Hearty v. Harris

The issue in this case is whether a self-insured rental car agency, which enters into a rental agreement insuring against liability only the renter and one named additional driver, is mandated by public policy to provide omnibus coverage insuring other persons using the vehicle with the express or implied permission of the renter. Plaintiffs seek to assess liability for damages arising out of an accident involving a driver not named in the agreement.

7. Facts and Procedural History

On October 13, 1986, Nathaniel E. Willis rented an automobile from Budget Rent-A-Car. Budget’s vehicles are self-insured in accordance with La.R.S. 32:1042. The rental agreement listed Willis as the “Renter” and Gerald Elwood as an “Additional Driver.” Both Willis and Elwood signed the agreement which provided:

USE OF RENTED VEHICLE BY DRIVER OTHER THAN ONE SPECIFICALLY QUALIFIED AND IDENTIFIED ON THIS CONTRACT WILL CANCEL AND TERMINATE INSURANCE COVERAGE; AND IN THE EVENT OF DAMAGE TO RENTED VEHICLE, OTHER PERSONS, OR PROPERTY, THE RENTER WILL BECOME LIABLE TO BUDGET/SEARS RENT A CAR FOR ALL COST, EXPENSES, CLAIMS, LOSSES AND ATTORNEY’S FEES.

The back of the agreement provided in pertinent part as follows:

2. The following restrictions are cumulative and each shall apply to every use, operation or driving of vehicle. Under no circumstances shall vehicle be used, operated or driven by any person:

(g) By any person other than (1) the Renter who signed this agreement, or (2) any additional driver who signed this agreement.

* * •{. * * ⅜

7. BUDGET/SEARS agrees to provide to the renter, and additional driver, liability coverage within limits of liability equal to the minimum limits required by the compulsory motor vehicle liability security law, (or so called ‘financial responsibility law’) of the state in which the vehicle is rented. As a condition for this coverage, Renter and driver agree to comply with, and be bound by, all terms, conditions, limitations, and restrictions related to said coverage_ The insurance coverage referred to in this paragraph 7 does not apply:

* * * * * *

(e) While said vehicle is used, driven or operated in violation of the provisions of paragraph 2 ... (g), hereof.

This paragraph 7 constitutes the entire agreement between BUDGET/SEARS and the Renter and driver regarding the terms and conditions of the insurance provided by BUDGET/SEARS to the Renter and driver and no alteration thereof shall be valid unless agreed to by BUDGET/SEARS, in writing. If any provisions of this paragraph shall be found to be unlawful, unenforceable, or contrary to public policy, then that portion of this paragraph which is unlawful, or unenforceable, or contrary to public policy shall be modified to provide the minimum amount of insurance coverage necessary to comply with the law or public policy, and the remainder of this paragraph shall remain in full force and effect.

On October 20, 1986, the vehicle in which the plaintiffs, Louis L. Hearty and Leo R. Bias, were traveling was struck by the leased vehicle. At the time of the accident, the rental car was driven and solely occupied by the defendant, Russlane Harris. The plaintiffs filed suit against Harris, Elwood, and Budget. Specifically, the plaintiffs alleged Harris was operating the vehicle with the express and/or implied permission of the vehicle’s owner and/or lessee.

Budget filed a motion for summary judgment based on the provisions in the rental agreement which provided for termination and cancellation of liability insurance coverage if the vehicle was driven by any person not specified as a renter or additional driver. The trial court heard the motion on April 7, 1989 and granted summary judgment dismissing the plaintiffs’ claims against Budget on April 20, 1989.

The Court of Appeal, Fourth Circuit, affirmed. Hearty v. Harris, 559 So.2d 884 (La.App. 4th Cir.1990). The appellate court found the omnibus-insured analysis, used in previous cases in which coverage had been found to exist despite provisions in the rental agreement which prohibited operation of a leased vehicle by an unauthorized driver, was inapplicable in the instant case. The Fourth Circuit distinguished the prior cases because Budget was self-insured. Additionally, the appellate court found the prohibitory language in the rental agreement to clearly evidence the lack of permission on the part of Budget for Harris to operate the vehicle. Although the Fourth Circuit recognized the plaintiffs’ allegation of an employer-employee relationship between Willis and Harris, the court refused to consider this allegation because the amended petition was not filed until after the trial court had granted Budget’s motion for summary judgment.

