the notice, counsel are advised that the unavailability of a client or non-arguing co- counsel is an insufficient basis for showing good cause. Court Sessions; Hearing Date. Sessions of the court will be held as announced by the court. Sessions are held regularly in Washington, D.C., but the court may sit elsewhere pursuant to Federal Circuit Rule 47.1. The Notice of Oral Argument is usually issued within four months after all briefs and the appendix are filed. Counsel are advised of the scheduled date of hearing approximately six weeks before the session. Accessibility Accommodations. A party or counsel of record requiring a communication-based disability accommodation should notify the clerk of court at least two (2) weeks before the scheduled hearing. A party requiring a mobility- based disability accommodation should notify the clerk of court at the time of filing the notice of scheduling conflicts. Additional information about accessibility accommodations is available on the court’s website, www.cafc.uscourts.gov. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 158 (Return to Table of Contents) PRACTICE NOTES TO RULE 34 Oral Argument. Counsel must report to the clerk’s office at least thirty (30) minutes before the scheduled session and before proceeding to the courtroom.* The members of the panel will have read the briefs before oral argument. Counsel should, therefore, emphasize the dispositive issue or issues. Time allotted for oral argument is ordinarily fifteen (15) minutes per side (not per party or attorney), although the court may vary this depending on the nature of the case. The court may extend the allotted time during the argument, or it may terminate the argument, if it deems it appropriate. Justification for Claim of Confidentiality. Unnecessarily designating material in the briefs and appendix as confidential may hinder the court’s preparation and issuance of opinions. Counsel must be prepared to justify at oral argument any claim of confidentiality. Conduct of Oral Argument. Guidelines for the conduct of oral argument are available on the court’s website, www.cafc.uscourts.gov, in the Clerk’s Office’s Guide for Oral Argument. Copies of Recordings Available. Oral arguments are recorded for the convenience of the court. website, Recordings www.cafc.uscourts.gov free of charge. The court does not provide or produce transcripts of oral argument or recommend transcription services. available court’s are the on Open to Public. Unless held in camera, oral arguments are open to the public. Those in attendance whose attire or behavior reflects adversely on the dignity of the proceedings will be asked to leave. *Ed. Note: This practice has since changed. Arguing counsel are now expected to check-in with the courtroom deputy at their assigned courtroom at least thirty minutes before the start of the day’s session. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 159 (Return to Table of Contents) PRACTICE NOTES TO RULE 34 Oral Argument on Motions. Oral argument is ordinarily not granted on motions. See Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 27(e). Introducing New Authority at Argument. A party seeking to raise new authority at argument that was not previously submitted to the court should provide a copy of the new authority to the opposing party in advance of argument by email or, if time permits, by filing a citation of supplemental authority pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 28(j). Use of Visual Aids. The court discourages the use of visual aids or presentations during argument. Forms. Using Federal Circuit Form 32 satisfies the requirements for responding to the clerk of court’s notice to advise of scheduling conflicts and for ongoing advising of schedule conflict changes under Federal Circuit Rule 34(d). Using Federal Circuit Form 33 satisfies the requirements for responding to the clerk of court’s notice of oral argument under Federal Circuit Rule 34(e). Paper Copies at Oral Argument. Parties are encouraged to bring paper copies of each brief and appendix to oral argument. FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 35 [Transferred to Rule 40] FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 35 [Reserved] Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 160 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 36 Entry of Judgment; Notice (a) Entry. A judgment is entered when it is noted on the docket. The clerk must prepare, sign, and enter the judgment: (1) (2) after receiving the court’s opinion — but if settlement of the judgment’s form is required, after final settlement; or if a judgment is rendered without an opinion, as the court instructs.* (b) Notice. On the date when judgment is entered, the clerk must serve on all parties a copy of the opinion — or the judgment, if no opinion was written — and a notice of the date when the judgment was entered. FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 36 Entry of Judgment (a) Judgment of Affirmance Without Opinion. The court may enter a judgment of affirmance without opinion, citing this rule, when it determines that any of the following conditions exist and an opinion would have no precedential value: (1) (2) (3) the judgment, decision, or order of the trial court appealed from is based on findings that are not clearly erroneous; the evidence supporting the jury’s verdict is sufficient; the record supports summary judgment, directed verdict, or judgment on the pleadings; *This court does not prepare separate judgment for dispositive orders issued without an opinion; instead this court’s dispositive order also serves as the judgment. See Fed. Cir. R. 36(b). Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 161 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 36 (4) the decision of an administrative agency warrants affirmance under the standard of review in the statute authorizing the petition for review; or (5) a judgment or decision has been entered without an error of law. (b) Separate Judgment. The clerk of court will not prepare a separate judgment when a case is disposed of by order without opinion. The order of the court serves as the judgment when entered. FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 37 Interest on Judgment (a) When the Court Affirms. Unless the law provides otherwise, if a money judgment in a civil case is affirmed, whatever interest is allowed by law is payable from the date when the district court’s judgment was entered. (b) When the Court Reverses. If the court modifies or reverses a judgment with a direction that a money judgment be entered in the district court, the mandate must contain instructions about the allowance of interest. FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 38 Frivolous Appeal If a court of appeals determines that an appeal is frivolous, it may, after a separately filed motion or notice from the court and reasonable opportunity to respond, award just damages and single or double costs to the appellee. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 162 (Return to Table of Contents) PRACTICE NOTES TO RULE 38 Warning Against Filing or Proceeding with a Frivolous Appeal or Petition. The court’s early decision in Asberry v. United States, 692 F.2d. 1378 (Fed. Cir. 1982), established the policy of enforcing this rule vigorously. Since then, many precedential opinions have included sanctions under the rule. Damages, double costs, and attorney fees, singly or in varying combinations, have been imposed on counsel, parties, and unrepresented petitioners for pursuing frivolous appeals. Challenging a Frivolous Appeal. If an appellee or respondent considers an appeal or petition frivolous, the appellee or respondent must file a separate motion with that allegation. The assertion that an appeal is frivolous must be accompanied by citation to the opposing brief or the record below with clear argument as to why those citations establish that the appeal is frivolous. A party whose case has been challenged as frivolous is expected to respond or to request dismissal of the case. Motions for Sanctions. Motions for sanctions under this rule are filed in accordance with the requirements of Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure and Federal Circuit Rule 27. FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 39 Costs (a) Allocating Costs Among the Parties. The following rules apply to allocating taxable costs among the parties unless the law provides, the parties agree, or the court orders otherwise: (1) if an appeal is dismissed, costs are allocated against the appellant; (2) if a judgment is affirmed, costs are allocated against the appellant; Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 163 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 39 (3) (4) if a judgment is reversed, costs are allocated against the appellee; if a judgment is affirmed in part, reversed in part, modified, or vacated, each party bears its own costs. (b) Reconsideration. Once the allocation of costs is established by the entry of judgment, a party may seek reconsideration of that allocation by filing a motion in the court of appeals within 14 days after the entry of judgment. But issuance of the mandate under Rule 41 must not be delayed awaiting a determination of the motion. The court of appeals retains jurisdiction to decide the motion after the made issues. (c) Costs Governed by Allocation Determination. The allocation of costs applies to both costs taxable in the court of appeals under Rule 39(e) and to costs taxable in district court under Rule 39(f). (d) Costs For and Against the United States. Costs for or against the United States, its agency, or officer will be allocated under Rule 39(a) only if authorized by law. (e) Costs on Appeal Taxable in the Court of Appeals. (1) Costs Taxable. The following costs on appeal are taxable in the court of appeals for the benefit of the party entitled to costs: (A) the production of necessary copies of a brief or appendix, or copies of records authorized by Rule 30(f); the docketing fee; and (B) (C) a filing fee paid in the court of appeals. (2) Costs of Copies. Each court of appeals must, by local rule, set the maximum rate for taxing the cost of producing necessary copies of a brief or appendix, or copies of records authorized by Rule 30(f). The rate must not exceed that generally charged for such work in the area where the clerk’s office is located and should encourage economical methods of Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 164 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 39 copying. * (3) Bill of Costs: Objections; Insertion in Mandate. (A) A party who wants costs taxed in the court of appeals must - within 14 days after judgment is entered – file with the circuit clerk and serve an itemized and verified bill of those costs. (B) Objections must be filed within 14 days after the bill of costs is served, unless the court extends the time. (C) The clerk must prepare and certify an itemized statement of costs for insertion in the mandate, but issuance of the mandate must not be delayed for taxing costs. If the mandate issues before costs are finally determined, the district clerk must – upon the circuit clerk’s request— add the statement of costs, or any amendment of it, to the mandate. (f) Costs on Appeal Taxable in the District Court. The following costs on appeal are taxable in the district court for the benefit of the party entitled to costs: (1) (2) (3) the preparation and transmission of the record; the reporter’s transcript, if needed to determine the appeal; premiums paid for a bond or other security to preserve rights pending appeal; and (4) the fee for filing the notice of appeal. *Fed. Cir. R. 39(c) outlines this court’s process for setting cost taxation rates. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 165 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 39 Costs (a) Notice of Entitlement to Costs. When the clerk of court provides notice of judgment or order disposing of an appeal, the clerk of court must advise which party or parties are entitled to costs. Notice of entitlement to costs may be made in the judgment, in the order disposing of the appeal, or on the docket. (b) Bill of Costs; Objection. A party must file the bill of costs on the form prescribed by the court. An objection to the bill of costs must not exceed 1,300 words if prepared using a computer or five (5) pages otherwise. Any objection must include a certificate of compliance that adheres to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32(g)(1). (c) Rates. The clerk of court is authorized to set a maximum rate at which costs may be taxed. In setting the maximum rate, the clerk of court will evaluate the most economical means of printing, reproduction, and binding available in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. The maximum rates set will be posted on the court’s website and included as an attachment to the court’s published Federal Rules of Practice and Bill of Costs form. Costs are taxed at the maximum rate or at the actual cost, whichever is lower. Costs may not be taxed for more paper copies than those required by Federal Circuit Rules 25(c)(3), 30(a)(3), and 31(b). (d) Taxable Costs. A motion for leave providing specific explanation and justification must accompany the bill of costs if costs for items not described in Federal Rule Appellate Procedure 39(e) are sought or if costs are sought at a rate higher than the allowable costs. (e) Costs in Favor of Intervenors. No costs will be taxed in favor of intervenors without leave of the court. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 166 (Return to Table of Contents) PRACTICE NOTES TO RULE 39 Costs When the United States Is a Party. 28 U.S.C. § 2412(a) authorizes costs to be taxed against the United States; thus, costs (as defined in 28 U.S.C. § 1920) may be awarded both for and against the United States in this court. Allowable Costs. The costs of correcting a nonconforming brief or appendix are not taxable. Counsel are urged to stipulate to costs. Payment of Costs Taxed. Pay the party or parties in whose favor costs are taxed by submitting payment to counsel for the party or to the party if the party is unrepresented. The court is not involved in collection matters. Costs in a Case Involving a Claim Under the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994. No costs are taxed if the underlying appeal involved a claim under the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994 (USERRA). 38 U.S.C. §§ 4323, 4324. The petitioner must complete Federal Circuit Form 6B to inform the court that the case involves a claim under USERRA. Form for Bill of Costs. Using Federal Circuit Form 24 satisfies the Bill of Costs form requirements under Federal Circuit Rule 39(b). Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 167 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 40 Panel Rehearing; En Banc Determination (a) A Party’s Options. A party may seek rehearing of a decision through a petition for panel rehearing, a petition for rehearing en banc, or both. Unless a local rule provides otherwise, a party seeking both forms of rehearing must file the petitions as a single document. Panel rehearing is the ordinary means of reconsidering a panel decision; rehearing en banc is not favored. (b) Content of a Petition. (1) Petition for Panel Rehearing. A petition for panel rehearing must: (A) state with particularity each point of law or fact that the petitioner believes the court has overlooked or misapprehended; and (B) argue in support of the petition. (2) Petition for Rehearing En Banc. A petition for rehearing en banc must begin with a statement that: (A) the panel decision conflicts with a decision of the court to which the petition is addressed (with citation to the conflicting case or cases) and the full court’s consideration is therefore necessary to secure or maintain uniformity of the court’s decisions; (B) (C) (D) the panel decision conflicts with a decision of the United States Supreme Court (with citation to the conflicting case or cases); the panel decision conflicts with an authoritative decision of another United States court of appeals (with citation to the conflicting case or cases); or the proceeding involves one or more questions of exceptional importance, each concisely stated. (c) When Rehearing En Banc May Be Ordered. On their own or in response to a party’s petition, a majority of the circuit judges who are in regular active service and who are not Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 168 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 40 disqualified may order that an appeal or other proceeding be reheard en banc. Unless a judge calls for a vote, a vote need not be taken to determine whether the case will be so reheard. Rehearing en banc is not favored and ordinarily will be allowed only if one of the criteria in Rule 40(b)(2)(A)-(D) is met. (d) Time to File; Form; Length; Response; Oral Argument. (1) Time. Unless the time is shortened or extended by order or local rule, any petition for panel rehearing or rehearing en banc must be filed within 14 days after judgment is entered—or, if the panel later amends its decision (on rehearing or otherwise), within 14 days after the amended decision is entered.* But in a civil case, unless an order shortens or extends the time, the petition may be filed by any party within 45 days after entry of judgment or of an amended decision if one of the parties is: (A) (B) (C) a United States officer or employee sued in an official capacity; or a United States agency; the United States (D) a current or former United States officer or employee sued in an individual capacity for an act or omission occurring in connection with duties performed on the United States’ behalf— including all instances in which the United States represents that person when the court of appeals’ judgment is entered or files that person’s petition. (2) Form of the Petition. The petition must comply in form with Rule 32. Copies must be filed and served as Rule 31 prescribes, except that the number of filed copies may be prescribed by local rule or altered by order in a particular case.† * This court has extended the time to file a petition for rehearing in cases not involving the federal government from 14 days to 30 days. See Fed. Cir. R. 40(f)(1). † This court’s paper copy requirements for paper copies can be found under Fed. Cir. R. 25(c)(3), as cross-referenced in Fed. Cir. R. 40(g) and Fed. Cir. R. 40(e)(1)-(2). Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 169 FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 40 (3) Length. (Return to Table of Contents) Unless the court or a local rule allows otherwise, the petition (or a single document containing a petition for panel rehearing and a petition for rehearing en banc) must not exceed: (A) (B) (4) Response. 3,900 words if produced using a computer; or 15 pages if handwritten or typewritten. Unless the court so requests, no response to the petition is permitted. Ordinarily, the petition will not be granted without such a request. If a response is requested, the requirements of Rule 40(d)(2)-(3) apply to the response.* (5) Oral Argument. Oral argument on whether to grant the petition is not permitted. (e) If a Petition Is Granted. If a petition for panel rehearing or rehearing en banc is granted, the court may: (1) (2) (3) dispose of the case without further briefing or argument; order additional briefing or argument; or issue any other appropriate order. (f) Panel’s Authority After a Petition for Rehearing En Banc. The filing of a petition for rehearing en banc does not limit the panel’s authority to take action described in Rule 40(e). (g) Initial Hearing En Banc. On its own or in response to a party’s petition, a court may hear an appeal or other proceeding initially en banc. A party’s petition must be filed no later than the date when its principal brief is due. The provisions of Rule 40(b)(2), (c), and (d)(2)-(5) apply to an initial hearing en banc. But initial hearing en banc is not favored and ordinarily will not be ordered. * Any ordered response must adhere to Fed. Cir. R. 40(e). Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 170 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 40 PANEL REHEARING; EN BANC DETERMINATION (a) General. (1) Rehearing of Panel Decision. A party may seek rehearing of a decision through a petition for panel rehearing, a petition for rehearing en banc, or both. Unless a local rule provides otherwise, a party seeking both forms of rehearing must file the petitions as a single document. Panel rehearing is the ordinary means of reconsidering a panel decision; rehearing en banc is not favored. (2) Combined Petition for Panel Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc. If a party chooses to file both a petition for panel rehearing and a petition for a rehearing en banc, then the two must be combined. The cover of a combined petition must indicate that it is a combined petition. (3) Initial Hearing En Banc. A party may ask that the court hear a case en banc as an initial matter, without a panel hearing the case first. Such initial hearing is almost never justified and will almost never be granted. (4) Arguing to Overrule a Precedent. Although only the court en banc may overrule a binding precedent, a party may argue, in its brief and at oral argument, to overrule a binding precedent without petitioning for a hearing en banc. The panel will decide whether to ask the judges in regular active service to consider hearing the case en banc. (5) Frivolous Petition. A petition for panel rehearing, hearing en banc, or rehearing en banc that does not meet the standards of this rule may be deemed frivolous and sanctions may be imposed. (b) Required Contents. (1) Contents of Petition for Panel Rehearing. The required contents for a petition for panel rehearing are as follows: Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 171 FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 40 (Return to Table of Contents) (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) a white cover or first page as prescribed in Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32(c)(2)(A); the certificate of interest under Federal Circuit Rule 47.4, which must appear immediately after the front page; the table of contents; the table of authorities; the points of law or fact overlooked or misapprehended by the court; the argument; an addendum containing a copy of the court’s dispositive order, opinion, or judgment of affirmance without opinion; and a certificate of compliance that adheres to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32(g). (2) Contents of Petition for Hearing En Banc, Petition for Rehearing En Banc, and Combined Petition. The required contents for a petition for hearing en banc, a petition for rehearing en banc, and a combined petition are as follows: (A) a white cover or first sheet as prescribed in Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32(c)(2)(A); (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) the certificate of interest under Federal Circuit Rule 47.4, which must appear immediately after the front page; the table of contents; the table of authorities; the statement of counsel required under Federal Circuit Rule 40(c); if filing a combined petition, the points of law or fact the filer believes the court has overlooked or misapprehended as required under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 40(b)(1)(A); (G) the argument; Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 172 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 40 (H) (I) if filing a petition for rehearing en banc or combined petition, a copy of this court’s dispositive order, opinion, or judgment of affirmance without opinion attached as an addendum; and a certificate of compliance that adheres to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32(g). (c) Statement of Counsel, Required for En Banc Requests. (1) Petition for Rehearing En Banc or Combined Petition. A petition that an appeal be reheard en banc must contain one or both of the following statements of, and be separately signed by, counsel at the beginning of the petition: Based on my professional judgment, I believe the panel decision is contrary to the following decision(s) of the Supreme Court of the United States or the precedent(s) of this court: (cite specific decisions). Based on my professional judgment, I believe this appeal requires an answer to one or more precedent-setting questions of exceptional importance: (set forth each question in a separate sentence). (2) Petition for Hearing En Banc. A petition that an appeal be initially heard en banc must contain the following statement of, and be separately signed by, counsel at the beginning of the petition: Based on my professional judgment, I believe this appeal requires an answer to one or more precedent-setting questions of exceptional importance: (set forth each question in a separate sentence). (d) Addendum Contents. The required contents for an addendum to a petition for panel rehearing, a petition for rehearing en banc, or a combined petition are as follows: (1) Court’s Decision. A copy of the dispositive order, opinion, or judgment of affirmance without opinion sought to be reheard must be bound with a petition for rehearing as an addendum, as appropriate. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 173 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 40 (2) Reproduction of Statutes, Rules, Regulations, etc. If the court’s determination of the issues presented requires the study of statutes, rules, regulations, etc., the relevant parts must be set out in the petition or response, or in any addendum attached to the petition or response. (3) Other Material. Material not listed in subsections (1)–(2) above or permitted under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32.1(b) may not be included as an addendum without leave of the court. (e) Response. If the court requests a response, which must not exceed 3,900 words if prepared electronically or fifteen (15) pages otherwise, the required contents are as follows: (1) a white cover or first sheet with the information prescribed in Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32(c)(2)(A); (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) the certificate of interest under Federal Circuit Rule 47.4, which must appear immediately after the front page; the table of contents; the table of authorities; the argument; any addendum under Federal Circuit Rule 40(d); and a certificate of compliance that adheres to Federal Circuit Rule 32(g)(1). (f) Time. (1) Except for a civil case in which the United States or its officer or agency is a party, a petition for panel rehearing, a petition for rehearing en banc, or a combined petition for rehearing en banc and panel rehearing must be filed within thirty (30) days after entry of judgment on the panel decision sought to be reheard. If the United States or its officer or agency is a party, the petition must be filed within forty-five (45) days after entry of judgment. (2) A party’s petition that an appeal be heard initially en banc must be filed no later than the date when its principal brief is due in accordance with the Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 40(g). Unless the court Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 174 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 40 orders otherwise, the filing of such a petition does not alter the schedule for briefing to the panel. (g) Paper Copies. Paper copies of petitions for panel rehearing, petitions for hearing or rehearing en banc, combined petitions, or responses to any such petition must be provided to the court in accordance with Federal Circuit Rule 25(c)(3). (h) Informal Petition for Panel Rehearing or En Banc Petition; Response. (1) Informal Petition. An unrepresented party may file an informal petition for panel rehearing, informal petition for hearing en banc, informal petition for rehearing en banc, or informal combined petition for panel rehearing and rehearing en banc in letter form not to exceed fifteen (15) typewritten double-spaced pages, attaching to each a copy of the dispositive order, opinion, or judgment sought to be reheard, and three (3) copies must be filed in accordance with Federal Circuit Rule 25(c)(3). (2) Informal Response. If the court requests a response to an informal petition for panel rehearing, informal petition for hearing en banc, informal petition for rehearing en banc, or informal combined petition for panel rehearing and rehearing en banc, or if the court requests an unrepresented party to respond to a formal petition for panel rehearing, the response may be informal. The informal response may not exceed fifteen (15) typewritten double-spaced pages, and three (3) copies must be filed in accordance with Federal Circuit Rule 25(c)(3). (i) Amicus Curiae Brief. In addition to the content requirements under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 29(b)(4), the following apply to amicus curiae briefs filed during the court’s consideration of whether to grant a petition for panel rehearing, petition for hearing en banc, petition for rehearing en banc, or combined petition for panel rehearing and rehearing en banc, except as otherwise permitted or directed by the court. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 175 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 40 (1) Leave. The brief must be accompanied by a motion for leave to file. (2) Timeliness. Any brief and motion for leave must be filed within fourteen (14) days after the date of the filing of the petition or response that the amicus curiae supports. If the amicus curiae does not support either party, then the brief and motion for leave to file the brief must be filed within fourteen (14) days after the date of the filing of the petition. (3) Type-Volume Limitation. The brief must not exceed 2,600 words if prepared electronically, or ten (10) pages otherwise. (4) Paper Copies. Paper copies of the brief must be provided to the court in accordance with Federal Circuit Rule 25(c)(3). PRACTICE NOTES TO RULE 40 Timeliness. A petition for panel rehearing, hearing en banc, rehearing en banc, or combined petition is filed when the court receives it, not on the date it was mailed. The clerk of court may return an untimely petition. Hearing or Rehearing En Banc. The court may sua sponte order that an appeal be initially heard or be reheard en banc. The panel or a judge on the panel that is considering a case may at any time request the judges of the court in regular active service to hear or rehear the case en banc with or without further briefs or argument by counsel. Rehearing En Banc; Senior Judges. If a senior judge participated in the original hearing and disposition of a case for which rehearing en banc is granted, that senior judge may, as provided in the statute, participate fully in the rehearing, if rehearing is granted. See 28 U.S.C. § 46(c). Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 176 (Return to Table of Contents) PRACTICE NOTES TO RULE 40 Petition for Rehearing En Banc Referred to Panel. A petition for rehearing en banc is presumed to request relief that can be granted by the panel that heard the appeal, and action on the petition for rehearing en banc will be deferred until the panel has an opportunity to grant the relief requested. Review of En Banc Nonprecedential Opinions. A petition for rehearing en banc is rarely appropriate if the appeal was the subject of a nonprecedential opinion or Rule 36 disposition by the panel of judges that heard it. Combined Petition for Panel Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc. When a combined petition for panel rehearing and rehearing en banc is filed, the petition for panel rehearing is decided first in the same manner as a petition for panel rehearing without an accompanying petition for rehearing en banc. If the panel grants the requested relief, the petition for rehearing en banc is deemed moot. Action by the Court in Petition for Panel Rehearing. When a petition for panel rehearing is filed, the clerk of court will transmit copies to the panel that decided the case. The clerk of court will enter an order denying the petition unless a majority of the panel agrees to rehear the case. Rehearing before the panel may take place with or without further briefing or oral argument by the parties as the court directs. Writ of Certiorari. Filing a petition for a panel rehearing or rehearing en banc is not a prerequisite to filing a petition for a writ of certiorari in the Supreme Court. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 177 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 41 Mandate: Contents; Issuance and Effective Date; Stay (a) Contents. Unless the court directs that a formal mandate issue, the mandate consists of a certified copy of the judgment, a copy of the court’s opinion, if any, and any direction about costs. (b) When Issued. The court’s mandate must issue 7 days after the time to file a petition for rehearing expires, or 7 days after entry of an order denying a timely petition for panel rehearing, petition for rehearing en banc, or motion for stay of mandate, whichever is later. The court may shorten or extend the time by order.* (c) Effective Date. The mandate is effective when issued. (d) Staying the Mandate Pending a Petition for Certiorari. (1) Motion to Stay. A party may move to stay the mandate pending the filing of a petition for a writ of certiorari in the Supreme Court. The motion must be served on all parties and must show that the petition would present a substantial question and that there is good cause for a stay. (2) Duration of Stay; Extensions. The stay must not exceed 90 days, unless: (A) (B) the period is extended for good cause; or the party who obtained the stay notifies the circuit clerk in writing within the period of the stay: (i) that the time for filing a petition has been extended, in which case the stay continues for the extended period; or *The court does not issue mandates in original proceedings or in appeals transferred to other courts or agencies. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 178 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 41 (ii) that the petition has been filed, in which case the stay continues until the Supreme Court’s final disposition. (3) Security. The court may require a bond or other security as a condition to granting or continuing a stay of the mandate. (4) Issuance of Mandate. The court of appeals must issue the mandate immediately on receiving a copy of a Supreme Court order denying the petition, unless extraordinary circumstances exist. FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 41 Issuance of Mandate An order granting an unopposed motion to dismiss or remand a case will constitute the mandate. PRACTICE NOTES TO RULE 41 Relation of Mandate to Application for Certiorari; Stay. That a mandate has issued does not affect the right to apply to the Supreme Court for a writ of certiorari. Consequently, a motion to stay the mandate should advance reasons for the stay beyond the mere intention to apply for certiorari, e.g., to forestall action in the trial court or agency that would necessitate a remedial order of the Supreme Court if the writ of certiorari were granted. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 179 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 42 Voluntary Dismissal (a) Dismissal in the District Court. Before an appeal has been docketed by the circuit clerk, the district court may dismiss the appeal on the filing of a stipulation signed by all parties or on the appellant’s motion with notice to all parties. (b) Dismissal in the Court of Appeals. (1) Stipulated Dismissal. The circuit clerk must dismiss a docketed appeal if the parties file a signed dismissal agreement specifying how costs are to be paid and pay any court fees that are due. (2) Appellant’s Motion to Dismiss. An appeal may be dismissed on the appellant’s motion on terms agreed to by the parties or fixed by the court. (3) Other Relief. A court order is required for any relief under Rule 42(b)(1) or (2) beyond the dismissal of an appeal—including approving a settlement, vacating an action of the district court or an administrative agency, or remanding the case to either of them. (c) Court Approval. This Rule 42 does not alter the legal requirements governing court approval of a settlement, payment, or other consideration. (b) Criminal Cases. A court may, by local rule, impose requirements to confirm that a defendant has consented to the dismissal of an appeal in a criminal case.* *The court has not imposed a corresponding local rule. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 180 (Return to Table of Contents) PRACTICE NOTES TO RULE 42 Stipulation of Dismissal Form. Using Federal Circuit Form 18 satisfies the requirements to stipulate to dismissal of an appeal under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 42(b)(1). FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 43 Substitution of Parties (a) Death of a Party. (1) After Notice of Appeal Is Filed. If a party dies after a notice of appeal has been filed or while a proceeding is pending in the court of appeals, the decedent’s personal representative may be substituted as a party on motion filed with the circuit clerk by the representative or by any party. A party’s motion must be served on the representative in accordance with Rule 25. If the decedent has no representative, any party may suggest the death on the record, and the court of appeals may then direct appropriate proceedings. (2) Before Notice of Appeal Is Filed — Potential Appellant. If a party entitled to appeal dies before filing a notice of appeal, the decedent’s personal representative — or, if there is no personal representative, the decedent’s attorney of record — may file a notice of appeal within the time prescribed by these rules. After the notice of appeal is filed, substitution must be in accordance with Rule 43(a)(1). (3) Before Notice of Appeal Is Filed — Potential Appellee. If a party against whom an appeal may be taken dies after entry of a judgment or order in the district court, but before a notice of appeal is filed, an appellant may proceed as if the death had not occurred. After the notice of appeal is filed, substitution must be in accordance with Rule 43(a)(1). Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 181 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 43 (b) Substitution for a Reason Other Than Death. If a party needs to be substituted for any reason other than death, the procedure prescribed in Rule 43(a) applies. (c) Public Officer: Identification; Substitution. (1) Identification of Party. A public officer who is a party to an appeal or other proceeding in an official capacity may be described as a party by the public officer’s official title rather than by name. But the court may require the public officer’s name to be added. (2) Automatic Substitution of Officeholder. When a public officer who is a party to an appeal or other proceeding in an official capacity dies, resigns, or otherwise ceases to hold office, the action does not abate. The public officer’s successor is automatically substituted as a party. Proceedings following the substitution are to be in the name of the substituted party, but any misnomer that does not affect the substantial rights of the parties may be disregarded. An order of substitution may be entered at any time, but failure to enter an order does not affect the substitution. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 182 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 44 Case Involving a Constitutional Question When the United States or the Relevant State is Not a Party (a) Constitutional Challenge to Federal Statute. If a party questions the constitutionality of an Act of Congress in a proceeding in which the United States or its agency, officer, or employee is not a party in an official capacity, the questioning party must give written notice to the circuit clerk immediately upon the filing of the record or as soon as the question is raised in the court of appeals. The clerk must then certify that fact to the Attorney General. (b) Constitutional Challenge to State Statute. If a party questions the constitutionality of a statute of a State in a proceeding in which that State or its agency, officer, or employee is not a party in an official capacity, the questioning party must give written notice to the circuit clerk immediately upon the filing of the record or as soon as the question is raised in the court of appeals. The clerk must then certify that fact to the attorney general of the State. PRACTICE NOTES TO RULE 44 Raising a Constitutional Question in a Brief or Motion. Inclusion of a constitutional challenge in a brief or motion is insufficient to satisfy the written notice requirements of Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 44. Parties must file a separate notice before the clerk of court will certify a matter to the Attorney General of the United States or the attorney general of a State. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 183 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 45 Clerk’s Duties (a) General Provisions. (1) Qualifications. The circuit clerk must take the oath and post any bond required by law. Neither the clerk nor any deputy clerk may practice as an attorney or counselor in any court while in office. (2) When Court Is Open. The court of appeals is always open for filing any paper, issuing and returning process, making a motion, and entering an order. The clerk’s office with the clerk or a deputy in attendance must be open during business hours on all days except Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays. A court may provide by local rule or by order that the clerk’s office be open for specified hours on Saturdays or on legal holidays other than New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Birthday, Washington’s Birthday, Memorial Day, Juneteenth National Independence Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans’ Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day.* (b) Records. (1) The Docket. The circuit clerk must maintain a docket and an index of all docketed cases in the manner prescribed by the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. The clerk must record all papers filed with the clerk and all process, orders, and judgments. (2) Calendar. Under the court’s direction, the clerk must prepare a calendar of cases awaiting argument. In placing cases on the calendar for argument, the clerk must give preference to appeals in *Electronic filing remains available even on days when the clerk’s office is closed to the public on a weekend or legal holiday. See Fed. R. App. P. 26(a)(6); Fed. Cir. R. 26(a)(2). Fed. Cir. R. 26(a)(3)–(4) explain how this court handles the inaccessibility of either the physical clerk’s office or electronic filing when the clerk’s office would otherwise be open. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 184 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 45 criminal cases and to other proceedings and appeals entitled to preference by law. (3) Other Records. The clerk must keep other books and records required by the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts, with the approval of the Judicial Conference of the United States, or by the court. (c) Notice of an Order or Judgment. Upon the entry of an order or judgment, the circuit clerk must immediately serve a notice of entry on each party, with a copy of any opinion, and must note the date of service on the docket. Service on a party represented by counsel must be made on counsel. (d) Custody of Records and Papers. The circuit clerk has custody of the court’s records and papers. Unless the court orders or instructs otherwise, the clerk must not permit an original record or paper to be taken from the clerk’s office. Upon disposition of the case, original papers constituting the record on appeal or review must be returned to the court or agency from which they were received. The clerk must preserve a copy of any brief, appendix, or other paper that has been filed. FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 45 Clerk of Court’s Duties (a) Dismissal by Clerk of Court; Reconsideration. The clerk of court may dismiss an appeal for a failure to follow the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure or these Federal Circuit Rules. A party may move that the court reconsider such dismissal, and any motion for reconsideration must be filed within fourteen (14) days after issuance of the order of dismissal and must not exceed five (5) pages. An unrepresented party may file an informal motion for reconsideration of the dismissal, which may be in the form of a letter. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 185 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 45 (b) Release of Confidential or Sealed Materials. Absent court order or authorization by these rules, the clerk of court may not publicly release any confidential or sealed document except to serve case participants with court-issued documents filed under seal. Ex parte confidential filings will remain restricted to the court until such time as the court deems them fit for release to the parties or the public. (c) Authority to Enter Orders. The clerk of court may enter an order “For the Court” only when authorized by these rules or at the direction of a judge or the court. (d) Communication with the Court. All correspondence and telephone calls about cases and motions and all press inquiries must be directed to the clerk of court. (e) Deputy Clerks. For purposes of these rules, any action that may be taken by the clerk of court may also be taken by any sworn deputy clerk of this court. (f) Electronic Orders and Court Documents. (1) Entry and Notice. The electronic filing by the clerk of court of any order, opinion, judgment, notice, or other court-issued document through the court’s electronic filing system constitutes entry of that document on the docket maintained by the clerk of court under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 45(b), as well as notice to and service upon registered electronic filers under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 45(c). The clerk of court must give notice in paper form to any party not receiving electronic notice through the court’s electronic filing system. (2) Signature and Validity. Documents issued by the court, the clerk of court, or an authorized court representative are self-authenticating when issued through the court’s electronic filing system. Documents requiring a signature may be signed with an original, handwritten signature; an electronic signature consistent with the signature requirements for electronically filed documents under Federal Circuit Rule 25; or an affixed seal of the court. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 186 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 45 Any court document electronically signed and filed through the court’s electronic filing system has the same force and effect as if it had been signed with an original, handwritten signature. (3) Paperless Orders. For routine procedural and notification matters, the clerk of court has the discretion to enter a notice or an order on the electronic docket as a text-only entry. Such orders have the same force and effect as any other order or notice. The clerk of court must give notice in paper form to any party not receiving electronic notice through the court’s electronic filing system. (g) Public Notice. For purposes of these rules, the clerk of court satisfies any public notice requirement by posting the notice on the court’s website. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 187 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 46 Attorneys (a) Admission to the Bar. (1) Eligibility. An attorney is eligible for admission to the bar of a court of appeals if that attorney is of good moral and professional character and is admitted to practice before the Supreme Court of the United States, the highest court of a state, another United States court of appeals, or a United States district court (including the district courts for Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands). (2) Application. An applicant must file an application for admission, on a form approved by the court that contains the applicant’s personal statement showing eligibility for membership. The applicant must subscribe to the following oath or affirmation: “I, ________________________, do solemnly swear [or affirm] that I will conduct myself as an attorney and counselor of this court, uprightly and according to law; and that I will support the Constitution of the United States.”* (3) Admission Procedures. On written or oral motion of a member of the court’s bar, the court will act on the application. An applicant may be admitted by oral motion in open court. But, unless the court orders otherwise, an applicant need not appear before the court to be admitted. Upon admission, an applicant must pay the clerk the fee prescribed by local rule or court order.† *Form 21 is this court’s local form for an application for admission to the bar. †This court requires that fees be paid in advance. See Fed. Cir. R. 52(c). Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 188 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 46 (b) Suspension or Disbarment.* (1) Standard. A member of the court’s bar is subject to suspension or disbarment by the court if the member: (A) (B) has been suspended or disbarred from practice in any other court; or is guilty of conduct unbecoming a member of the court’s bar. (2) Procedure. The member must be given an opportunity to show good cause, within the time prescribed by the court, why the member should not be suspended or disbarred. (3) Order. The court must enter an appropriate order after the member responds and a hearing is held, if requested, or after the time prescribed for a response expires, if no response is made. (c) Discipline.† A court of appeals may discipline an attorney who practices before it for conduct unbecoming a member of the bar or for failure to comply with any court rule. First, however, the court must afford the attorney reasonable notice, an opportunity to show cause to the contrary, and, if requested, a hearing. *See this court’s Attorney Discipline Rules for further information. See Fed. Cir. R. 46(f). †See this court’s Attorney Discipline Rules for further information. See Fed. Cir. R. 46(f). Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 189 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 46 Attorneys (a) Eligibility. An attorney is eligible for admission to the bar of this court if that attorney is of good moral and professional character and is admitted to practice before and of good standing in any of the following: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) any of the courts listed in Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 46(a); the United States Court of International Trade; the United States Court of Federal Claims; the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims; or the District of Columbia Court of Appeals. (b) Procedure for Admission. (1) Motion in Open Court. An attorney may be admitted to the bar in open court by appearing personally with a sponsor who is a member of the bar of this court and who states the applicant’s qualifications and moves the admission. Motions for admission to the bar will be entertained at the opening of each session of court. (2) Written Motion by Member of the Court’s Bar. An attorney may be admitted on written motion of a member of the bar of the court who attests to the applicant’s qualifications. (3) Written Motion by Attorney. An attorney may be admitted on that attorney’s own motion, accompanied by a certificate of good standing from a court listed in Federal Circuit Rule 46(a). The certificate must be dated within thirty (30) days of the motion for admission and must bear the seal of the issuing court. A written motion for admission must be submitted on a form approved by this court. The clerk of court will furnish the form. (4) Oath. Each attorney admitted to the bar of this court must take an oath prescribed by the court. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 190 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 46 (c) Application, Submission, and Payment. An attorney seeking admission to the bar of this court must electronically submit an application for admission in accordance with the court’s Electronic Filing Procedures. After admission, the applicant will receive a certificate of admission in the mail. The fees for admission to the bar and a duplicate certificate are set by the court and are posted in accordance with Federal Circuit Rule 52(a). (d) Government Attorney. An attorney for any federal, state, or local government office or agency may appear before this court in connection with that attorney’s official duties without formal admission to the bar of the court. (e) Change of Name or Contact Information. An attorney admitted to the bar of this court must promptly update electronic filing account information to reflect any change of name or change in contact information. (f) Disciplinary Action. Disciplinary action against an attorney will be conducted in accordance with the Federal Circuit Attorney Discipline Rules. (g) Law Student Practice. (1) With the written consent of a party or party’s representative and a supervising attorney filed with this court, an eligible law student may enter an appearance on behalf of that party in this court. (2) Eligible Law Student. An individual is eligible to appear under this rule if: (A) The individual is duly enrolled in a law school accredited by the American Bar Association and has completed at least four full-time semesters of legal studies (or the equivalent), or has graduated from such a law school and is awaiting the results of the first bar examination or bar admission process; (B) The dean of the law school, or a faculty member designated by the dean, certifies that the individual is of good character and competent legal ability, and is Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 191 FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 46 (Return to Table of Contents) qualified to provide the legal representation permitted by this rule, and the certification is filed with this court; (C) The individual is familiar with the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, the rules of this court, the American Bar Association’s Model Rules of Professional Conduct, and any other rules relevant to the case in which the student is appearing; and (D) The individual certifies compliance with this rule. (3) Dean Certification. The certification under Federal Circuit Rule 46(g)(2)(B) may be withdrawn by the dean or authorized faculty member at any time by sending notice to that effect to the clerk of court. It is not necessary that the notice state the cause for the withdrawal. The certification may be terminated by this court at any time without notice or hearing and without any showing of cause. (4) Supervising Attorney. To qualify under this rule, a supervising attorney must: (A) Be a member of good standing of the bar of this court and enter an appearance in the case; (B) Sign all documents filed with the court; (C) Assume full professional responsibility for the quality and accuracy of the eligible law student’s work in the case; (D) Guide, assist, and supervise the eligible law student to the extent necessary and appropriate; (E) Ensure that court deadlines are met; (F) Be prepared to appear and argue regardless of the eligible law student’s availability; and (G) Certify compliance with this rule. (5) Eligible Law Students Not to Be Compensated by Parties. An eligible law student appearing pursuant to this rule may neither ask for, nor receive, any compensation or remuneration of any kind from a party for services rendered in the case. This rule neither prevents a lawyer, legal aid bureau, law school, or the government from paying compensation to the eligible law Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 192 FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 46 (Return to Table of Contents) student, nor shall it prevent these entities from making such charges for its services as may otherwise be proper. (6) Eligible Law Student Appearance on Briefs. An eligible law student appearing pursuant to this rule may appear on a brief, provided the supervising attorney also appears on the brief. (7) Eligible Law Student Participation in Oral Argument. An eligible law student may participate in oral argument with leave of court, but only in the presence of the supervising attorney, who shall introduce the eligible law student at argument and be prepared to supplement any written or oral statement that has been made by the eligible law student to this court or opposing counsel. Any motion filed under this subsection shall be filed no later than seven (7) days following the end of briefing and will be deferred to the merits panel. If leave is sought for an eligible law student to participate in oral argument, the supervising attorney may include the eligible law student’s scheduling conflicts when filing their response under Federal Circuit Rule 34(d)(2). (8) Exceptions. This court retains the authority to establish exceptions to these requirements in any individual case. PRACTICE NOTES TO RULE 46 Form for Written Motion for Admission. Using Federal Circuit Form 21 satisfies the requirements for a written motion for admission under Federal Circuit Rule 46(b)(2) and (3). Forms for Eligible Law Student Practice. Using Federal Circuit Forms 35 and 36 satisfies the relevant requirements under Federal Circuit Rule 46(g). Federal Circuit Form 36 constitutes the eligible law student’s entry of appearance. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 193 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 47 Local Rules by Courts of Appeals (a) Local Rules. (1) Each court of appeals acting by a majority of its judges in regular active service may, after giving appropriate public notice and opportunity for comment, make and amend rules governing its practice. A generally applicable direction to parties or lawyers regarding practice before a court must be in a local rule rather than an internal operating procedure or standing order. A local rule must be consistent with — but not duplicative of — Acts of Congress and rules adopted under 28 U.S.C. §2072 and must conform to any uniform numbering system prescribed by the Judicial Conference of the United States. Each circuit clerk must send the Administrative Office of the United States Courts a copy of each local rule and internal operating procedure when it is promulgated or amended. (2) A local rule imposing a requirement of form must not be enforced in a manner that causes a party to lose rights because of a nonwillful failure to comply with the requirement. (b) Procedure When There Is No Controlling Law. A court of appeals may regulate practice in a particular case in any manner consistent with federal law, these rules, and local rules of the circuit. No sanction or other disadvantage may be imposed for noncompliance with any requirement not in federal law, federal rules, or the local circuit rules unless the alleged violator has been furnished in the particular case with actual notice of the requirement. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 194 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 47 Adoption of Local Rules (a) Regular Amendments. (1) The court has adopted several local rules pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 47. (2) On its own motion or on the proposal of either the court’s Advisory Council or any person, the court may propose amendments to these rules by giving public notice and the opportunity for public comment on any proposed amendments for a period of at least thirty (30) days. Following the period of public notice, the court may adopt, amend and adopt, or take no action on the proposed amendments and give public notice of its action. (3) In the event the court adopts final amendments to these rules, the clerk of court will give public notice of the effective date of any amendments. Unless otherwise ordered, any amendments will apply to all cases pending on or after the effective date of the amendments to the extent practicable. (b) Emergency Amendments. If the court determines that there is an immediate need for a new rule or a rule amendment based on the urgency of the matter involved, the court may provide that an amendment take immediate effect, with a period of public notice and opportunity for public comment to follow. See 28 U.S.C. § 2071(e). (c) Internal Operating Procedures and Other Matters. The court may adopt or amend internal operating procedures, standing or administrative orders, court forms, and other matters as necessary to implement these rules or otherwise provide for practice before this court. To the extent practicable, the court will provide public notice in advance of any effective date. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 195 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 47.1 Sessions and Places of Holding Court (a) Sessions. Sessions of the court will be held as the court announces. (b) Places of Holding Court. The court may hold sessions in any place named and permitted in 28 U.S.C. § 48. FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 47.2 Panels (a) Panels. When not heard en banc, cases and controversies will be heard and determined by a panel consisting of an odd number of at least three judges. A panel generally will include no more than one senior judge. See 28 U.S.C. § 46(c). (b) Assignment of Cases. Assignment of cases to panels will be made so as to provide each judge with a representative cross-section of the fields of law within the jurisdiction of the court. See 28 U.S.C. § 46(b). Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 196 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 47.3 Representation and Appearance (a) Representation Requirements. A corporation, partnership, organization, or other legal entity must be represented by counsel before this court. An individual person may choose to be represented by counsel or to proceed without counsel but may not be represented by a non-member of the bar of this court. (b) Appearance. (1) Counsel. Counsel retained prior to docketing must file an entry of appearance within fourteen (14) days after the court dockets the case, and one counsel must be designated as the “principal counsel.” Counsel retained after initial docketing must file an entry of appearance within fourteen (14) days after being retained or admitted to the court’s bar, whichever is later. All counsel must file an entry of appearance, except for government officials, who, by reason of their status as supervisors or heads of offices, may be listed on filings in their ex officio capacity. (2) Counsel Not Entering Appearances. Except for government officials noted above, counsel who have not filed an entry of appearance will neither be listed on the case docket nor on any decision in the case. (3) Intervenor and Amicus Curiae. Counsel for each intervenor, amicus curiae, or movant must file an entry of appearance contemporaneously with the first document filed by that intervenor, amicus curiae, or movant. (4) Appearance Before Merits Panel. Counsel seeking to appear for the first time after the case is assigned to a merits panel must file a motion for leave of court to appear. Only counsel who have filed entries of appearance may present oral argument. (5) Unrepresented Parties. Each unrepresented party must submit a notice of unrepresented person appearance within fourteen (14) days after the case is docketed or fourteen (14) days after the last remaining counsel for the party has withdrawn. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 197 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 47.3 (6) Form and Contents. An entry of appearance or notice of unrepresented person appearance must be prepared on the form supplied by the clerk of court, and all information requested on the form must be provided. At the time of filing an entry of appearance, any counsel listed on that form may file and sign the form on behalf of all listed counsel. (c) Substitution or Withdrawal of Counsel. Principal counsel may not withdraw from representing a party without notice to the party and leave of the court. Government attorneys and non-principal counsel for other parties may withdraw by filing a notice with the clerk of court. To substitute principal counsel, the current principal counsel and new principal counsel must each file amended entries of appearance noting the changes in representation. PRACTICE NOTES TO RULE 47.3 Appearance Form. Using Federal Circuit Form 8A satisfies the entry of appearance requirements under Federal Circuit Rule 47.3(b)(1) for counsel. Using Federal Circuit Form 8B satisfies the notice requirements under Federal Circuit Rule 47.3(b)(5) for unrepresented parties. Counsel on Appeal. For information on the service of documents on a party before counsel has entered an appearance, refer to Federal Circuit Rule 25(e)(5). New counsel on appeal should provide a copy of the entry of appearance form filed in this court to the lower court or agency to expedite service of the certified list and other communications. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 198 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 47.4 Certificate of Interest (a) Purpose; Contents. A certificate of interest is required to determine whether recusal by a judge is necessary or appropriate. The certificate must contain the information below in the order listed. For purposes of subsections (1)– (4) below, “entity” refers to any party, intervenor, amicus curiae, or movant represented in the case by the counsel filing the certificate of interest. Negative responses, if applicable, are required as to each item. (1) (2) (3) The full name of every entity represented in the case by the counsel filing the certificate. For each entity, the name of every real party in interest, if that entity is not the real party in interest. For each entity, that entity’s parent corporation(s) and every publicly held corporation that owns ten percent (10%) or more of its stock. This satisfies the disclosure statement requirement of Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 26.1(a). (4) The names of all law firms, partners, and associates that have not entered an appearance in the appeal, and (A) (B) appeared for the entity in the lower tribunal; or are expected to appear for the entity in this court. (5) An indication as to whether there are any related or prior cases, other than the originating case number(s), that meet the criteria under Federal Circuit Rule 47.5. (6) All information required by Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 26.1(b) and (c) that identifies organizational victims in criminal cases and debtors and trustees in bankruptcy cases. (b) Filing. Each party, intervenor, amicus curiae, or movant must file a certificate of interest. The certificate must be filed contemporaneously with the first-filed entry of appearance. However, the United States, or its officers or agencies, and unrepresented individuals are exempt from filing a certificate of interest unless disclosing information under Federal Circuit Rule 47.4(a)(6) in compliance with Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 26.1(b). The certificate must also be included Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 199 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 47.4 with each motion, petition, or related response, and in each principal brief and brief amicus curiae. (c) Changes. If any of the information required by Federal Circuit Rule 47.4(a) changes after the certificate is first filed and before the mandate has issued, an amended certificate must be filed within seven (7) days after the change. PRACTICE NOTES TO RULE 47.4 Certificate of Interest. Using Federal Circuit Form 9 satisfies the certificate of interest requirements under Federal Circuit Rule 47.4(a). Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 200 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 47.5 Related Case Disclosure (a) Statement of Related Cases. Each principal brief must contain a statement of related cases indicating the following: (1) whether any other appeal in or from the same civil action or proceeding in the originating tribunal was previously before this or any other appellate court, stating the following: (A) (B) (C) the title and number of that earlier appeal; the date of decision; the composition of the panel; and (D) the citation of the opinion in the Federal Reporter. (2) the title and number of any case known to counsel to be pending in this or any other tribunal that will directly affect or be directly affected by this court’s decision in the pending case. (b) Notice of Related Case Information. At the same time a party files its first certificate of interest as required by Federal Circuit Rule 47.4(b), the party must also file a separate Notice of Related Case Information if there are related or prior cases that meet the criteria under Federal Circuit Rule 47.5(a). The notice must include the following information: (1) (2) A list of those cases, including title and number; and A non-duplicative list of the following information, which does not need to specifically identify the associated case: (A) (B) the names of all parties, past or present, involved in those cases; and the names of all law firms, partners, and associates that appeared in those cases. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 201 (Return to Table of Contents) PRACTICE NOTES TO RULE 47.5 Cases That Only Involve Same General Legal Issue. Cases are not “related” within the meaning of Federal Circuit Rule 47.4(a)(5) and 47.5(b) simply because they involve the same general legal issue, for example, an issue as to the correct construction of a statute or regulation. Notice of Related Case Information Form. Using Federal Circuit Form 9A satisfies the notice of related case information requirements under Federal Circuit Rule 47.5(b). FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 47.6. Docketing Statement Except in cases involving unrepresented parties, each appellant, cross-appellant or petitioner must file a docketing statement on the form prescribed by the clerk of court within fourteen (14) days after the case is docketed. Filing this docketing statement satisfies the requirement for an appellant to file a statement of the issues under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 10(b)(3)(A). PRACTICE NOTES TO RULE 47.6 Docketing Statement Form. Using Federal Circuit Form 26 satisfies the docketing statement requirements under Federal Circuit Rule 47.6. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 202 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 47.7 Attorney Fees and Expenses Incurred in This Court (a) Time for Filing; Response. (1) Generally. The court may award attorney fees and expenses when authorized by law. An award may be made by the court on its own motion or on application of a party. (2) Time for Filing. An application for an award of attorney fees and expenses must be served and filed within the time prescribed by the statute authorizing the award. If the statute does not prescribe a time, the application must be made within thirty (30) days after entry of the judgment or order denying rehearing, whichever is later. However, if a petition for writ of certiorari is filed, the application will not be due until thirty (30) days after all proceedings in the Supreme Court are concluded. (3) Response. No response may be filed to an application for attorney fees and expenses unless directed by the court, but no application will be granted without the court giving the party an opportunity to submit a response. (4) Award on the Court’s Motion. A party awarded attorney fees and expenses by the court on its own motion must file and serve a bill of attorney fees and expenses containing the information required in Federal Circuit Rule 47.7(b)(2)(A)–(C) with the bill of costs authorized by Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 39(d). Any objection must be filed within the time prescribed in Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 39(d). (b) Contents of Application. (1) Application under the Equal Access to Justice Act. An application for attorney fees and expenses under the Equal Access to Justice Act must be made on the form prescribed by this court. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 203 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 47.7 (2) Other Applications. All other applications for attorney fees and expenses must cite the authority for an award and must indicate how the prerequisites for an award, including timeliness, are met. In addition, all other applications must contain a statement, under oath, specifying the following: (A) (B) the nature of each service rendered; the amount of time expended rendering each type of service; and (C) the customary charge for each type of service rendered. PRACTICE NOTES TO RULE 47.7 Equal Access to Justice Act Application Form. Using Federal Circuit Form 20 satisfies the requirements under Federal Circuit Rule 47.7(b)(1) for an application for attorney fees under the Equal Access to Justice Act. Motions for Sanctions in the Form of Attorney Fees. Motions for sanctions in the form of attorney fees are filed in accordance with the requirements of Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure and Federal Circuit Rule 27. Federal Circuit Rule 47.7 does not control the filing and review of such motions. FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 47.8 In Camera Proceedings On motion showing that the interest of justice requires it, the court may sit in camera, seal its record, or both. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 204 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 47.9 Petition for Judicial Review Under 5 U.S.C. § 7703(d) (a) Time for Filing. A petition for review of a final order or decision of the Merit Systems Protection Board or of an arbitrator pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 7703(d) must be filed by the Director of the Office of Personnel Management within sixty (60) days after the date the Board or arbitrator issues notice of the final order or decision of the Board or arbitrator. (b) Contents. The Director’s petition must contain the following: (1) (2) (3) (4) a statement of jurisdiction under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 28(a)(4); the Director’s determination that the Board or arbitrator erred in interpreting a civil service law, rule, or regulation affecting personnel management and the reasons supporting the determination; the Director’s determination that the decision or order of the Board or arbitrator will have a substantial impact on a civil service law, rule, regulation, or policy directive, and the reasons supporting the determination; and an appendix including a copy of the order or decision for which review is sought and any relevant portion of the record on review; the appendix may also include documents not part of the record on review that are relevant to the determination that the decision will have substantial impact. (c) Length of Petition, Response and Reply; Separate Brief. A petition or response must not exceed 5,200 words if produced electronically or twenty (20) pages otherwise. A reply must not exceed 2,600 words if produced electronically or ten (10) pages otherwise. A separate brief supporting a petition, response, or reply is not permitted. (d) Service and Filing. The Director must electronically file the petition with the clerk of court and must serve a copy of the petition on the named respondents, Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 205 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 47.9 all other parties before the Board or arbitrator, and the Board or arbitrator. (e) Notice of Docketing. On receipt, the clerk of court will enter the petition on the docket as a miscellaneous case and notify the Director, the named respondents, all other parties before the Board or arbitrator, and the Board or arbitrator of the docketing date. (f) Appearance by Others. The Board or arbitrator and any other party to the proceeding desiring to participate in the proceeding in this court must enter an appearance or file a notice if unrepresented. Anyone appearing will be deemed a respondent. (g) Response; Appendix; Reply. Within twenty-one (21) days after service of a petition, any respondent may file a response. The response may include an appendix containing any relevant portion of the record on review not included in the appendix to the petition; the appendix may also include documents or affidavits not part of the record on review that are relevant to the determination that the decision will have substantial impact. Within fourteen (14) days after service of a response, the Director may file a reply. (h) Action by the Court. Granting a petition for review is at the discretion of the court. On receipt of an order granting review, the clerk of court must enter the petition for review on the general docket. The petition for review will then proceed as if filed under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 15. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 206 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 47.10 Dismissal of a Bankruptcy Stay Case An appeal stayed in accordance with the bankruptcy stay provisions of 11 U.S.C. § 362 may be dismissed by the clerk of court without prejudice to the appellant reinstating the appeal within thirty (30) days after the stay is lifted or the bankruptcy proceeding ends. FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 47.11 Quorum A quorum is a simple majority of a panel of the court or of the court en banc. In determining whether a quorum exists for en banc purposes, more than half of all circuit judges in regular active service, including recused or disqualified judges, must be eligible to participate in the en banc process. If a judge of a panel that has heard oral argument or taken under submission any appeal, petition, or motion is unable to continue with consideration of the matter because of death, illness, resignation, incapacity, or recusal, the remaining judges will determine the matter if they are in agreement and no remaining judge requests the designation of another judge. If the remaining judges are not in agreement or if any remaining judge requests the designation of another judge, the remaining judges will promptly advise the chief judge who will secure another judge to sit with the panel. FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 47.12 [Reserved] Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 207 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 48 Masters (a) Appointment; Powers. A court of appeals may appoint a special master to hold hearings, if necessary, and to recommend factual findings and disposition in matters ancillary to proceedings in the court. Unless the order referring a matter to a master specifies or limits the master’s powers, those powers include, but are not limited to, the following: (1) (2) (3) regulating all aspects of a hearing; taking all appropriate action for the efficient performance of the master’s duties under the order; requiring the production of evidence on all matters embraced in the reference; and (4) administering oaths and examining witnesses and parties. (b) Compensation. If the master is not a judge or court employee, the court must determine the master’s compensation and whether the cost is to be charged to any party. FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 49 Seal of the Court The clerk of court is the keeper of the seal, which is the means of authentication of all records and certificates issued from this court. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 208 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 50 Employee and Former Employee (a) Restrictions on Practice. No employee of the court may engage in the practice of law. No former employee of the court may participate or assist, by representation, consultation, or otherwise, in any case that was pending in the court during the period of employment. (b) Requirements of Counsel. All counsel appearing in cases before the court are required to take reasonable steps to ensure compliance with this rule. See In re Violation of Rule 50, 712 F. App’x 1005 (Fed. Cir. 2018). (c) Employee Defined. For purposes of this rule, a person serving at the court as an intern, whether in a judge’s chambers or otherwise, is considered an employee of the court, whether such service is for pay, for law school credit, or voluntary. PRACTICE NOTES TO RULE 50 All Future Participation and Assistance Prohibited. A former employee of the court is prohibited from participating or assisting in any case after employment with the court if the case was before this court at any point during the person’s employment. Thus, for example, a former employee is prohibited from participating or assisting in a case in a trial forum, agency, or other forum if the case was before this court during the person’s employment and was remanded by this court or otherwise continued in the trial forum, agency, or other forum for any other reason. A former employee is also prohibited, for example, from participating or assisting in the case if it is subsequently before this court again or if it is before the Supreme Court of the United States. In addition to Federal Circuit Rule 50, former employees should also consult any applicable local bar rules and Canon 3(d) of the Code of Conduct for Judicial Employees. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 209 (Return to Table of Contents) PRACTICE NOTES TO RULE 50 Cases Pending List A court employee is provided the full list of pending cases that the employee may not participate in or assist with under Rule 50 after employment at the court (“Appeals Pending List”). Employers and former employees are expected to use that Appeals Pending List to comply with Rule 50. See In re Violation of Rule 50, 712 F. App’x 1005, 1007 (Fed. Cir. 2018). An employer or potential employer should not request a former or current court employee to disclose the actual cases the employee worked on while at the court, and the employee should not identify such cases to the employer or potential employer. See Committee on Codes of Conduct Advisory Opinion No. 109 (“[J]udges and clerks should generally decline law firms’ requests for lists of all matters the clerks participated in, because such requests may call for the disclosure of confidential information[.]”); Canon 3D(3) of the Code of Conduct for Judicial Employees (“A judicial employee should never disclose any confidential information received in the course of official duties except as required in the performance of such duties. A former judicial employee should observe the same restriction on disclosure of confidential information that applies to a current judicial employee, except as modified by the appointing authority.”). Other sources of ethical obligations, outside the scope of this Practice Note, might be relevant former court employee’s and an employer’s representation on a particular matter and might extend to cases beyond those on the Appeals Pending List. This Practice Note does not attempt to define those other ethical obligations or to address mechanisms for compliance with those obligations. to a Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 210 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 51 Complaint of Judicial Misconduct or Disability The procedures for processing a complaint of judicial misconduct or disability are pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 351, et seq. The clerk of court will provide copies of these procedures on request. FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 52 Fees (a) Schedule of Fees. (1) General. The fees charged by the clerk of court must be the fees prescribed by the Judicial Conference of the United States pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1913 or adopted by the court. No fees under this schedule may be charged to federal agencies or programs funded from judiciary appropriations, including, but not individuals providing services authorized by the Criminal Justice Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3006A, and Bankruptcy Administrator programs. The schedule of fees will be posted on the court’s website and in a public area of the courthouse. limited to, agencies, organizations, and (2) Docketing Fee. The docketing fee will be paid to the trial court clerk of court on filing a notice of appeal in that court. The docketing fee will be paid to this court’s clerk of court on filing any other proceeding. (3) Electronic Public Access Fee Schedule. The fees for electronic public access are authorized by 28 U.S.C. § 1913 and promulgated in the Judicial Conference Electronic Public Access Fee Schedule. (b) Copies of Opinions. All public court opinions are available on the court’s website or PACER without charge. Printed copies of court orders and opinions are subject to the Electronic Public Access Fee Schedule. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 211 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 52 (c) Fees to Be Paid in Advance. Each notice of appeal, petition for review, application or cross- application for enforcement, petition for an extraordinary writ, and petition for permission to appeal filed electronically as a case- initiating document with this court must be accompanied by the docketing fee, or a motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis or other waiver, as described in the court’s Electronic Filing Procedures. The clerk of court may defer taking any additional action on these documents after initial docketing until any fee due is paid or the court or clerk of court grants a fee waiver. The clerk of court may also defer action on all other services requiring payment under the Schedule of Fees until payment is received. (d) Dismissal for Failing to Pay Docketing Fee. If a proceeding is docketed without prepayment of the docketing fee, the appellant or petitioner must pay the fee within fourteen (14) days after docketing, unless ordered otherwise. If the clerk of court does not receive the docketing fee, a completed motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis, or a completed USERRA notice within the allotted timeframe, the clerk of court is authorized to dismiss the proceeding. (e) Fee Payment. Electronic filers must pay all fees electronically as provided in the court’s Electronic Filing Procedures. Paper filers must pay all fees in U.S. dollars in the manner set by the clerk of court based on applicable regulations of the Judicial Conference of the United States and United States Department of the Treasury. Checks must be made payable to the Clerk of Court, United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 212 (Return to Table of Contents) PRACTICE NOTES TO RULE 52 No Refund of Fees. Fees are deposited with the Treasury Department on receipt. The clerk of court cannot refund any fee once it is deposited, except the clerk of court may refund (1) any fee paid in excess of the fee established by the court’s Schedule of Fees or this court and (2) any duplicate fee for the same transaction. Methods of Payment. The clerk of court accepts only exact amounts in U.S. dollars and cannot provide change. For payment by personal check or direct debit (ACH), credit for payment will be given only after the check has been accepted by the issuing financial institution. Checks returned for insufficient funds are subject to collection, including an additional fee for insufficient funds as set by the court’s Schedule of Fees. The clerk of court will not accept credit or debit card payments over the phone. Docketing Fee and Costs in a Case Involving a Claim Under the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994. claim under In a petition for review of a Merits Systems Protection Board decision, a petitioner is not required to pay the docketing fee if the case involved a the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994 (USERRA). 38 U.S.C. §§ 4323, 4324. A petitioner claiming exemption from the fee pursuant to USERRA should submit Federal Circuit Form 6B within fourteen (14) days after the date of docketing of the petition and may be required to submit documentation that the case before the Board involved a USERRA claim. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 213 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 53 Judicial Conference There will be held, at a time and place designated by the chief judge, a conference to consider the business of the court and to advise means of improving the administration of justice. The chief judge presides at the conference. All members of the bar of the court may be members of the conference and may participate in its discussions and deliberations. Registrants must pay a fee to be applied to the payment of expenses of the conference. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 214 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT RULE 54 Library (a) General. The library in the Howard T. Markey National Courts Building serves this court and the United States Court of Federal Claims. (b) Authorized Users. The library’s authorized users are limited to the following: (1) (2) the judges of the courts; staff of either court; (3) members of the bars of either court; (4) (5) (6) unrepresented parties with pending cases in either court; attorneys employed by the United States; and employees of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts and the Federal Judicial Center. (c) Suspension; Closing. The librarian may suspend an authorized user for cause and may, when warranted, close the library to all except judges and the court staff. (d) Books: Check Out and Removal. Only judges and the court staff may check out books from the library. Library books must not be removed from the premises of the Howard T. Markey National Courts Building without express permission from the librarian. Federal Circuit Rules of Practice (December 1, 2025) Page 215 (Return to Table of Contents) FEDERAL CIRCUIT ATTORNEY DISCIPLINE RULES INTRODUCTION The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, in furtherance of its power and responsibility under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 46 and its inherent power and responsibility to supervise the conduct of attorneys who are members of its bar, promulgates the following Attorney Discipline Rules. The rules contemplate that a disciplinary proceeding stemming from most misconduct that occurs before a merits or motions panel will be conducted by that panel. A proceeding stemming from more serious misconduct, based on conviction of a serious crime, or imposing reciprocal discipline will be conducted by a Standing Panel on Attorney Discipline composed of three judges. In conformance with Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 46, a hearing, if requested, will be available in any proceeding. The record in an ongoing proceeding will be confidential unless otherwise ordered. At the conclusion of a proceeding in which discipline is imposed, the final order and the record will be made a public record. A final order issued by a panel will be reviewable in a manner analogous to review under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 40.