People v. McChriston
Ill.
Illinois Official Reports
Supreme Court
People v. McChriston, 2014 IL 115310
Caption in Supreme THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellee, v. BILLY
Court: McCHRISTON, Appellant.
Docket No. 115310
Filed January 24, 2014
Held In 2004, statute provided that a term of mandatory supervised release
(Note: This syllabus was automatically included in a sentence as a matter of law; and its
constitutes no part of the absence from the written order or the judge’s remarks did not mean
opinion of the court but that the Department of Corrections, when it enforced the term, added
has been prepared by the to the sentence, thereby violating the separation of powers.
Reporter of Decisions
for the convenience of
the reader.)
Decision Under Appeal from the Appellate Court for the Fourth District; heard in that
Review court on appeal from the Circuit Court of Champaign County, the
Hon. Thomas J. Difanis, Judge, presiding.
Judgment Affirmed.
Counsel on Michael J. Pelletier, State Appellate Defender, Karen Munoz, Deputy
Appeal Defender, and Allen H. Andrews, Assistant Appellate Defender, of the
Office of the State Appellate Defender, of Springfield, for appellant.
Lisa Madigan, Attorney General, of Springfield, and Julia R. Rietz,
State’s Attorney, of Urbana (Michael A. Scodro, Solicitor General,
and Michael M. Glick and Stephen M. Soltanzadeh, Assistant
Attorneys General, of Chicago, of counsel), for the People.
Vincent Boggan, of Concerned Inmates of Dixon Correctional Center,
of Dixon, amicus curiae.
Justices CHIEF JUSTICE GARMAN delivered the judgment of the court,
with opinion.
Justices Freeman, Thomas, Kilbride, Karmeier, Burke, and Theis
concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 In 2004, defendant, Billy McChriston, was convicted by jury of the unlawful delivery of a
controlled substance, a Class 1 felony that carried a mandatory Class X sentence. The trial
judge sentenced defendant to 25 years’ imprisonment. The trial order did not indicate that
defendant would also be required to serve a term of mandatory supervised release (MSR)
pursuant to section 5-8-1(d) of the Unified Code of Corrections (730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(d) (West
2004)), nor did the trial judge mention MSR at the sentencing hearing. The appellate court
affirmed the conviction and sentencing on direct appeal. No. 4-04-0770 (2006) (unpublished
order under Supreme Court Rule 23).
¶2 Defendant filed a pro se postconviction petition pursuant to the Post-Conviction Hearing
Act (725 ILCS 5/122-1 (West 2008)), raising issues not related to the MSR term. The circuit
court dismissed the postconviction petition and the appellate court affirmed (People v.
McChriston, No. 4-07-0720 (2009) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23).
¶3 Then in 2011, defendant filed a pro se petition for relief from judgment pursuant to section
2-1401 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-1401 (West 2010)), arguing that the
Illinois Department of Corrections (DOC) impermissibly added a three-year MSR term to his
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25-year sentence. The circuit court of Champaign County dismissed defendant’s petition for
failure to state a cause of action. 735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2010).
¶4 The appellate court affirmed, rejecting defendant’s arguments that the imposition of the
MSR term violated defendant’s constitutional rights to due process and the separation of
powers clause of the Illinois Constitution of 1970. The appellate court found that the MSR
term attached by operation of law and therefore was not unconstitutionally imposed by the
DOC. 2012 IL App (4th) 110319-U.We granted defendant’s petition for leave to appeal. Ill. S.
Ct. R. 315(a) (eff. Feb. 26, 2010). For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
¶5 ANALYSIS
¶6 Defendant argues that only the trial court, not the DOC, is empowered to impose a term of
MSR, and therefore the addition of the MSR term to defendant’s sentence violates the
separation of powers clause of the Illinois Constitution and his federal constitutional right to
due process. Looking to the plain language of the statute, the State asks this court to affirm the
appellate court’s conclusion that the sentence imposed by the circuit court included the MSR
term “as though written therein” and, therefore, MSR attached as part of the sentence
regardless of whether the trial judge wrote MSR into the sentencing order. We review a
dismissal of a section 2-1401 petition for failure to state a claim for relief de novo. People v.
Vincent, 226 Ill. 2d 1, 16 (2007).
¶7 A. Separation of Powers
¶8 Under the Illinois Constitution, “[t]he legislative, executive and judicial branches are
separate. No Branch shall exercise powers properly belonging to another.” Ill. Const. 1970, art.
II, § 1. Further, “the power to impose sentence is exclusively a function of the judiciary.”