II. Jurisprudential Background

In Normand v. Hertz Corp., 254 La. 1075, 229 So.2d 104 (1969), we concluded an omnibus clause in Hertz’s insurance policy

did not apply to a driver who was not listed as a qualified driver in the rental agreement. However, in Jones v. Breaux, 289 So.2d 110 (La.1974), we overruled Normand, and held a non-named driver could fall under the omnibus clause in the rental agency’s insurance policy under certain circumstances. In Jones, the rental car was operated by an unauthorized driver in violation of a provision in the lease agreement which prohibited use except by the lessee or others named in the agreement. We held the rental agreement, which limited the application of the omnibus insured clause contained in the lessor’s insurance policy, changed the contract of insurance in violation of La.R.S. 22:628. Thus, the lessor’s policy, which included an omnibus clause, was found to supersede the provisions in the rental agreement which attempted to avoid liability arising from the unauthorized use of the car. We went on to find the unauthorized driver was covered under the omnibus clause because she had the lessee's permission to operate the vehicle.

We agree with the appellate court that the instant case is distinguishable from Jones. Obviously, the existence of the lessor’s insurance policy in Jones played an important role in the outcome of the case, as the omnibus clause contained in the lessor’s policy was the major reason behind the court’s refusal to honor the prohibitory provisions in the rental agreement. Thus, the Jones decision and its progeny provide little insight into this case involving a self-insured rental agency because there is no lessor’s liability policy.

We add it is questionable whether the Jones holding is viable today because its reasoning is no longer accurate based on changes in the statutory law. The Court of Appeal, Third Circuit, in Whittington v. Sowela Technical Institute, 438 So.2d 236 (La.App. 3rd Cir.), writ denied, 443 So.2d 591 (La.1983), suggested the Jones holding was overruled by a 1977 amendment of La.R.S. 22:628 which allowed insurance contracts to incorporate by reference terms of another policy. Accordingly, the Whit-tington court enforced a provision in the rental agreement which limited liability coverage afforded by the lessor’s insurer to the liability limits provided in the lessee’s personal automobile liability insurance policy.

With the exception of Whittington, the appellate courts of this state have skirted the legal issue concerning the validity of unambiguous provisions in rental agreements which prohibit operation by unauthorized drivers. Instead, the lower courts have treated this legal issue as a factual one by enforcing specific prohibitions when the unauthorized driver operated the vehicle without the lessee’s permission, while holding the same prohibitions unenforceable when the unauthorized driver had the lessee’s implied or express permission to operate the vehicle. Absent statutory regulations to the contrary, there would appear to be no basis for the lower courts’ disregard of the unambiguous restrictive language in the rental contracts.

III. The Louisiana Motor Vehicle Safety Responsibility Law

A. The Nature of Self-insurance

Having concluded the prior jurisprudence involving the liability of rental agencies when the leased automobile is driven by an unauthorized driver in violation of the lease agreement offers us little guidance, a discussion of the nature of self-insurance under Louisiana law is necessary. The Louisiana Motor Vehicle Safety Responsibility Law (LMVSRL) provides a mandatory, comprehensive scheme for the protection of the public from damage caused by motor vehicles. At the heart of this statutory scheme is the decision to attach the financial protection to the vehicle rather than to the operator.

Pursuant to La.R.S. 32:861(A), the owner of every motor vehicle registered in the state of Louisiana (with the exception of certain classifications of vehicles) is prospectively required to maintain proof of financial responsibility by: (1) purchasing a motor vehicle liability policy with limits which conform to the requirements of La. R.S. 32:900(B)(2) or a binder for the same; (2) posting a motor vehicle liability bond which satisfies the requirements of La.R.S. 32:861(B); (3) depositing with the state treasurer sufficient cash and securities under the provisions of La.R.S. 32:861(C); or (4) obtaining a certificate of self-insurance in accordance with the terms of La.R.S. 32:1042.

It is important to understand that self-insurance is, in actuality, not insurance at all. It is merely one of the four methods by which an owner of a motor vehicle is allowed to meet the requirements of the LMVSRL. Pursuant to La.R.S. 32:1042, any person who is the registered owner of more than twenty-five motor vehicles or who owns an equity interest in Louisiana property having a value of one hundred thousand dollars or more, may qualify as a self-insurer by obtaining a certificate of self-insurance. Although self-insured vehicles are uninsured, the certificate of self-insurance indicates the self-insured is fiscally responsible and will pay damage claims and judgments involving its liability exposure.

While Louisiana courts have consistently recognized that a certificate of self-insurance indicates the self-insurer possesses sufficient assets to satisfy judgments if found legally liable, the courts have refused to consider a certificate of self-insurance an insurance “policy.” Jones v. Henry, 542 So.2d 507, 509 (La.1989) (self-insurers do not have to provide uninsured motorist coverage); Jordan v. Honea, 407 So.2d 503, 504 (La.App. 1st Cir.1981), writ denied, 409 So.2d 654 (La.1982) (uninsured motorist coverage is required only if there is an insurance policy). Instead, the courts have treated each of the four methods listed above as a distinct means of establish-' ing proof of financial responsibility.

B. Statutorily Required Omnibus Coverage

Under a provision commonly referred to as an “omnibus clause,” insurance coverage may be extended to other persons who are using the insured vehicle with the insured’s express or implied permission. An omnibus clause is intended to extend liability beyond the law of principal and agent. The Louisiana legislature requires a “Motor Vehicle Liability Policy,” as defined, to include an omnibus clause which “insurefs] the person named therein and any other person, as insured, using any such motor vehicle or motor vehicles with the express or implied permission of such named insured ...,” subject to certain statutory limits. La.R.S. 32:900(B)(2). Similarly, the provisions of La.R.S. 32:861(B) order a person who posts a motor vehicle liability bond to satisfy “[a]ll judgments rendered against him or against any person responsible for the operation of the obligor’s motor vehicle with his express or implied consent ...” for damages arising out of the ownership, maintenance, or use of such vehicle. Comparably, the payment of judgments which are secured by a deposit as provided by La.R.S. 32:861(C) “may be brought against the registrant or the person responsible for the operation of the registrant’s motor vehicle with his express or implied consent ...”. Thus, the legislature has treated each of the four methods of establishing proof of financial responsibility as distinct and separate by expressly stating the requirements for each method individually.

C. Extent of the Self-insurer’s Liability

We find no provision in the LMVSRL which expressly requires a self-insured to be responsible for the actions of a person using the vehicle with the express or implied consent of the self-insured or the authorized driver(s). Had the legislature intended for self-insurers to provide omnibus coverage, it could easily have included a mandatory omnibus provision in La.R.S. 32:1042 which details the requirements and obligations of self-insurers. The failure of the legislature to prescribe omnibus liability for self-insurers, while specifically requiring policy holders and those who post security as proof of financial responsibility to provide omnibus coverage, evidences there is no legislative intent to require self-insurers to provide such coverage.

Unless and until the legislature of this state specifically mandates that self-insurers provide omnibus liability on their vehicles, we will not require a self-insured to provide such coverage. To do so would be a usurpation of the legislative function and violative of the separation of powers doctrine. Consequently, we hold the LMVSRL does not compel Budget to provide omnibus coverage on its vehicles.

IV. Effect of the Rental Agreement Between Budget and the Lessee

Although our analysis supports the conclusion that Budget, as a self-insured, is not required to provide omnibus coverage, the plaintiffs contend Budget is required to provide omnibus coverage in its capacity as an automobile liability insurer. We agree with the plaintiffs that the lease agreement between Budget and the lessee clearly constitutes a contract to provide liability coverage. However, an insurer has a right to restrict his liability unless such restriction conflicts with statutory requirements or is contrary to public policy. Pareti v. Sentry Indem. Co., 536 So.2d 417 (La.1988); Oceanonics, Inc. v. Petroleum Distrib. Co., 292 So.2d 190 (La.1974); Muse v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 193 La. 605, 192 So. 72, 75 (1939).

A. Applicability of La.R.S. 32:900

The plaintiffs contend the prohibitory clauses contained in the Budget rental contract conflict with La.R.S. 32:900(B)(2), which mandates the inclusion of specific omnibus provisions in a “Motor Vehicle Liability Policy,” as defined. For the following reasons, we find no merit in the plaintiffs’ argument.