People v. Phillips, 66 Ill. 2d 412, 415 (1977). Defendant maintains that because the trial court
did not reference the mandatory MSR term at the sentencing hearing or in the written
sentencing order, the DOC lacks the authority to impose the MSR term upon defendant after he
serves his full 25-year sentence.
¶9 At the time defendant was sentenced, the Unified Code of Corrections (Code) provided
that, subject to earlier termination, the MSR term for a Class X felony was three years. 730
ILCS 5/5-8-1(d)(1) (West 2004). Further, the Code stated that “[e]xcept where a term of
natural life is imposed, every sentence shall include as though written therein a term in addition
to the term of imprisonment.” 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(d) (West 2004).
¶ 10 The parties do not dispute as to whether MSR was mandatory in defendant’s case. At the
time defendant was sentenced, section 5-8-1(d)(1) required defendant’s sentence to include a
three-year MSR term. The central issue in this case is whether defendant’s constitutional rights
were violated by the imposition of MSR where the trial court did not reference the MSR term
at the sentencing hearing or include MSR in the sentencing order.
¶ 11 Defendant maintains that the DOC lacked authority to increase his sentence beyond that
imposed by the trial court, as “under our form of government an administrative board has no
power to change a judicial judgment.” People v. Montana, 380 Ill. 596, 609 (1942). In support
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of his position that the MSR term was added by the DOC, defendant looks to People v. Kerns,
2012 IL App (3d) 100375, ¶ 18, where the Third District considered similar facts and stated
that “the DOC imposed a term of MSR under section 5-8-1(d)(4).”
¶ 12 In response, the State argues that under the plain language of section 5-8-1(d), the MSR
term was included in defendant’s sentence “as though written therein,” even though the MSR
term was not written explicitly into the sentence. Therefore, according to the State, the
imposition of MSR did not increase the trial court’s sentencing order, as the MSR term was
automatically included in the sentence from the beginning.
¶ 13 This court has previously held that it is within the General Assembly’s authority to enact
legislation that includes a mandatory parole term in a sentence by operation of law. People ex
rel. Scott v. Israel, 66 Ill. 2d 190 (1977). In Scott, two defendants challenged the
constitutionality of section 5-8-1(e), which like section 5-8-1(d)(1) stated that every sentence
“shall include as though written therein” an MSR term. The defendants each served the
sentences imposed by the court, but each violated his parole term after being released from
prison. This court upheld the mandatory MSR terms, finding that the DOC had the power to
enforce them.
¶ 14 Furthermore, in People v. Williams, 66 Ill. 2d 179, 186 (1977), this court stated that “the
legislature has the power to prohibit particular acts as crimes, fix the punishment for the
commission of such crimes and determine the manner of executing such punishment.” The
court further found that mandating parole periods falls within this power. Defendant, however,
argues that the statute does not authorize the DOC to increase defendant’s sentence, as “[a]
person on parole remains subject to the sentence of commitment to the [DOC] for the period of
time specified by the court.” Id. at 187.
¶ 15 We look first to the plain language of section 5-8-1(d). “The fundamental rule of statutory
construction is to ascertain and give effect to the legislature’s intent. [Citation.] The best
indication of legislative intent is the statutory language, given its plain and ordinary meaning.
[Citation.] When the statute contains undefined terms, it is entirely appropriate to employ a
dictionary to ascertain the plain and ordinary meaning of those terms. [Citation.] Where the
language is clear and unambiguous, we will apply the statute without resort to further aids of
statutory construction. [Citation.]” People v. Davison, 233 Ill. 2d 30, 40 (2009).
¶ 16 Defendant’s position relies on the premise that the MSR term was not included as part of
his original sentence because it was not written in the sentence. If under the plain language of
the statute, however, the MSR term was included automatically into the sentence, even if not
specifically written, then the DOC did not add onto defendant’s sentence by imposing the MSR
term, and defendant’s separation of powers argument must fail.
¶ 17 The version of the statute applicable at the time of defendant’s sentencing stated that
“every sentence shall include as though written therein a term in addition to the term of
imprisonment.” 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(d) (West 2004). Specifically, we are concerned with the
plain and ordinary meaning of the phrase “every sentence shall include as though written
therein.” Black’s Law Dictionary defines “therein” to mean “[i]nside or within that thing;
inside or within those things.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1616 (9th ed. 2009). Consequently, the
plain language of section 5-8-1(d) provides that the sentence shall include a period of MSR as
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if it were written within the sentence. Applying this plain meaning to the present case, the
sentencing order issued by the trial court included a term of MSR even if the court did not
mention the MSR term at the sentencing hearing or in the sentencing order.