The plaintiffs fail to discern the distinction between a “motor vehicle liability policy” and an “automobile liability policy.” The term “motor vehicle liability policy” is defined by La.R.S. 32:900(A) as “an owner’s or an operator’s policy of liability insurance, certified as provided in R.S. 32:898 or 32:899 as proof of financial responsibility, and issued ... by an insurance carrier duly authorized to transact business in this state-” By purchasing a “motor vehicle liability policy” an owner or operator satisfies the requirements of the LMVSRL. In contrast, an “automobile liability policy” is a voluntary policy which has not been certified as proof of a motorist’s financial responsibility and does not therefore satisfy the requirements of the LMVSRL.

A language of La.R.S. 32:900(B)(2) clearly indicates the mandatory omnibus clause requirement applies only when the liability policy in question is certified and used as proof of financial responsibility. New Zealand Ins. Co. v. Holloway, 123 F.Supp. 642 (W.D.La.1954); Gotreaux v. Travelers Ins. Co., 299 So.2d 466 (La.App. 3rd Cir.), writ denied, 302 So.2d 309 (La.1974); Johnson v. Universal Automobile Ins. Ass’n, 124 So.2d 580 (La.App. 3rd Cir.1960). La.R.S. 32:900(B)(2) does not affect the terms of a voluntary “automobile liability policy” which was not obtained to comply with the requirements of the LMVSRL.

We believe La.R.S. 32:900(B)(2), which mandates the inclusion of omnibus coverage in all “motor vehicle liability policies,” is not applicable to the lease agreement between Budget and the lessee. At the crux of our determination is the idea that the insured/lessee is not the owner of the vehicle but is merely the operator. Unlike owners of motor vehicles, who are required to provide proof of financial responsibility prior to registration, the LMVSRL does not require operators of motor vehicles to furnish evidence of financial responsibility prior to obtaining a driver’s license. Proof of financial responsibility is required of operators only if a judgment against them arising out of a previous accident is unsatisfied or if they have been convicted of violating one of certain named offenses. Thus, unless an insured operator has by previous conduct brought himself within the purview of the LMVSRL, he is not required to carry liability insurance, nor does any voluntary “automobile liability policy” which he may choose to purchase have to contain particular provisions required by La.R.S. 32:900.

Because there is no allegation of prior conduct which would have required the lessee to provide proof of financial responsibility under the LMVSRL, we find the contract of insurance between Budget and the lessee to be a voluntary “automobile liability policy” to which La.R.S. 32:900 has no application.

Furthermore, the only means by which an insurance policy may serve as proof of financial responsibility sufficient to satisfy the requirements of the LMVSRL is when it has been officially certified and issued by an insurance carrier duly authorized to transact business in this state. The lease agreement provided by Budget was not certified as provided by La.R.S. 32:898 or 32:899 and was not intended to satisfy the requirements of the LMVSRL.

In support of their argument that La. R.S. 32:900(B)(2) mandates the inclusion of an omnibus clause in the lease agreement, the plaintiffs cite Jones v. King, 549 So.2d 350 (La.App. 5th Cir.1989) and Pollard v. Champion Ins. Co., 532 So.2d 838 (La.App. 4th Cir.1988). In Jones and Pollard the appellate courts correctly held that the lease agreement, which provided liability insurance to the lessee, was deemed to provide uninsured motorist coverage because La.R.S. 22:1406(D) requires all “automobile liability policies” to include uninsured motorist coverage unless specifically rejected in writing. These cases are clearly distinguishable from the instant case because while La.R.S. 22:1406(D) requires the inclusion of UM coverage in every insurance policy written in the state, La.R.S. 32:900 requires the inclusion of an omnibus ‘clause only in those policies used as proof of financial responsibility.

The plaintiffs also rely on an opinion of the Louisiana Attorney General to buttress their argument that prohibitory clauses such as the one contained in the Budget rental contract restrict the required omnibus provisions of auto insurance policies written in Louisiana in violation of La.R.S. 32:900. Although the referenced opinion indicates all liability policies written in Louisiana are controlled by the statutory omnibus coverage provision contained in La.R.S. 32:900, we note the Attorney General based his opinion on Fields v. Western Preferred Casualty Co., 437 So.2d 344 (La.App. 2nd Cir.), writ denied, 440 So.2d 754 (La.1983). In Fields, the court correctly distinguished between a compulsory liability policy required under the LMVSRL by La.R.S. 32:861 and a voluntary liability policy and held the statutory omnibus coverage provision of La.R.S. 32:900 would override or supersede a provision in a compulsory liability policy which excluded a named driver. Thus, because the Attorney General’s opinion fails to make this distinction, it erroneously extends the holding of Fields beyond that intended by the Second Circuit Court of Appeal.

In conclusion, because the LMYSRL does not normally require the operator of a vehicle to carry public liability insurance, we find the contract of insurance between Budget and the lessee to be a voluntary “automobile liability policy” to which La. R.S. 32:900 has no application. Therefore, we hold the insurance coverage created by the lease agreement is not subject to the requirements of La.R.S. 32:900.

B. Applicability of La.R.S. 22:655

We find the plaintiffs’ argument that the Budget rental agreement should provide mandatory omnibus coverage to a permissive user pursuant to La.R.S. 22:655 equally unpersuasive. La.R.S. 22:655, which sets forth the general requirements of liability policies delivered or issued in Louisiana, states in pertinent part:

[I]t is the purpose of all liability policies to give protection and coverage to all insureds, whether they are named insured or additional insureds under the omnibus clause, for any legal liability said insured may have as or for a tort-feasor within the terms and limits of said policy.

Our reading of the statute does not support the plaintiffs’ allegation that La.R.S. 22:655 requires omnibus coverage in all liability policies written in Louisiana. The language of the statute merely promotes a broad interpretation of omnibus provisions if they are contained in a liability policy. La.R.S. 22:655 does not in any way mandate omnibus coverage in all liability policies.

Furthermore, the Louisiana jurisprudence has never indicated that La.R.S. 22:655 requires mandatory omnibus coverage in all liability policies. Indeed, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals in Jones v. Mid-South Ins. Co., 358 F.2d 887 (5th Cir.1966), specifically held La.R.S. 22:655 does not imply a mandatory omnibus provision.

C. Public Policy Considerations

Absent an existing statutory provision mandating the inclusion of an omnibus clause in the insurance contract between Budget and the lessee, the issue becomes whether the provisions of the lease agreement, which attempt to terminate and cancel insurance coverage if the rented vehicle is operated by one not named in the agreement, are unenforceable as contrary to public policy.

Louisiana courts have consistently held exclusions of specific drivers in “automobile liability policies” are permitted and are not against public policy. Smith v. Western Preferred Casualty Co., 424 So.2d 375 (La.App. 2nd Cir.1982), writ denied, 427 So.2d 1212 (La.1983); Hudson v. Thompson, 422 So.2d 640 (La.App. 3rd Cir.1982); Washington v. Dixie Leasing of New Orleans, Inc., 352 So.2d 363 (La.App. 4th Cir.1977), writ denied, 354 So.2d 210 (La.1978). Although we acknowledge that “automobile liability policies” are issued primarily for the protection of the public rather than the insured, it is not the public policy of this state to protect and provide compensation to injured persons at all times. Consequently, we believe it is not against public policy for an automobile rental agency to restrict liability coverage to certain named drivers. The agency has an interest in protecting its property and the right, as the owner of the vehicle, to impose restrictions on the operation and use of the vehicle. This comports with the freedom to contract and the constitutional protection against the impairment of contracts.

V. Statutory Exception for Owners Engaged in the Business of Renting Motor Vehicles

In addition to the above reasons, we note an additional justification for our conclusion that Budget should not be held liable in the instant case. In enacting the LMVSRL the legislature, apparently recognizing the unique nature of rental car agencies, specifically stated in La.R.S. 32:1041 that vehicle owners “engaged in the business of renting or leasing motor vehicles” are not required to furnish proof of financial responsibility to satisfy any judgment entered against their lessees. This statute makes it clear that the legislature did not intend rental agencies to bear the financial responsibility for the negligent actions of a lessee operating the leased vehicle in accordance with the terms of the lease. A fortiori, a rental agency, such as Budget in the instant case, should not be financially responsible for the negligent operation of its vehicle in violation of the express terms of the lease agreement.