¶ 18 As further evidence of this conclusion, we look to the legislative history of section
5-8-1(d)(1). In 2011, section 5-8-1(d)(1) was amended and now reads, “the parole or
mandatory supervised release term shall be written as part of the sentencing order.” (Emphasis
added.) 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(d) (West 2012).
“A subsequent amendment to a statute may be an appropriate source for discerning
legislative intent. [Citation.] While an amendatory change in statutory language creates
a presumption that it was intended to change the statute as it previously existed, the
presumption is not controlling and may be overcome by other considerations. If the
circumstances surrounding the amendment indicate that the legislature intended only to
interpret the original statute, the presumption of an intent to change the law is rebutted.
[Citations.] Circumstances which may indicate whether a statutory amendment is
merely a clarification rather than a substantive change in the law include ‘ “whether the
enacting body declared that it was clarifying a prior enactment; whether a conflict or
ambiguity existed prior to the amendment; and whether the amendment is consistent
with a reasonable interpretation of the prior enactment and its legislative history.” ’ ”
People v. Jackson, 2011 IL 110615, ¶ 18 (2011) (quoting K. Miller Construction Co. v.
McGinnis, 238 Ill. 2d 284, 299 (2010), quoting Middleton v. City of Chicago,578 F.3d 655
, 663-64 (7th Cir. 2009)).
¶ 19 The legislature amended the statute to remove the phrase “as though written therein” to
require that the MSR term “shall be written as part of the sentencing order.” While the plain
and ordinary meaning of “as though written therein” suggests that the legislature intended the
mandatory MSR term to apply even if not specifically written in the sentencing order, the
amended language requires that the court explicitly write the applicable MSR term into the
order.
¶ 20 The legislative discussion surrounding this amendment provides additional support for the
conclusion that the 2004 version of the statute did not require the judge to explicitly write the
MSR term into the sentencing order. During the House of Representatives floor debate
regarding the 2011 amendment, Representative Cunningham noted the following:
“Senate Bill 1740 is … as amended, is an initiative of the [DOC]. Makes a couple of
changes to the Corrections Code regarding [MSR] or parole. First, the Bill would ***
require judges to enter the specific length of parole that each inmate needs to spend
after their sentence’s done. In the actual sentencing order that they issue in court.
They’re not required to do that right now, creates confusion sometimes at intake for the
[DOC], and they have to contact a sentencing judge as frequently to make sure they
enter the right parole information into their record system.” 97th Ill. Gen. Assem.,
House Proceedings, May 17, 2011, at 48 (statements of Representative Cunningham).
¶ 21 As noted above, we presume that the legislature intended to change the law by enacting the
amendment. Here, no circumstances are present that justify overcoming that presumption.
Representative Cunningham expressly stated that the amendment would change the
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then-current law. Therefore we presume that a change was intended to be made by removing
the phrase “as though written therein” and replacing it with “shall be written as part of the
sentencing order.” Representative Cunningham specified that under the 2004 version of the
statute, the judge was “not required” to include the length of the defendant’s MSR term in the
sentencing order. The purpose of this amendment was to change that prior rule, to require that
the judge specify the MSR term in writing in the sentencing order. If defendant’s position were
correct, then the legislature did not need to make this amendment.
¶ 22 Defendant’s reading would also make the phrase “as though written therein” superfluous.
“If possible, the court must give effect to every word, clause, and sentence; it must not read a
statute so as to render any part inoperative, superfluous, or insignificant; and it must not depart
from the statute’s plain language by reading into it exceptions, limitations, or conditions the
legislature did not express.” People v. Ellis, 199 Ill. 2d 28, 39 (2002). Under defendant’s
position, the phrase “as though written therein” would serve no purpose in the statute. If the
judge was required to have written the MSR term in the sentencing order, the phrase “as
though written therein” had no operative role.
¶ 23 The plain language of section 5-8-1(d) at the time of defendant’s sentencing was
unambiguous and provided that the MSR term be automatically included as part of defendant’s
sentence and the DOC did not add onto defendant’s sentence when it enforced the MSR term.
Further tools of statutory interpretation provide additional support for this conclusion, and
defendant’s separation of powers argument fails. To the extent that it holds otherwise, Kerns is
overruled.