VI. Conclusion

In the absence of statutory regulation to the contrary and in consideration of the express exception to the LMVSRL created for rental agencies, we find no reason to disregard the unambiguous provisions in Budget’s rental agreement which terminate insurance coverage when the vehicle is operated by one other than the renter or additional driver named on the agreement. Accordingly, the summary judgment granted in favor of Budget Rent-A-Car is affirmed.

AFFIRMED.

CALOGERO, J., concurs and assigns.

DENNIS, J., dissents with reasons.

LEMMON, J., dissents and assigns reasons.

WATSON, J., dissents, assigns reasons and also joins in the reasons assigned by DENNIS, J.

. The plaintiffs mistakenly believed Elwood was the lessee of the vehicle operated by Harris. On April 13, 1989, the plaintiffs’ petition was amended to add Willis as a defendant and to allege an employer-employee relationship between Willis and Harris.

. In the earlier cases, the insurance coverage for the rental agencies was provided by an outside insurance policy which contained an omnibus clause.

. We note the court of appeal’s conclusion was factually erroneous. The amended petition was filed after the hearing on the motion but before the order granting the motion was signed by Judge Connolly.

. When Jones was decided La.R.S. 22:628 provided: "No agreement in conflict with, modifying, or extending the coverage of any contract of insurance shall be valid unless in writing and made a part of the policy.”

. The Jones court also based its decision on the ambiguity of the prohibitory provisions in the rental agreement.

. See e.g., Lunda v. Sauer, 389 So.2d 915 (La. App. 4th Cir.1980) (omnibus clause in rental agency’s insurance policy provided coverage where the unauthorized driver was on a mission for or was using the car for the lessee); Grady v. Allstate Ins. Co., 355 So.2d 1070 (La.App. 4th Cir. 1978) (omnibus clause in rental agency's insurance policy provided coverage where lessee was a passenger in the vehicle driven by the prohibited driver); Lauer v. Dickinson, 299 So.2d 525 (La.App. 4th Cir.), writ denied, 302 So.2d 36 (La.1974) (no omnibus coverage because unauthorized driver did not have lessee's permission).

. La.R.S. 32:851-32:1043. The LMVSRL includes the Compulsory Motor Vehicle Liability Security Act, as well as the state's financial responsibility laws.

.Pursuant to the LMVSRL, owners of motor vehicles registered in Louisiana are prospectively required to maintain proof of financial responsibility by one of four methods provided in La.R.S. 32:861(A). The LMVSRL requires individual operators of a motor vehicles to provide proof of financial responsibility only if a judgment arising from a previous motor vehicle accident in which they were found liable has not been satisfied or if they have been convicted of violating one of the major traffic laws. La. R.S. 32:871, et seq..

. 15 Louisiana Civil Law Treatise: Insurance Law and Practice § 50 (1986).

. Comment, "Omnibus Clause” — Problems in Louisiana Jurisprudence, 22 La.L.Rev. 626, 626-7 (1962).

. Because a certificate of self-insurance is not an insurance "policy”, we believe a self-insurer is not required to provide omnibus coverage in accordance with La.R.S. 32:900(B)(2) because the statutory language clearly and expressly indicates La.R.S. 32:900 applies specifically to "motor vehicle liability polic[ies].” Jones v. Henry, 542 So.2d 507, 509 (La.1989); Jordan v. Honea, 407 So.2d 503, 504 (La.App. 1st Cir. 1981), writ denied, 409 So.2d 654 (La.1982).

.This is not to say that self-insurers are not responsible for damage caused by the authorized use of their vehicles. Such a holding would be contrary to the general agency princi-pies regarding liability. Clearly a self-insured employer is vicariously liable under the doctrine of respondeat superior for the negligent operation of its vehicles by its employees.

. Specifically, the rental contract states: "BUDGET/SEARS agrees to provide to the renter, and additional driver, liability coverage within limits of liability equal to the minimum limits required by the compulsory motor vehicle liability security law, (or so called ‘financial responsibility law’) of the state in which the vehicle is rented."