¶ 24 B. Due Process
¶ 25 Defendant further maintains that increasing the sentence beyond the trial court’s order
violates his federal due process rights. 1 Defendant looks first to the United States Supreme
Court’s decision in Hill v. United States ex rel. Wampler, 298 U.S. 460 (1936). In Wampler,
the defendant was convicted of attempting to evade payment of income tax and was sentenced
by the court to pay a fine and serve 18 months in prison. Id. at 461-62. When issuing the
commitment, however, the clerk added a provision stating that defendant would remain
imprisoned until he paid the required fines. Id. The sentence given orally by the judge did not
include this provision. Id. at 462.
¶ 26 The Court considered whether the provision was void because the clerk, rather than the
judge, had inserted it into the commitment. The Court noted first that it is within the judge’s
discretion to direct that a defendant be imprisoned until the fine is paid, but that imprisonment
does not follow automatically upon a showing of default of payment. Id. at 463-64. The Court
went on to note that “[t]he choice of pains and penalties, when choice is committed to the
1
Defendant’s brief argues that “[t]he administrative imposition of mandatory supervised release
also violates [defendant’s] due process rights.” At oral argument, defendant’s counsel clarified his
argument to be that any increase from the sentence imposed by the trial court is a violation of due
process, regardless of whether the increase was imposed by an administrative agency, such as the DOC,
or by operation of law.
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discretion of the court, is part of the judicial function. This being so, it must have expression in
the sentence, and the sentence is the judgment.” Id. at 464. Therefore, the Court found the
provision added by the clerk to be void.
¶ 27 In Earley v. Murray, 451 F.3d 71 (2d Cir. 2006), the Second Circuit Court of Appeals
considered Wampler when deciding a case with facts similar to those in the present case. The
defendant in Earley pleaded guilty to attempted burglary and was sentenced to six years in
prison. New York had recently passed a statute imposing a mandatory term of postrelease
supervision that would have applied to the defendant (“Each determinate sentence also
includes, as a part thereof, an additional period of post-release supervision.” N.Y. Penal Law
§ 70.45 (McKinney 2000)), but this term was not mentioned by the court or in the sentencing
order. Earley, 451 F.3d at 73.
¶ 28 While the defendant was serving his sentence, the New York Department of Correctional
Services added five years of postrelease supervision to his sentence. Id. The court found that
the holding in Wampler applied to this case. Id. at 76. The court initially recognized that unlike
in Wampler, New York law mandated that the defendant be sentenced to postrelease
supervision, and the judge maintained no discretion. Id. Regardless, the court found that
Wampler “went on to articulate a broader holding: The judgment of the court establishes a
defendant’s sentence, and that sentence may not be increased by an administrator’s
amendment.” Id. at 75. Therefore, the Earley court found that under Wampler, “[a]ny
alteration to that sentence, unless made by a judge in a subsequent proceeding, is of no effect.”
Id.
¶ 29 Defendant looks to Wampler and Earley to argue that his sentence was limited to the
25-year term announced by the trial court and recorded in the written order. According to
defendant only the court retained the authority to increase his sentence.
¶ 30 In People v. Evans, 2013 IL 113471, the defendant was sentenced to 12 years in prison
after being found guilty of aggravated battery with a firearm. After the trial court dismissed the
defendant’s first postconviction petition, the defendant sought leave to file a successive
postconviction petition alleging that, as in the present case, the trial court did not mention or
include in his sentencing order an additional term of MSR. In considering the Second Circuit’s
decision in Earley, we stated, “[D]ecisions of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals construing
New York law have no power to enjoin the enforcement of Illinois statutes. Thus, even
assuming that Earley was correctly decided, that decision has absolutely no consequence in
Illinois unless and until a court of this state endorses its analysis and then applies that analysis
to section 5-8-1(d)(1), a contingency that has yet to occur.” Id. ¶ 15.
¶ 31 Additionally, we are not persuaded by the Second Circuit’s broad reading of Wampler.
Wampler considered a sentencing provision added by the clerk requiring defendant to pay his
fines before he would be released from prison. While the court in Wampler had this option at
sentencing, it did not include this conditional provision in its sentencing order. Unlike Earley
or the present case, no statute mandated that the defendant pay his fine prior to being released.
Therefore, unlike the court in Wampler, the trial court had no discretionary power in this case.
Further, unlike in Wampler, the enforcement of the mandatory MSR term in this case was not
an increase in sentencing, as the MSR term attached automatically as though written into
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defendant’s sentence. While the court in Earley decided to read Wampler broadly and apply it
to mandatory statutory sentencing provisions, we are unpersuaded and do not adopt the
reasoning from Earley.
¶ 32 For the reasons stated, the judgment of the appellate court is affirmed.
¶ 33 Affirmed.
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