. For a detailed discussion of the difference between “motor vehicle insurance policies” and "automobile insurance policies” see Comment, Compensation for Motor Vehicle Accident Victims: The Louisiana Motor Vehicle Safety Responsibility Act, 27 Tul.L.Rev. 341, 350-351 (1953) and Comment, Automobiles-Insurance-The Requirements of North Dakota's Financial Responsibility Laws are Applicable to All Automobile Liability Insurance Policies, 62 N.D.L. Rev. 407 (1986).

.Our determination is consistent with the approach taken by the majority of jurisdictions in the United States which have distinguished between "automobile liability policies” and "motor vehicle liability policies” and have held that voluntarily purchased “automobile liability policies" are not subject to the requirements of the financial responsibility laws of the state. See, e.g., Novak v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins. Co., 293 N.W.2d 452 (S.D.1980); Lewis v. Mid-Century Ins. Co., 152 Mont. 328, 449 P.2d 679 (1968); United States Fidelity and Guaranty Co. v. Walker, 329 P.2d 852 (Okla.1958); Gray v. Maryland Casualty Co., 152 F.Supp. 520 (D.C.Ill.1957); Perkins v. Perkins, 284 S.W.2d 603 (Mo.Ct.App.1955); Hoosier Cas. Co. v. Fox, 102 F.Supp. 214 (N.D.Iowa 1952).

. In reaching this conclusion, we feel Boudreaux v. ABC Ins. Co., 689 F.2d 1256 (5th Cir.1982), in which the court failed to differentiate between a voluntary "automobile liability policy” and a mandatory "motor vehicle liability policy" in holding that the insurance contract between the self-insured lessor and the lessee was deemed to include an omnibus clause under La.R.S. 32:900, was clearly erroneous as it ignored the explicit and specific statutory language of La.R.S. 32:900.

. La.R.S. 32:861(A).

. La.R.S. 32:871 et seq.

. We add that unlike La.R.S. 32:900(B), which requires omnibus coverage in "owner's” policies, La.R.S. 32:900(C), dealing with "operator’s” policies, does not refer to or require omnibus coverage. Thus, even if the lessee was required to procure a "motor vehicle liability policy” as proof of financial responsibility, the provisions of the LMVSRL would not require such an "operator's” policy to contain an omnibus clause.

. The Attorney General's opinion states: "a policy of liability insurance written on a Louisiana Motor Vehicle shall have its minimal liability limits controlled by the statutory omnibus coverage provision, and the omnibus clause shall disallow enforcement of a policy provision or endorsement excluding a named driver" from liability coverages.” 88 Op. Att’y. Gen. 231 (1988).

. We stress that our decision has no effect on prior decisions in which exclusions in “motor vehicle liability policies” were found to violate La.R.S. 32:900’s omnibus requirement. See, e.g., Stanfel v. Shelton, 563 So.2d 410 (La.App. 1st Cir.1990) (policy provision in motor vehicle owner’s policy which attempted to exclude coverage for vehicles "used in the course of their employment” violated statutory mandate); Rudison v. Richard, 526 So.2d 369 (La.App. 4th Cir.1988) ("automobile business" exclusion violated statutory provisions requiring compulsory omnibus coverage in all liability policies issued to motor vehicle owners). Although the lower courts in these cases failed to recognize that the liability policies in those cases were in fact "motor vehicle liability policies," the outcome of the cases is correct.

. The plaintiffs have entitled La.R.S. 22:655 the "Louisiana Omnibus Insurance Statute” with no apparent authority therefore. La.R.S. 22:655 is commonly referred to and recognized as the "Direct Action Statute.”

. La. Civil Code art. 1971 provides: Parties are free to contract for any object that is lawful, possible, and determined or determinable.

. U.S. Const, art. I, § 10 provides: No state shall ... pass any ... Law impairing the Obligations of Contracts, ....

La. Const, art. I, § 23 provides: No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be enacted.

. La.R.S. 32:1041 states in part:

Any person, firm, association or corporation licensed and engaged in the business of renting or leasing motor vehicles to be operated on the public highways shall only be required to furnish proof of financial ability to satisfy any judgment or judgments rendered against said person, firm, association or corporation in his or its capacity as owner of the said motor vehicles, and shall not be required to furnish proof of its financial responsibility to satisfy any judgment or judgments rendered against the person to whom the motor vehicle was rented or leased at the time of the accident.